This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) and provides information about:
1) It describes the evolution of mobile communication systems from 1G to 4G and outlines the requirements for IMT-Advanced which LTE aims to meet such as high data rates and spectral efficiency.
2) It provides an overview of LTE network architecture including elements such as the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between components.
3) It explains key LTE technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, frame structure for both FDD and TDD, and resource block structure. Frequency bands and duplexing modes are also covered.
Long Term Evolution. 3GPP Release 8, 2009.
2. Initially developed as 3.9G (Pre-4G) cellular technology
Now sold as 4G.
3. Many different bands: 700/1500/1700/2100/2600 MHz
4. Flexible Bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
5. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Both paired and unpaired spectrum
6. 4x4 MIMO, Multi-user collaborative MIMO
7. Beamforming in the downlink
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Key points include:
- LTE is designed to provide high-speed data and media transport with high-capacity voice support through the next decade.
- It enables high-performance mobile broadband services using high bitrates and system throughput in both uplink and downlink with low latency.
- The LTE infrastructure is designed to be simple to deploy and operate across flexible frequency bands from less than 5MHz to 20MHz.
- The LTE-SAE architecture reduces network nodes and supports flexible configurations for high service availability across multiple standards.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the successor to 3G UMTS and HSPA cellular networks. It was developed by 3GPP to provide significantly higher data download speeds and lay the foundation for 4G networks. LTE uses OFDM modulation and either OFDMA or SC-FDMA for multiple access, which allows it to achieve higher spectral efficiency and latency below 10ms compared to prior standards. This enables LTE to meet increasing demands for high-speed data transmission.
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
Long Term Evolution. 3GPP Release 8, 2009.
2. Initially developed as 3.9G (Pre-4G) cellular technology
Now sold as 4G.
3. Many different bands: 700/1500/1700/2100/2600 MHz
4. Flexible Bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
5. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Both paired and unpaired spectrum
6. 4x4 MIMO, Multi-user collaborative MIMO
7. Beamforming in the downlink
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Key points include:
- LTE is designed to provide high-speed data and media transport with high-capacity voice support through the next decade.
- It enables high-performance mobile broadband services using high bitrates and system throughput in both uplink and downlink with low latency.
- The LTE infrastructure is designed to be simple to deploy and operate across flexible frequency bands from less than 5MHz to 20MHz.
- The LTE-SAE architecture reduces network nodes and supports flexible configurations for high service availability across multiple standards.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the successor to 3G UMTS and HSPA cellular networks. It was developed by 3GPP to provide significantly higher data download speeds and lay the foundation for 4G networks. LTE uses OFDM modulation and either OFDMA or SC-FDMA for multiple access, which allows it to achieve higher spectral efficiency and latency below 10ms compared to prior standards. This enables LTE to meet increasing demands for high-speed data transmission.
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
This document provides an overview of cellular technology roadmaps and standards including LTE and UMTS. It summarizes the evolution of technologies like W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE over time with increasing download/upload speeds. It describes the key aspects of LTE including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and LTE-Advanced. It also provides an overview of UMTS architecture and air interface standards like W-CDMA, HSDPA and HSUPA.
This presentation is for the people who are interested in mobile release and specifications announced by 3GPP every year, presentation cover all release up to release 12.
This document provides an overview of global trends in mobile data usage and LTE technology. It discusses how mobile data is overtaking fixed broadband growth. It also summarizes that LTE aims to provide improved mobile broadband through increased spectral efficiency and simplified network design. Key LTE technologies include OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, as well as support for flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz. The document compares LTE to 3G technologies and outlines the evolving 3GPP system architecture. Potential LTE applications and current deployment status globally are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of RAN evolutions from a vendor's perspective. It discusses key market trends driving 1000x increases in network traffic and connections by 2020. It then summarizes technology advances like HSPA evolution, LTE speed increases up to 1000 Mbps, and the benefits of harmonized spectrum standards to facilitate global roaming. Carrier aggregation techniques are described to efficiently use fragmented spectrum and support wider channel bandwidths of up to 100 MHz for LTE Advanced.
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
LTE Basic Guide _ Structure_Layers_Protocol stacks_LTE control channels senthil krishnan
LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication that aims to provide faster data speeds and improved system capacity. It evolved from 3G UMTS standards developed by 3GPP. The main goals of LTE are to increase data rates, improve spectral efficiency, and reduce latency. LTE introduced new network architectures using IP-based backhaul between network nodes and evolved packet core (EPC) to support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and quality of service. Key aspects of LTE include support for flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz, MIMO transmission, and both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
This document provides an overview of LTE basics including:
- The LTE network architecture uses a flat design with eNodeBs and an Evolved Packet Core consisting of the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
- Key LTE technologies include OFDMA in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and MIMO. The radio protocol stack separates user and control planes.
- LTE aims to provide high peak data rates up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, low latency under 10ms, improved spectrum efficiency, and support for bandwidths up to 20MHz.
- LTE-Advanced further improves on LTE with data
5G introduces new network architectures and technologies to support higher bandwidth, lower latency and more reliable connections compared to 4G LTE networks. 5G networks will utilize both sub-6GHz and millimeter wave spectrum and will operate in both non-standalone and standalone modes. The 5G system architecture introduces network slicing and separates the control and user planes. It utilizes functions like the Access and Mobility Management Function, Session Management Function and User Plane Function. Beamforming is also an important technology in 5G to help address challenges of higher frequencies.
This document summarizes the physical layer frame structure used in 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced downlink transmissions. It describes how the LTE system toolbox in MATLAB can be used to generate physical signals and channels, and map them to resource elements in the time-frequency grid. Key aspects covered include the use of OFDM, resource block structure, and how synchronization signals, broadcast channels, control channels, and shared data channels are allocated in the frame. The document provides technical details on frame configurations and illustrates example resource grids for a subframe and radio frame.
01 FO_BT1101_C01_1 LTE FDD Principles and Key Technologies.pptxSudheeraIndrajith
The document provides an overview of LTE principles and key technologies. It outlines objectives to understand the LTE network architecture, protocols, frame structure, and key technologies. It then covers topics including LTE network elements and interfaces, protocol structure, frame formats, and resource allocation. The goal is for readers to gain a thorough understanding of LTE fundamentals.
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a fourth-generation (4G) wireless standard that provides increased network capacity and speed for cellphones and other cellular devices compared with third-generation (3G) technology.
LTE is a technology for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and is used by phone carriers to deliver wireless data to a consumer's phone. Over the previous iteration of 3G, LTE provided high speed, higher efficiency, peak data rates and flexibility in bandwidth and frequency.
LTE offers higher peak data transfer rates than 3G, up to 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream. It provides reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity and backward compatibility with the existing Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) technology. The subsequent development of LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) yielded peak throughput on the order of 300 Mbps.
Although LTE is commonly referred to as 4G LTE, LTE is technically slower than 4G but still faster than normal 3G. For this reason, LTE may also be called 3.95G. While LTE speeds reach 100 Mbps, true 4G offers speeds up to 1,000 Mbps. However, different versions of LTE meet 4G speeds, such as LTE-A.
LTE eventually became universally available as a standard that is still commonly available in areas that don't yet have 5G.
LTE has a direct role in the development of the current 5G standard, called 5G New Radio. Early 5G networks, referred to as non-standalone 5G (NSA 5G), require a 4G LTE control plane to manage 5G data sessions. NSA 5G networks can be deployed and supported by the existing 4G network framework, lowering capital and operating expenses for operators rolling out 5G
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the 4G mobile broadband technology. It provides key specifications of LTE including peak download speeds of 173Mb/s, ultra-low latency below 100ms, support for up to 400 active users per 5MHz of spectrum, and mobility at speeds up to 450km/h. It also compares LTE to WiMAX and discusses options for allocating LTE spectrum in Iraq, including re-allocating the existing 40MHz improperly assigned band to improve spectrum efficiency.
The document discusses the evolution from 3G to 4G mobile networks through LTE. It describes key technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA being used in LTE to improve spectral efficiency and support higher data rates. It also summarizes the simplified LTE network architecture with fewer nodes and direct connections between the evolved NodeB and core network elements like the mobility management entity and serving gateway. A timeline is provided showing expected peak data rates increasing from initial 3G networks to over 100 Mbps with LTE and eventually 1 Gbps with continued LTE evolution.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology, including:
- LTE uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink, allowing for high peak data rates of 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink per 20 MHz of spectrum.
- LTE supports both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) with flexible bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.
- Key aspects of the physical layer include orthogonal sub-carriers, MIMO, and a cyclic prefix to mitigate inter-symbol interference.
- The frame structure depends on whether FDD or TDD is used, with
This document provides an overview of LTE technology from Huawei, including:
1. It describes the evolution of radio technologies leading up to LTE, which can achieve downlink speeds of 100Mbps and uplink speeds of 50Mbps.
2. It explains the LTE network architecture, which uses a flat, simplified design compared to previous standards. Key elements include the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces like S1 and X2.
3. It introduces LTE air interface principles like OFDMA for downlink multiple access and SC-FDMA for uplink multiple access, allowing high spectrum efficiency through orthogonal frequency division.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
참고자료 7. Introduction to LTE and LTE-A.pptelhadim24
This document provides an overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced cellular technologies. It discusses the history and basic concepts of LTE, including the use of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Key features of LTE Release 8 are outlined, such as support for variable bandwidths. The document then introduces LTE-Advanced, describing technologies like asymmetric bandwidth and enhanced MIMO to improve performance. It concludes by noting LTE-Advanced will integrate networks and services to meet increasing user demands.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
This document provides an overview of cellular technology roadmaps and standards including LTE and UMTS. It summarizes the evolution of technologies like W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE over time with increasing download/upload speeds. It describes the key aspects of LTE including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and LTE-Advanced. It also provides an overview of UMTS architecture and air interface standards like W-CDMA, HSDPA and HSUPA.
This presentation is for the people who are interested in mobile release and specifications announced by 3GPP every year, presentation cover all release up to release 12.
This document provides an overview of global trends in mobile data usage and LTE technology. It discusses how mobile data is overtaking fixed broadband growth. It also summarizes that LTE aims to provide improved mobile broadband through increased spectral efficiency and simplified network design. Key LTE technologies include OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, as well as support for flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz. The document compares LTE to 3G technologies and outlines the evolving 3GPP system architecture. Potential LTE applications and current deployment status globally are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of RAN evolutions from a vendor's perspective. It discusses key market trends driving 1000x increases in network traffic and connections by 2020. It then summarizes technology advances like HSPA evolution, LTE speed increases up to 1000 Mbps, and the benefits of harmonized spectrum standards to facilitate global roaming. Carrier aggregation techniques are described to efficiently use fragmented spectrum and support wider channel bandwidths of up to 100 MHz for LTE Advanced.
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
LTE Basic Guide _ Structure_Layers_Protocol stacks_LTE control channels senthil krishnan
LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication that aims to provide faster data speeds and improved system capacity. It evolved from 3G UMTS standards developed by 3GPP. The main goals of LTE are to increase data rates, improve spectral efficiency, and reduce latency. LTE introduced new network architectures using IP-based backhaul between network nodes and evolved packet core (EPC) to support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and quality of service. Key aspects of LTE include support for flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz, MIMO transmission, and both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
This document provides an overview of LTE basics including:
- The LTE network architecture uses a flat design with eNodeBs and an Evolved Packet Core consisting of the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
- Key LTE technologies include OFDMA in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and MIMO. The radio protocol stack separates user and control planes.
- LTE aims to provide high peak data rates up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, low latency under 10ms, improved spectrum efficiency, and support for bandwidths up to 20MHz.
- LTE-Advanced further improves on LTE with data
5G introduces new network architectures and technologies to support higher bandwidth, lower latency and more reliable connections compared to 4G LTE networks. 5G networks will utilize both sub-6GHz and millimeter wave spectrum and will operate in both non-standalone and standalone modes. The 5G system architecture introduces network slicing and separates the control and user planes. It utilizes functions like the Access and Mobility Management Function, Session Management Function and User Plane Function. Beamforming is also an important technology in 5G to help address challenges of higher frequencies.
This document summarizes the physical layer frame structure used in 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced downlink transmissions. It describes how the LTE system toolbox in MATLAB can be used to generate physical signals and channels, and map them to resource elements in the time-frequency grid. Key aspects covered include the use of OFDM, resource block structure, and how synchronization signals, broadcast channels, control channels, and shared data channels are allocated in the frame. The document provides technical details on frame configurations and illustrates example resource grids for a subframe and radio frame.
01 FO_BT1101_C01_1 LTE FDD Principles and Key Technologies.pptxSudheeraIndrajith
The document provides an overview of LTE principles and key technologies. It outlines objectives to understand the LTE network architecture, protocols, frame structure, and key technologies. It then covers topics including LTE network elements and interfaces, protocol structure, frame formats, and resource allocation. The goal is for readers to gain a thorough understanding of LTE fundamentals.
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a fourth-generation (4G) wireless standard that provides increased network capacity and speed for cellphones and other cellular devices compared with third-generation (3G) technology.
LTE is a technology for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and is used by phone carriers to deliver wireless data to a consumer's phone. Over the previous iteration of 3G, LTE provided high speed, higher efficiency, peak data rates and flexibility in bandwidth and frequency.
LTE offers higher peak data transfer rates than 3G, up to 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream. It provides reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity and backward compatibility with the existing Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) technology. The subsequent development of LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) yielded peak throughput on the order of 300 Mbps.
Although LTE is commonly referred to as 4G LTE, LTE is technically slower than 4G but still faster than normal 3G. For this reason, LTE may also be called 3.95G. While LTE speeds reach 100 Mbps, true 4G offers speeds up to 1,000 Mbps. However, different versions of LTE meet 4G speeds, such as LTE-A.
LTE eventually became universally available as a standard that is still commonly available in areas that don't yet have 5G.
LTE has a direct role in the development of the current 5G standard, called 5G New Radio. Early 5G networks, referred to as non-standalone 5G (NSA 5G), require a 4G LTE control plane to manage 5G data sessions. NSA 5G networks can be deployed and supported by the existing 4G network framework, lowering capital and operating expenses for operators rolling out 5G
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the 4G mobile broadband technology. It provides key specifications of LTE including peak download speeds of 173Mb/s, ultra-low latency below 100ms, support for up to 400 active users per 5MHz of spectrum, and mobility at speeds up to 450km/h. It also compares LTE to WiMAX and discusses options for allocating LTE spectrum in Iraq, including re-allocating the existing 40MHz improperly assigned band to improve spectrum efficiency.
The document discusses the evolution from 3G to 4G mobile networks through LTE. It describes key technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA being used in LTE to improve spectral efficiency and support higher data rates. It also summarizes the simplified LTE network architecture with fewer nodes and direct connections between the evolved NodeB and core network elements like the mobility management entity and serving gateway. A timeline is provided showing expected peak data rates increasing from initial 3G networks to over 100 Mbps with LTE and eventually 1 Gbps with continued LTE evolution.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology, including:
- LTE uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink, allowing for high peak data rates of 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink per 20 MHz of spectrum.
- LTE supports both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) with flexible bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.
- Key aspects of the physical layer include orthogonal sub-carriers, MIMO, and a cyclic prefix to mitigate inter-symbol interference.
- The frame structure depends on whether FDD or TDD is used, with
This document provides an overview of LTE technology from Huawei, including:
1. It describes the evolution of radio technologies leading up to LTE, which can achieve downlink speeds of 100Mbps and uplink speeds of 50Mbps.
2. It explains the LTE network architecture, which uses a flat, simplified design compared to previous standards. Key elements include the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces like S1 and X2.
3. It introduces LTE air interface principles like OFDMA for downlink multiple access and SC-FDMA for uplink multiple access, allowing high spectrum efficiency through orthogonal frequency division.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
참고자료 7. Introduction to LTE and LTE-A.pptelhadim24
This document provides an overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced cellular technologies. It discusses the history and basic concepts of LTE, including the use of OFDMA and SC-FDMA. Key features of LTE Release 8 are outlined, such as support for variable bandwidths. The document then introduces LTE-Advanced, describing technologies like asymmetric bandwidth and enhanced MIMO to improve performance. It concludes by noting LTE-Advanced will integrate networks and services to meet increasing user demands.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all