1. The document discusses the lubrication system of an internal combustion engine. It defines lubrication as applying oil or grease to minimize friction between moving parts.
2. The main types of lubrication systems discussed are the petrol, wet-sump, and dry-sump systems. The wet-sump system can be a splash, pressure-feed, or combination system.
3. The components of a lubrication system discussed include the oil sump, filter, pump, galleries, cooler, and strainer. The pump circulates oil through the engine while the filter and strainer clean the oil.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
This is a second slide in the IC engine series. Here you will learn about different components of IC engines. All the slides have beautiful graphics for better understanding.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
The role of lubrication in an automobile : Purpose and practice. It is a short presentation on the topic, trying to cover some aspects of automobile lubrication.
This is a second slide in the IC engine series. Here you will learn about different components of IC engines. All the slides have beautiful graphics for better understanding.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
The role of lubrication in an automobile : Purpose and practice. It is a short presentation on the topic, trying to cover some aspects of automobile lubrication.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Presentation Group No: 02
MEC-401| Section: B
Name ID Serial
Md. Masud Rana 16307024 08
Rafiqul Islam 16307039 09
Md Al Amin 16307040 10
Salauddin Kader 16307070 11
Ariful Hasan 16307081 12
Md. Shimoon Hassan 17107002 13
Md. Shahraj Hossain 17107003 14
3. Contents
1. Definition of lubrication
2. Properties of a lubricant
3. Purpose of lubrication
4. Lubrication regions of an engine
5. Lubricating systems
6. Types of lubrication system
7. Components of Lubrication System
3
4. WHAT IS LUBRICATION
The action of applying lubricant such as oil or grease to an engine or
component so as to minimize friction and allow smooth movement.
In an IC engine, moving parts rub each other causing wear and tear and
reduces the power almost. so , lubrication is necessary for an IC engine.
Types of lubricant:
➢Solid Lubricants: graphite ,molybdenum ,mica
➢Semi-solid Lubricants: heavy greases
➢Liquid Lubricants: mineral oil obtained by refining petroleum oil,
vegetable oils obtained from olive, linseed, caster and animal oil
4
5. PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS
➢ Viscosity
❑ It is a measure of the resistance to flow of an oil
❑ It is measured in Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS)
❑ It is expressed in centistokes ,centipoises and redwood seconds
➢ Viscosity Index
❑ Viscosity of oil decreases with increase in temperature
➢ Cloud Point
❑ If an oil is cooled , it will start solidifying at some time .
❑ temperature at which oil starts solidifying , is called cloud point
5
6. PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS
➢Pour Point
❑ It is temperature just above which the oil sample will not flow under certain
prescribed conditions
❑ This property is important for operation of engines and substances at low
temperature conditions
➢ Flash Point And Fire Point
❑ The temperature at which vapor of an oil flash when subjected to a naked
flame is called flash point
❑ Fire point is the temperature at which the oil ,it once lit with flame ,will burnt
steadily at least for 5 seconds 6
7. PURPOSES OF LUBRICATION
The main purposes of lubrication are as follow:
oMinimizes power loss by reducing the friction between the moving parts.
oReduces the wear and tear of the moving parts.
oProvides cooling effect to the hot engine parts.
oProvides cushioning effect against vibrations caused by the engine.
oCarries out the internal cleaning of the engine.
oHelps piston rings to seal against high-pressure gases in the cylinder.
7
8. LUBRICATION REGIONS OF AN ENGINE
• Cylinder piston and piston rings
• Main bearing
• Crankshaft
• Crank pin and piston pin
• Big end and small end connecting rod
• Camshaft
• Valves
• Timing gears
8
9. LUBRICATING SYSTEMS
Lubricating system is a mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion
engines in which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings.
9
10. TYPES OF LUBRICATING SYSTEMS
The basic types of lubricating systems are as follows:
1. Petrol Lubrication System
2. Wet-Sump Lubrication System
i. Splash System
ii. Pressure-Feed System
iii. The Splash & Pressure Lubrication System
3. Dry-Sump Lubrication System
10
11. PETROL LUBRICATION SYSTEM
➢ This system is used in 2 stroke cycle
engines
➢ The lubrication oil (2% to 3%) is mixed
with the petrol in the fuel tank
➢ The oil and the fuel mixture is inducted
through carburetor
➢ The optimum fuel oil ratio used is 50:1
➢ Petrol gets evaporated and the oil
lubricates the main parts of cylinder
➢ Fuel oil ratio used is important for the
good performance of engine
11
12. PETROL LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Advantages:
➢ separate lubricating system is not required
➢ No maintenance cost for lubrication system
➢ Weight of engine is reduced by avoiding separate lubricating system
Disadvantages:
➢If oil is less then there is chance of seizure of the engine
➢More oil makes excess air in the exhaust
12
13. WET-SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
➢ In this system a big oil sump is provided at the base of crank case.
➢ From the sump oil is pumped to different parts of the engine
➢ The main types of Wet sump lubrication system are:
• Splash lubrication system
• Pressure lubrication system
• Splash and pressure lubrication system
13
14. SPLASH LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Applicable to small four-stroke engines like the engines of lawn mower,
golf carts etc.
The lubricating oil is filled in the sump
Scoop/dippers are attached to the caps on the end of connecting rod
When system moves to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), scoops dip into the
through and collect oil.
Then the scoop splashes lubricating oil to the piston, cylinder, big end of
connecting rod, main bearing and cam shaft bearing
The splashed oil settles on engine parts and then to sump again
14
16. PRESSURE-FEED SYSTEM LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Applicable to high-speed stationary, marines and most automobile engines
In this system , lubrication is done with the help of pressure pump which is
submerged in the sump
With the help of pressure pump after filtration oil is forced under pressure
to different parts of the engine through oil tubes
From the bearing, oil floats to connecting rod through oil holes between
connecting rod and cam shaft
Then this oil flows to piston pin through oil holes and sprayed over piston,
piston rings, cylinder valves and other parts
16
18. SPLASH AND PRESSURE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
• Applicable to medium-speed stationary engines
• Splash system is not sufficient when bearing loads are higher hence
lubricating oil under pressure is supplied by oil pump to main and
crankshaft bearings
• Oil pump also supplies oil under pressure to pipes which directs a stream of
oil against the dippers (scoop) on the connecting rod bearing cups
• Other parts are lubricated by splash of oil by scoop
18
20. DRY-SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
➢ Used in aircraft engines and motor cycle
➢ In dry sump , extra oil is stored in a tank outside the engine rather than oil
pan
➢ In this system ,the lubrication oil is passed through the pipes using
scavenging pumps
➢ After lubrication, the oil is again collected by special connecting sections
and passed to heat exchanger for cooling
➢ Scavenging pump has greater capacity than oil feed pump and it is placed
externally to sump
20
22. DRY-SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Advantages:
➢ Improvements to vehicle handling and stability.
➢ Improved engine reliability due to consistent oil pressure.
➢ Increased oil capacity, by using a larger external reservoir than would be
practical in a wet-sump system
➢ Having the pumps external to the engine makes them easier to maintain or
replace
22
23. DRY-SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Disadvantages:
➢ Dry-sump systems add cost, complexity and weight
➢ The extra pumps and lines in dry-sump engines require additional oil and
maintenance
➢ The large external reservoir and pumps can be tricky to position around
the engine and within the engine bay due to their size
➢ Inadequate upper valvetrain lubrication can also become an issue if too
much oil vapor is being pulled out from the area, especially with multi-staged
pumps
23
25. OIL SUMP
• Lowest part of the crank
chamber.
• Provides a covering for the
crankshaft and contains oil in it.
• It is also known as oil pan.
• It is made of steel pressings and
also by aluminum or cast iron.
• It contains drain plug at its
lowest part to drain out the oil.
25
26. OIL FILTER
• The function of filter is to
remove the impurities from the
lubricating oil which may
damage the engine bearings.
• It consists of a filtering element
placed in metallic casing.
• At the center of the filtering
element a perforated metal tube
is fitted which collect the filtered
oil and supply it to oil gallery.
26
27. OIL PUMP
• Located inside the crankcase .
• Function is to supply oil under
pressure to various engine parts to
be lubricated.
• Types:
• Gear pump
• Rotor pump
• Plunger pump
• Vane pump
27
28. OIL GALLERIES
An oil gallery is an internal
passageway in the block of an
automobile engine that conducts
oil to key components such as
the main bearings.
28
29. OIL COOLER
• To cool the lubricating oil in heavy
duty engines .
• It is just like a simple heat
exchanger.
• Oil is cooled either by cold water
from the radiator or by the air
stream.
• Water type oil cooler are most
commonly used because they
act as reversible cooler.
29
31. OIL STRAINER
• It is simply a wire mesh screen.
• It is attached to the inlet of the
pump so that the oil going into the
oil pump is free from impurities.
31
32. CONCLUSION
Lubrication must be done properly and right type of lubricant should be
used. Improper or inadequate lubrication of engine will cause serious
trouble such as scored cylinders, worn or burnt out bearing, misfiring
cylinders, dirty spark plug, stuck piston rings, engine deposits and sludge
and excessive fuel consumption.
32