The lymphatic system helps circulate fluid throughout the body and filters out disease-causing organisms. It is made up of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs like the spleen and tonsils. The lymphatic system works with the immune and circulatory systems to maintain fluid balance and fight infection. Diseases that can affect the lymphatic system include edema, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, and lymphoma.
The immune system protects the body from infection and disease. It contains many organs and cell types that work together, including the adenoids, tonsils, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen. The immune system uses white blood cells and the circulatory system to patrol the body and fight off invaders. When functioning properly, it provides immunity against pathogens through responses like phagocytosis and the production of antibodies by T cells and B cells. Disorders can occur if the immune system attacks the body's own tissues or is otherwise unbalanced.
The lymphoid organs in rats can be divided into two types: primary organs that generate lymphocytes from progenitor cells (the thymus and bone marrow) and secondary organs that maintain mature lymphocytes and initiate immune responses (lymph nodes and spleen). The thymus develops T cells in its cortex and medulla. Bone marrow is the site of blood cell production and contains hematopoietic stem cells. The spleen filters blood, destroys old red blood cells, contains immune cells, and helps fight infection. Lymph nodes are secondary organs that filter foreign particles and cancer cells.
The document discusses the immune system and opportunistic infections in HIV patients. It notes that opportunistic infections are AIDS-defining events in 75% of HIV cases and eventually occur in virtually all AIDS patients. It lists the most common opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 65% of cases and oral and esophageal herpes infection in 6% of initial cases. The immune system consists of organs like the spleen, tonsils, bone marrow and lymph nodes that produce B and T cells to fight pathogens.
The immune system defends the body against infection and disease. It is made up of organs like the tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen, which help produce white blood cells and antibodies to fight pathogens. The tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes trap germs. The thymus and bone marrow produce lymphocytes that identify and destroy foreign invaders. The spleen filters the blood and stores platelets and white blood cells. Together these components provide the body's defense against infection. When the immune system malfunctions it can lead to autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's healthy tissue.
1. The document discusses white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes, which are colorless formed elements of blood that play an important role in the body's defense mechanism.
2. WBCs can be classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or non-granulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes). Their numbers and types can vary under different physiological and pathological conditions.
3. Both innate and acquired immunity involve WBCs. Innate immunity provides initial defense through cells and proteins. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to specific pathogens and involves T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that provide cellular and humoral immunity respectively.
Lymphoid organs are sites where immune cells develop and immune responses are initiated. There are two types of lymphoid organs: primary organs where lymphocytes originate and mature, including the bone marrow and thymus; and secondary organs where acquired immune responses occur, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In primary organs, T cells mature in the thymus after originating in the bone marrow, while B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. Secondary organs initiate immune responses through interactions between T and B cells in follicles and T cell regions, leading to antibody production and the activation of B and T cells.
The immune system consists of primary and secondary lymphoid organs that work together. Primary lymphoid organs include the thymus, bone marrow, and bursa of fabricus, where immune cells mature and develop. Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen, expose mature immune cells to antigens in circulation and further activate the immune response. The thymus educates T cells, while the bone marrow produces B cells and other immune cells through hematopoiesis. Lymph nodes and the spleen then filter antigens from lymph and blood to activate mature B and T cells.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
The immune system protects the body from infection and disease. It contains many organs and cell types that work together, including the adenoids, tonsils, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen. The immune system uses white blood cells and the circulatory system to patrol the body and fight off invaders. When functioning properly, it provides immunity against pathogens through responses like phagocytosis and the production of antibodies by T cells and B cells. Disorders can occur if the immune system attacks the body's own tissues or is otherwise unbalanced.
The lymphoid organs in rats can be divided into two types: primary organs that generate lymphocytes from progenitor cells (the thymus and bone marrow) and secondary organs that maintain mature lymphocytes and initiate immune responses (lymph nodes and spleen). The thymus develops T cells in its cortex and medulla. Bone marrow is the site of blood cell production and contains hematopoietic stem cells. The spleen filters blood, destroys old red blood cells, contains immune cells, and helps fight infection. Lymph nodes are secondary organs that filter foreign particles and cancer cells.
The document discusses the immune system and opportunistic infections in HIV patients. It notes that opportunistic infections are AIDS-defining events in 75% of HIV cases and eventually occur in virtually all AIDS patients. It lists the most common opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 65% of cases and oral and esophageal herpes infection in 6% of initial cases. The immune system consists of organs like the spleen, tonsils, bone marrow and lymph nodes that produce B and T cells to fight pathogens.
The immune system defends the body against infection and disease. It is made up of organs like the tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen, which help produce white blood cells and antibodies to fight pathogens. The tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes trap germs. The thymus and bone marrow produce lymphocytes that identify and destroy foreign invaders. The spleen filters the blood and stores platelets and white blood cells. Together these components provide the body's defense against infection. When the immune system malfunctions it can lead to autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's healthy tissue.
1. The document discusses white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes, which are colorless formed elements of blood that play an important role in the body's defense mechanism.
2. WBCs can be classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or non-granulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes). Their numbers and types can vary under different physiological and pathological conditions.
3. Both innate and acquired immunity involve WBCs. Innate immunity provides initial defense through cells and proteins. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to specific pathogens and involves T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that provide cellular and humoral immunity respectively.
Lymphoid organs are sites where immune cells develop and immune responses are initiated. There are two types of lymphoid organs: primary organs where lymphocytes originate and mature, including the bone marrow and thymus; and secondary organs where acquired immune responses occur, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In primary organs, T cells mature in the thymus after originating in the bone marrow, while B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. Secondary organs initiate immune responses through interactions between T and B cells in follicles and T cell regions, leading to antibody production and the activation of B and T cells.
The immune system consists of primary and secondary lymphoid organs that work together. Primary lymphoid organs include the thymus, bone marrow, and bursa of fabricus, where immune cells mature and develop. Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen, expose mature immune cells to antigens in circulation and further activate the immune response. The thymus educates T cells, while the bone marrow produces B cells and other immune cells through hematopoiesis. Lymph nodes and the spleen then filter antigens from lymph and blood to activate mature B and T cells.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
LYMPHOID ORGANS DEFINITION:The organs concerned with the production, maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes are called as lymphoid organs.Types of Lymphoid organsPrimary or central lymphoid organs
and
Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, Thymus, THYMUS-CORTEX,CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION,Thymus- Medulla,Functions of Thymus,Thymectomy,Bone marrow (BM),FUNCTIONS OF BONE MARROW,BM functions as both primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and disease through structures like tonsils, lymph nodes, and white blood cells. Tonsils destroy harmful organisms entering through the mouth, lymph nodes filter foreign particles, and white blood cells are produced in bone marrow to fight infection. The document also describes diseases that compromise the immune system like HIV/AIDS, as well as autoimmune disorders such as lupus and mononucleosis. HIV attacks T-cells and causes them to produce more viruses, progressively destroying the immune system until the final stage of AIDS.
Chapter 6: Lymph, Lymph Node and Lymphocyteyspink35
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system. It describes lymph as a fluid that circulates through lymph vessels, carrying away waste and transporting it to lymph nodes. Lymph nodes filter this fluid and trap harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. Lymphocytes are white blood cells found in lymph nodes that help fight foreign invaders and infection. There are two main types of lymphocytes - B cells and T cells - that help control the immune response. The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, and major organs like the spleen, thymus, tonsils and adenoids throughout the body. It also notes that the lymphatic system plays a role in cancer metastasis
The third line of defence protects the body against foreign infection. It is called into action when non-specific defences are not enough. The third line consists of specific immune responses mediated by antibodies, B cells, and T cells. When a pathogen invades, B cells and T cells work together to recognize and eliminate the pathogen. B cells produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens, while T cells destroy infected cells and regulate the immune response. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against reinfection.
The Lymphatic System Presentation 2 Chapt. 6&7kbedford
The document discusses the lymphatic system, which consists of organs, ducts, and nodes that transport lymph fluid throughout the body. The lymph fluid contains immune cells that protect the body from viruses and bacteria. Key parts of the lymphatic system include lymph vessels, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, spleen, and tonsils, each of which plays an important role in immunity and fluid transport.
The document summarizes key components of the immune system including suppressor T cells, immune tolerance, autoimmune disorders, AIDS, the lymphatic system, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Suppressor T cells prevent excessive immune reactions that may damage the body's own tissues. The lymphatic system removes excess fluid from tissues, transports absorbed fats and returns fluid to the blood while filtering it through lymph nodes. It also produces antibodies and lymphocytes. The spleen filters blood and acts as a site for immune interaction by removing old red blood cells, platelets and foreign matter.
The document discusses the organs of the immune system. It describes primary lymphoid organs like the thymus, where T cells mature, and bursa of Fabricius, where B cells mature in birds. Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes and Peyer's patches in the intestine, which contain follicles where B and T cells interact with antigens and mount immune responses. Lymphocytes circulate between the blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and sites of infection or inflammation.
The immune system consists of a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to defend the body from pathogens. The primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and thymus, produce immune cells. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes and spleen, contain specialized compartments where immune cells gather and respond to antigens. Immune cells travel between the blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues to carry out functions like pathogen recognition and elimination.
The thymus and bone marrow are the primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes mature and develop. The thymus is where T cells mature and undergo positive and negative selection to screen for self-reactivity before exiting as mature, functional T cells. The bone marrow is the site of B cell development in humans and mice. B cells proliferate and differentiate within the bone marrow, undergoing selection to eliminate self-reactive cells. While other species use different primary lymphoid organs like the bursa of Fabricius in birds, mammals primarily rely on the thymus and bone marrow.
Anatomy and biology of immune system lecture notesBruno Mmassy
The immune system consists of primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus where immune cells develop, and secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and skin where immune responses occur. The lymphatic system transports lymph through vessels from tissues to lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and activate immune cells. Lymph then drains into the blood circulation through two main ducts.
The lymphatic system performs three primary functions: drainage of interstitial fluid, absorption of fatty acids and fats from the digestive system, and immunity. It is composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels and ducts, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen, lacteals, Peyer's patches, vermiform appendix, and lymphocytes. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries and is transported through progressively larger lymphatic vessels and ducts to lymph nodes. The immune system provides defense through barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and through the destruction of pathogens by the stomach, acids, and enzymes. Immune responses can also cause disorders like
The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease by circulating lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells, throughout the body in lymphatic vessels. Lymph passes through lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and house immune cells, before draining into the bloodstream. The immune system also protects the body by responding specifically to foreign substances called antigens. White blood cells like lymphocytes and macrophages identify and eliminate pathogens. Regular yoga practice can benefit both the lymphatic and immune systems by reducing stress, improving lymphatic drainage, and stimulating the release of immune cells.
The document summarizes several secondary lymphoid organs that are part of the peripheral immune system, including lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). It describes the basic structure and functions of lymph nodes, which filter lymph and allow for exposure of antigens to T and B cells. The spleen filters old red blood cells from the blood and contains white pulp with T lymphocytes. MALT includes lymphoid tissues associated with mucosal surfaces that defend against pathogens entering through various entry sites.
The immune system has the ability to distinguish self from non-antigens and neutralize or inactivate foreign substances like viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The cells of the immune system are distributed throughout the body and organized in lymphoid organs like the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Antigens are recognized by the body as foreign and elicit an immune response through antibodies produced by B lymphocytes. The immune system mounts both innate responses and adaptive responses involving lymphocytes.
The document discusses immunity and infectious diseases. It defines immunity as the body's ability to fight off pathogens through antibodies and cells. Pathogens include fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses. Robert Koch first identified microbes as causing disease and developed Koch's Postulates to identify pathogens. The immune system has three lines of defense - physical and chemical barriers, inflammation, and lymphocytes and antibodies. Immunity can be active through disease exposure or vaccination, producing memory cells for long-term protection, or passive through transferring antibodies temporarily from another source.
The lymphoid system consists of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from foreign invaders. The main cells are lymphocytes like T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Lymphoid tissues include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches. The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes develop. Secondary lymphoid organs activate lymphocytes and produce an immune response against antigens. Lymph nodes filter lymph and mount immune responses. The spleen filters blood and mounts responses in its white pulp.
The lymphatic system plays an important role in the immune system. It is made up of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. The lymph nodes and spleen act as filters to catch harmful pathogens and produce white blood cells that fight off viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. Diseases of the lymphatic system include lymphoma, leukemia, and infections.
The document summarizes the lymphatic and immune systems. It discusses that the lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and immunity by returning fluid from tissues to the bloodstream. The immune system fights foreign substances through innate and adaptive defenses, including barriers, leukocytes, and acquired immunity. Lymphoid organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils are involved. Phagocytosis by white blood cells helps destroy microorganisms. Hodgkin's disease is a cancer of the lymph nodes most common in young adults. Lymphedema is swelling from blocked lymphatic vessels and can be caused by tumors or cancer surgery.
Lecture 11 the lymphatic system and immunityNada G.Youssef
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system and immunity. It describes the lymphatic system's role in returning excess fluid from tissues, transporting lipids, and helping immune defenses. It also outlines the two main types of immunity - innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and memory cells that provide a slower but more specific response. The adaptive immune response includes both cell-mediated immunity involving T cells and antibody-mediated immunity involving B cells and antibodies.
The document discusses the key components and functions of the lymphatic system. It describes how the lymphatic system transports lymph throughout the body, interacts with the circulatory system, and contains lymphocytes that protect the body against pathogens. It provides details on important lymphatic structures like lymph nodes, tonsils, the spleen, and thymus gland, and explains their roles in immune system functions like filtering lymph, producing lymphocytes, and training T cells.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
LYMPHOID ORGANS DEFINITION:The organs concerned with the production, maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes are called as lymphoid organs.Types of Lymphoid organsPrimary or central lymphoid organs
and
Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, Thymus, THYMUS-CORTEX,CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION,Thymus- Medulla,Functions of Thymus,Thymectomy,Bone marrow (BM),FUNCTIONS OF BONE MARROW,BM functions as both primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and disease through structures like tonsils, lymph nodes, and white blood cells. Tonsils destroy harmful organisms entering through the mouth, lymph nodes filter foreign particles, and white blood cells are produced in bone marrow to fight infection. The document also describes diseases that compromise the immune system like HIV/AIDS, as well as autoimmune disorders such as lupus and mononucleosis. HIV attacks T-cells and causes them to produce more viruses, progressively destroying the immune system until the final stage of AIDS.
Chapter 6: Lymph, Lymph Node and Lymphocyteyspink35
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system. It describes lymph as a fluid that circulates through lymph vessels, carrying away waste and transporting it to lymph nodes. Lymph nodes filter this fluid and trap harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. Lymphocytes are white blood cells found in lymph nodes that help fight foreign invaders and infection. There are two main types of lymphocytes - B cells and T cells - that help control the immune response. The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, and major organs like the spleen, thymus, tonsils and adenoids throughout the body. It also notes that the lymphatic system plays a role in cancer metastasis
The third line of defence protects the body against foreign infection. It is called into action when non-specific defences are not enough. The third line consists of specific immune responses mediated by antibodies, B cells, and T cells. When a pathogen invades, B cells and T cells work together to recognize and eliminate the pathogen. B cells produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens, while T cells destroy infected cells and regulate the immune response. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against reinfection.
The Lymphatic System Presentation 2 Chapt. 6&7kbedford
The document discusses the lymphatic system, which consists of organs, ducts, and nodes that transport lymph fluid throughout the body. The lymph fluid contains immune cells that protect the body from viruses and bacteria. Key parts of the lymphatic system include lymph vessels, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, spleen, and tonsils, each of which plays an important role in immunity and fluid transport.
The document summarizes key components of the immune system including suppressor T cells, immune tolerance, autoimmune disorders, AIDS, the lymphatic system, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Suppressor T cells prevent excessive immune reactions that may damage the body's own tissues. The lymphatic system removes excess fluid from tissues, transports absorbed fats and returns fluid to the blood while filtering it through lymph nodes. It also produces antibodies and lymphocytes. The spleen filters blood and acts as a site for immune interaction by removing old red blood cells, platelets and foreign matter.
The document discusses the organs of the immune system. It describes primary lymphoid organs like the thymus, where T cells mature, and bursa of Fabricius, where B cells mature in birds. Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes and Peyer's patches in the intestine, which contain follicles where B and T cells interact with antigens and mount immune responses. Lymphocytes circulate between the blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and sites of infection or inflammation.
The immune system consists of a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to defend the body from pathogens. The primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and thymus, produce immune cells. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes and spleen, contain specialized compartments where immune cells gather and respond to antigens. Immune cells travel between the blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues to carry out functions like pathogen recognition and elimination.
The thymus and bone marrow are the primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes mature and develop. The thymus is where T cells mature and undergo positive and negative selection to screen for self-reactivity before exiting as mature, functional T cells. The bone marrow is the site of B cell development in humans and mice. B cells proliferate and differentiate within the bone marrow, undergoing selection to eliminate self-reactive cells. While other species use different primary lymphoid organs like the bursa of Fabricius in birds, mammals primarily rely on the thymus and bone marrow.
Anatomy and biology of immune system lecture notesBruno Mmassy
The immune system consists of primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus where immune cells develop, and secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and skin where immune responses occur. The lymphatic system transports lymph through vessels from tissues to lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and activate immune cells. Lymph then drains into the blood circulation through two main ducts.
The lymphatic system performs three primary functions: drainage of interstitial fluid, absorption of fatty acids and fats from the digestive system, and immunity. It is composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels and ducts, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen, lacteals, Peyer's patches, vermiform appendix, and lymphocytes. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries and is transported through progressively larger lymphatic vessels and ducts to lymph nodes. The immune system provides defense through barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and through the destruction of pathogens by the stomach, acids, and enzymes. Immune responses can also cause disorders like
The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease by circulating lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells, throughout the body in lymphatic vessels. Lymph passes through lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and house immune cells, before draining into the bloodstream. The immune system also protects the body by responding specifically to foreign substances called antigens. White blood cells like lymphocytes and macrophages identify and eliminate pathogens. Regular yoga practice can benefit both the lymphatic and immune systems by reducing stress, improving lymphatic drainage, and stimulating the release of immune cells.
The document summarizes several secondary lymphoid organs that are part of the peripheral immune system, including lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). It describes the basic structure and functions of lymph nodes, which filter lymph and allow for exposure of antigens to T and B cells. The spleen filters old red blood cells from the blood and contains white pulp with T lymphocytes. MALT includes lymphoid tissues associated with mucosal surfaces that defend against pathogens entering through various entry sites.
The immune system has the ability to distinguish self from non-antigens and neutralize or inactivate foreign substances like viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The cells of the immune system are distributed throughout the body and organized in lymphoid organs like the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Antigens are recognized by the body as foreign and elicit an immune response through antibodies produced by B lymphocytes. The immune system mounts both innate responses and adaptive responses involving lymphocytes.
The document discusses immunity and infectious diseases. It defines immunity as the body's ability to fight off pathogens through antibodies and cells. Pathogens include fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses. Robert Koch first identified microbes as causing disease and developed Koch's Postulates to identify pathogens. The immune system has three lines of defense - physical and chemical barriers, inflammation, and lymphocytes and antibodies. Immunity can be active through disease exposure or vaccination, producing memory cells for long-term protection, or passive through transferring antibodies temporarily from another source.
The lymphoid system consists of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from foreign invaders. The main cells are lymphocytes like T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Lymphoid tissues include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches. The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes develop. Secondary lymphoid organs activate lymphocytes and produce an immune response against antigens. Lymph nodes filter lymph and mount immune responses. The spleen filters blood and mounts responses in its white pulp.
The lymphatic system plays an important role in the immune system. It is made up of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. The lymph nodes and spleen act as filters to catch harmful pathogens and produce white blood cells that fight off viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. Diseases of the lymphatic system include lymphoma, leukemia, and infections.
The document summarizes the lymphatic and immune systems. It discusses that the lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and immunity by returning fluid from tissues to the bloodstream. The immune system fights foreign substances through innate and adaptive defenses, including barriers, leukocytes, and acquired immunity. Lymphoid organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils are involved. Phagocytosis by white blood cells helps destroy microorganisms. Hodgkin's disease is a cancer of the lymph nodes most common in young adults. Lymphedema is swelling from blocked lymphatic vessels and can be caused by tumors or cancer surgery.
Lecture 11 the lymphatic system and immunityNada G.Youssef
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system and immunity. It describes the lymphatic system's role in returning excess fluid from tissues, transporting lipids, and helping immune defenses. It also outlines the two main types of immunity - innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and memory cells that provide a slower but more specific response. The adaptive immune response includes both cell-mediated immunity involving T cells and antibody-mediated immunity involving B cells and antibodies.
The document discusses the key components and functions of the lymphatic system. It describes how the lymphatic system transports lymph throughout the body, interacts with the circulatory system, and contains lymphocytes that protect the body against pathogens. It provides details on important lymphatic structures like lymph nodes, tonsils, the spleen, and thymus gland, and explains their roles in immune system functions like filtering lymph, producing lymphocytes, and training T cells.
The lymphatic system is a closed system of lymph vessels that drains lymph fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. It consists of lymph capillaries that drain into larger vessels and ultimately form the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct, which empty into subclavian veins. The lymphatic system helps fight pathogens through innate immunity as the first line of defense and acquired immunity developed by T and B lymphocytes, which provide cellular and humoral immunity through memory and plasma cells. Cytokines are proteins secreted by immune cells that help coordinate immune responses.
The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance and defends the body against infection. It is made up of lymph vessels that collect excess fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system also produces white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight pathogens. Lymphocytes mature in primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus before traveling to secondary organs such as lymph nodes and spleen, where they are activated upon encountering antigens. The lymphatic system works with the circulatory system to filter and transport fluid and immune cells throughout the body.
The lymphatic system is an important part of the circulatory system that helps transport fat, remove interstitial fluid and toxins, and supports the immune system. It is comprised of lymph fluid, vessels, and nodes. Lymph fluid is formed from fluid that leaves blood vessels and transports through lymph vessels to lymph nodes, which filter the lymph. Major lymphatic ducts then return filtered lymph to the bloodstream. The document discusses the key components and functions of the lymphatic system, as well as ways to keep it healthy through diet, exercise, stress reduction, and deep breathing.
The lymphatic system drains excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. It also filters pathogens and transports immune cells. The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and organs that carry a fluid called lymph. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that leaks from blood vessels and is drained through the lymphatic system before returning to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body and helps the immune system fight infection and disease.
The document outlines the key components and functions of the lymphatic and immune systems. It begins by defining the lymphatic system and explaining its role in absorbing excess fluid, transporting fats, producing lymphocytes, and defending the body. It then describes the structure of the lymphatic system including lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other organs. Key differences between the lymphatic and immune systems are highlighted such as their circulatory nature and roles in long-term immunity. Finally, common diseases of the lymphatic system like lymphedema are discussed.
My Power Point Presentation on the Immune/Lymphatic Systems. The damn animations and emphasis' better work I have spent more time with them than adding the content.
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system and immunity. It describes the roles of the lymphatic system in fluid balance, fat absorption, and defense. It explains the structures and functions of lymphatic vessels, tissues, nodes, organs and cells. It also distinguishes innate immunity involving mechanical, chemical and cellular defenses from adaptive immunity mediated by B cells, T cells, antibodies and memory responses.
The immune system consists of lymphatic organs, antibodies, and regulatory agents that work together to defend the body against diseases. The primary lymphatic organs are the red bone marrow and thymus gland, where lymphocytes originate and mature. Lymphocytes then congregate in secondary lymphatic organs like the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils. When tissue rejection occurs, the immune system recognizes and destroys cells bearing foreign MHC antigens. Diseases of the immune system include autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, and immune deficiencies, where the immune system is unable to adequately protect against disease.
The document discusses the lymphatic system and immune system. It defines key terms like lymph, lymph nodes, antibodies, cytokines, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. The main points are:
- Lymph is fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, transports fat and fights infection. It flows through lymph nodes and eventually returns to the bloodstream.
- The immune system fights pathogens using innate immunity mechanisms like physical barriers and immune cells, as well as adaptive immunity involving antigen-specific B and T cells.
- Adaptive immunity produces antibodies and memory cells for long-term protection against pathogens. The response involves processes like clonal selection that generate effector and memory lymphocytes.
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid through vessels called lymphatic capillaries from tissues back to the bloodstream. It helps control microorganisms and transports fat and immune cells. The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymphatic organs like the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and Peyer's patches. The spleen filters blood and stores blood cells, while the thymus gland and tonsils help produce immune cells. Together these organs help the body fight pathogens and develop immunity.
The lymphatic system helps fight infection and disease. It is composed of lymph vessels that carry lymph fluid containing white blood cells. Lymph fluid is similar to plasma but contains larger particles like bacteria and damaged cells. Lymph vessels connect to lymph nodes which filter the lymph and contain lymphocytes that fight infection. The largest lymph vessels are the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct which drain lymph into the bloodstream. Disorders of the lymphatic system include lymphomas, lymphadenitis, and lymphedema.
The lymphatic system transports a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body. Lymph is collected from tissues by lymphatic capillaries and contains white blood cells, cellular waste, and excess fluid. It is similar in composition to plasma but contains larger particles. Lymph travels through a network of lymphatic vessels and is eventually returned to the bloodstream through the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct in the neck. Along the way, lymph passes through lymph nodes which filter the lymph and help fight infection and disease. Common diseases of the lymphatic system include lymphomas, lymphadenitis, and lymphedema.
The lymphatic system is a network of thin tubes that branches throughout the body similar to blood vessels. It drains fluid from tissues into lymph nodes and transports a clear fluid called lymph, which contains white blood cells, back to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes filter the lymph and help fight infection by trapping bacteria and producing antibodies. Together with organs like the spleen and thymus, the lymphatic system plays a vital role in the immune system.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM// LYMPH CIRCULATION//LYMPH VESSELS// LYMPH ORGANS Wasim Ak
The lymphatic system is a sub-system of circulatory system and immune system.
It is a type of drainage system of human body which collects all the tissue fluids (constantly leaking out of the bloodstream) and takes back to the major veins through a network of lymph vessels.
The lymphatic system consists of -
Lymph – colourless tissue fluid
Lymphatic organs – Thymus, Bone Marrow, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils.
Lymph vessels – through which lymph circulation takes place.
It maintains balance between blood and tissues:
Blood volume : 5 – 6L
Interstitial fluid volume: 10 – 11L
Lymph volume: 2 – 3L.
It helps in Immunity.
It fascilitate absorption of fats and hormones:
Breakdown products of fat and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the central lacteals (lymphatic vessels) of the villi.
Normal blood circulation forces fluid out of the bloodstream and that leads in the increase in the interstitial fluid volume.
Due to osmotic pressure this interstitial fluid will be collected by the fine lymphatic capillaries.
Now this fluid is lymph and it has the same mineral distribution as that of blood plasma.
The lymph is transported to lymph nodes and organs where the pathogen will be killed by lymphocytes and lymph will be filtered.
The back flow of lymph is prevented by the valves present in lymph vessels.
Lymph moves from lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks, collecting ducts, and ultimately into the Subclavian veins.
Anatomy & Physiology - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM PPT By wincy Thirumuruganthiru murugan
lymphatic system:DEFINITION:
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that regulates the amount of fluid in the human body and defends it against infections
Lymph
Lymph is a transudative fluid that is transparent and yellow. It is formed when fluid leaves the capillary bed in tissues due to hydrostatic pressure.
LYMPHATIC VESSELS :
THE TUBAL STRUCTURES CARRY THE LYMPH FLUID FROM THE TISSUE TO THE BLOOD STREAM.
TYPES OF VESSELS :
AFFERENT VS EFFERENT LYMPH VESSELS:
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries are the smallest lymphatic vessels that collect the interstitial fluid from the tissues. There are also special types of lymphatic capillaries called lacteals. These capillaries absorb nutrients from the small intestine.
COMPOSITION OF THE LYMPH FLUID:
(around 95%) comprised of water.
The remaining 5% is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
VOLUME OF LYMPH : The average adult produces between 3-4 litres/ day.
Lymphatic pathway/circulation:
TYPES OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
LYMPHATIC TRUNKS: The efferent vessels empty into the lymphatic trunks. There are four pairs of trunks:
Lumbar,
Bronchomediastinal,
Subclavian and
Jugular.
LYMPHATIC DUCT:
The lymphatic trunks then converge into the two lymphatic ducts; the right lymph duct and thoracic duct. Lymphatic vessels vs. blood vessels
Lymphoid organs : The Lymphoid organs are the sites where the maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur and help carry out various immune functions.
Types of Lymphoid Organs
1. Primary Lymphoid Organs: bone marrow and thymus 2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of the small intestine, and Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). 3. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: These organs also play a prominent role in the immune response to cancer.
The Lymphoid Organs Functions
The functions of lymphoid organs are as follows:1. The main function of lymphoid organs is developing and providing immunity to the body.2. The primary lymphoid organs, i.e., the bone marrow and thymus, are the sites where the proliferation and maturation of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes take place.3. Bone marrow is involved in the production of blood cells, i.e., RBCs (or erythrocytes), WBCs (or leucocytes), and Platelets (or thrombocytes).4. The spleen helps in the removal of damaged red blood cells. In foetal conditions, this is also a haematopoietic organ.5. Lymph nodes and spleen helps in filtering out and destroying the unwanted lymphocytes. They also help in maintaining the population of mature lymphocytes to enable the adaptive immune response to begin.6. The tonsils prevent foreign materials and pathogens from entering the body.
Lymphocytes:
Lymphocytes are a type of WBC (leucocytes) that are the main components of our immune system.
Clinical Relevance:
lymphoma,
Lymphatic filariasis, Lymphadenopathy, Lymphedema
Immunity and immune system: Defense mechanism of the bodysanjayduttainbox
The document summarizes the defense mechanisms of the body. It discusses innate immunity as the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It then describes acquired or adaptive immunity, which involves lymphocytes that provide long-lasting protection. Specifically, it notes that acquired immunity has two components: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies from B cells, and cell-mediated immunity involving T cells and cytokines. The document also briefly discusses autoimmune diseases, immune deficiency diseases like AIDS, and the roles of T cells and B cells in the immune response.
1. The endocrine system regulates processes that happen slowly like growth, metabolism, mood, and development through hormones and glands.
2. Glands produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream which are chemicals that affect distant cells and organs.
3. Major glands of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pineal body, ovaries/testes, and pancreas.
LS 6 Information and Communications TechnologyMichael Gelacio
The document summarizes several key technologies of the 20th century and their impacts, including:
1) Nuclear power which provided efficient energy but also enabled destructive weapons threatening human survival.
2) Personal computers which became ubiquitous and integral to work, entertainment and communication.
3) Airplanes which revolutionized travel and warfare while shrinking the world.
4) Automobiles which brought mobility but also changed markets and lifestyles.
5) Rockets enabling space exploration while also delivering satellites vital to modern technologies.
1. The document discusses different types of computers including desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and others.
2. It describes the uses of computers for tasks like education, business, entertainment, and more.
3. The key parts of a computer are discussed as the central processing unit, memory, hard drive, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors.
Guillermo Tolentino was the classical master of Philippine sculpture known for designing the Bonifacio Monument in Kalookan City. Agapito Flores invented the funnel of the fluorescent light tube, which was mass produced by General Electric and is used worldwide today. Eduardo San Juan designed the lunar rover used in the 1971 Apollo XV mission, earning him the nickname "space junkman."
LS 5 International Debt in Philippine ContextMichael Gelacio
This document discusses international debt in the Philippine context. It provides objectives for learning about why countries borrow money from foreign creditors, how foreign debts affect a country and its citizens, and how the Philippine government pays its debts. It then presents a dialogue between farmers discussing local infrastructure needs like roads, hospitals, universities, and water treatment. The farmers note that obtaining loans from international organizations could help fund these projects to improve lives. The document frames international borrowing as a means for countries to fund development projects that benefit citizens.
This document discusses factors that contribute to drug abuse and ways to address the problem. It provides examples of individuals who abuse drugs, like Jhan and Tina, and explains what led them to drug use. Key contributing factors discussed include family problems, peer pressure, curiosity, and using drugs to cope with problems or feel enjoyment. The document recommends preventing drug abuse through education, counseling, parenting support, and promoting healthy activities as alternatives to drug use.
Tobacco contains the addictive chemical nicotine. Around 17.3 million Filipino adults are current smokers, with 14.6 million being male smokers. Smoking can cause various health issues like lung cancer, heart disease, and low birth weight in infants. It is also financially draining due to increased healthcare costs.
Pepito helps his father by filling out forms to get a community tax certificate and driver's license so he can help with the family business. He also fills out a registration form to join the local youth organization and participates in a survey they conduct by filling out forms. When it is time for the local elections, Pepito fills out a ballot to vote for the first time. Throughout the story, Pepito gains experience filling out various forms for different purposes.
Here are some key points on how Rudy can prepare for his visa interview:
F. Anticipate questions that may be asked based on the application form
and your background. Prepare concise and truthful answers.
G. Bring only the necessary documents that support your application. Do
not bring extra things that are not required.
H. Be polite, honest and confident during the interview. Maintain eye
contact with the interviewer.
I. Thank the interviewer for his/her time at the end of the interview.
J. If you do not know an answer, it is okay to admit it. Offer to provide the
information later.
K. Have a positive attitude
This document discusses the parts and importance of newspapers. It begins by outlining the objectives of learning about newspapers, which are to identify their different parts, explain their importance and use, and discuss how to apply the information in daily life. It then describes the various sections of a newspaper like the front page, local news, international news, editorials, opinions, classified ads, business, sports, features and obituaries. It explains how newspapers are important for freedom of speech, entertainment, and learning about various topics. Newspapers allow people to voice their ideas and demand changes from the government.
This document discusses various methods for preserving food to prevent spoilage. It describes techniques such as bottling, canning, pickling, drying, salting, vacuum packing, waxing, boiling, smoking, cooling, freezing, and pasteurization. These methods work by eliminating microbes, increasing shelf life, and preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi or yeast through processes like heating, drying, adding acid or salt solutions, removing oxygen, or reducing temperature. Food preservation allows food to be safely consumed out of season and reduces food waste.
1) Typhoons can cause significant damage to infrastructure like buildings, bridges and roads through strong winds and flooding.
2) Typhoons also result in destruction of the environment as plants and animals are killed by winds, rains and floods.
3) Diseases often spread after typhoons due to contaminated flood waters, posing risks to human life.
LS 2 16 Myths and Scientific Explanations Behind Natural PhenomenaMichael Gelacio
The document discusses myths and scientific explanations for natural phenomena according to ancient beliefs. It explains that ancestors believed lunar agriculture was best done during a full moon due to the moon's gravitational pull helping crops absorb water. Eclipses were thought to occur when demons ate the sun or moon, while rain was viewed as a god's tears. Modern science provides explanations like the moon revolving around Earth and eclipses occurring when celestial bodies are aligned.
The document discusses communication technology and its advances. It defines communication technology as the transmission of information using electronic devices and systems. It provides examples of modern communication tools like television, radio, telephone, fax machines, and the Internet. It also discusses networks and how the Internet allows the exchange of electronic information between connected computers. Finally, it outlines some challenges of communication technology including personal isolation, decreased workplace productivity, crimes, job loss, and environmental issues.
This document discusses various topics relating to balance in nature and man's impact on the environment. It begins by defining key terms like biotic and abiotic factors, ecosystems, food chains, and the water and carbon cycles. It then discusses different types of pollution like air, water, land, and noise pollution. Specific human activities that can cause pollution and disrupt ecosystems are mentioned, such as deforestation, mining, improper waste disposal, and the use of pesticides. The document also covers population growth and its effects on resource demand. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance in nature.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
5. Read the following story:
Ben was a twelve-year old boy who liked to
play a lot. He loved to roll in the mud with his
playmates and he often swam in the river that
ran through his town. One day, he felt sick. He
was running a high fever and he could hardly
move. His mother took him to a doctor who said
that he should be confined in a hospital. In the
hospital, a doctor gave Ben some medicine to
make him well.
After a few days, Ben was up and about
again. When his doctor saw him, the doctor
smiled and said, “It’s a good thing Ben’s immune
system is strong. He would have been worse if
his immune system didn’t help him fight the
disease.”
6. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM is a
network of vessels whose primary
function is to (1) assist in
circulating body fluids.
These vessels transport excess
fluid away from the INTERSTITIAL
SPACES (spaces between cells in
body tissues) and return it to the
bloodstream. This prevents tissues
from swelling up.
(2) The lymphatic system also
filters out disease - causing
organisms, produces a type of
white blood cells and generates
antibodies.
7. 1. When blood reaches the cells,
exchange of food, oxygen and
nutrients takes place.
2. LYMPHATIC VESSELS collects
and stores the liquid from the
plasma that leaks from the
capillary wall.
3. LYMPH name of the liquid inside
the lymphatic vessel. Lymph is a
milky fluid that continuously bathes
the cells of the body.
8. Lymph is found all over the body except
the central nervous system, eyeballs, inner
ear, cartilage and the epidermis of the skin.
Lymph has components similar to those of
blood, except that is has no red blood cells
and platelets. It has a type of white blood
cells called LYMPHOCYTES as well as
cells that engulf foreign materials, which
are called MACROPHAGES.
9.
10. PARTS OF THELYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1. Lymphatic vessels - are tubes through
which lymph passes as it circulates the
body. They return the lymph to the
blood through veins near the heart.
There are two major lymphatic vessels.
a. THORACIC DUCT - place where
all the lymph collected from the left
side of the body, the digestive tract
and the right side of the lower part
of the body flows into the thoracic
duct. The thoracic duct then
empties the lymph into the left
subclavian vein, which then brings
the lymph to the heart.
b. RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT - place
where all the lymph from the right
side of the head, neck and chest
go which then deposits it into the
right subclavian vein.
11. PARTS OF THELYMPHATIC SYSTEM
2. Lymph nodes - These are clumps of
tissue that are found mainly in the neck,
groin and armpits. The primary function
of the lymph nodes is to produce
lymphocytes.
12. PARTS OF THELYMPHATIC SYSTEM
3. Lymphoid organs - These are organs
that contain a large amount of
lymphocytes. Among these are the:
a. Spleen - a soft, purplish organ
lying high above the abdomen.
This organ receives blood from an
artery that branches off to the
aorta, the largest artery in the
body. The blood vessels of the
spleen are surrounded by
lymphocytes and macrophages.
The macrophages remove harmful
microorganisms from the blood and
destroy them by phagocytosis.
13. PARTS OF THELYMPHATIC SYSTEM
b. Tonsils - masses of tissue located
in a protective ring under mucous
membranes in the mouth and back
of the throat. These help protect
the body against bacteria that
invade tissues around the
openings of the mouth and nose.
14. PARTS OF THELYMPHATIC SYSTEM
c. Thymus - a soft, flattened, pinkish-
gray organ located in the upper
chest under the breastbone.
The thymus serves as a site for the
development of lymphocytes in the
fetus. Soon after birth, the thymus
begins secreting a group of
hormones that enable lymphocytes
to develop into T cells, groups of
cells that protect the body against
invasions by foreign organisms.
If the thymus fails to develop, the
immune system cannot develop
completely as well.
15. SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
They both circulate fluids throughout
the body.
The ciculatory system circulates blood
while the lymphatic system circulates
lymph.
Blood circulates through the pumping
action of the heart; lymph circulates
without any organ to pump it.
Both circulating fluids pass through a
series of tubes.
Blood passes through veins, arteries,
and capillaries: lymph passes through
lymphatic vessels.
16. FUNCTIONS
The lymphatic system has two main functions:
1. Maintaining fluid balance in the body
Drainage of the lymph is important,
because if the fluid accumulates in the
interstitial spaces over a period of time,
the tissues would swell up. This could lead
to the destruction of the tissues.
17. FUNCTIONS
2. Immunity
The lymph nodes filter the air that passes
through the mouth and the spleen filters the blood
that passes through it.
The lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen
accomplish their tasks by trapping and destroying
antigens in the lymph, air and blood, respectively.
Antigens are molecules that cause the body to
produce antibodies, which are proteins. Bacteria,
viruses, malignant (cancer-causing) cells and
foreign tissues are examples of antigens.
18. FUNCTIONS
LYMPHOCYTES destroys antigen. Lymphocytes
are a group of white blood cells.
There are two types of lymphocytes that are active
in the immunity function of the lymphatic system.
The T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes
(B cells).
19. B lymphocytes produce antibodies.
Antibodies are able to recognize
specific antigens and attach
themselves to these antigens. This
action causes the antigens to become
inactive and prevents them from
harming the cells of the body.
20. T lymphocytes are further divided into
groups, each having a specific function.
1. When these cells recognize foreign
antigens on the surface of a body,
they change into active cells that
attack the infected cells directly.
2. Some T cells also release chemicals
that draw the macrophages, which
then engulf and absorb the infected
cells.
23. a. As of 1999, there were already 23,000 Filipinos 15 to 49 years old who
were infected with HIV. Still, a lot of us remain ignorant of the causes and
effects of this virus and the disease it brings - AIDS.
• According to PH DOH 7,363 HIV cases have been recorded in the first
eight months of 2017, including 891 AIDS cases and 334 deaths.
• Purportedly there are 46,985 HIV cases recorded nationwide since
1984. The figure includes 4,556 AIDS cases and 2,303 deaths. These are
the small percentile of reported cases. Millions of Filipinos never in their
lives see a doctor or a nurse.
• Republic Act No. 8504, otherwise known as The Philippine Aids
Prevention And Control Act Of 1998.
24. Distinguishthe correct statementsfrom the incorrect
ones
1. You can get HIV in swimming pools.
2. If you are infected with HIV, you will surely get sick with AIDS.
3. HIV-positive women can infect their babies through breastfeeding.
4. If you hug someone who has HIV or AIDS, you will also get infected.
5. You can get HIV from mosquito and animal bites.
6. AIDS is a disease that attacks the immune system.
7. So far, no cure for AIDS has been discovered.
8. AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
9. You can get infected with HIV through unprotected sex, sharing needles
and blood transfusion.
10.You can get infected with HIV if you share food and personal things with an
HIV-infected person.
25. 1. AIDS is a specific group of diseases that result from the
reduction of the immunity of the body. This means that it attacks
the lymphatic system, specifically, the T lymphocytes or T cells.
This is brought on by a virus called HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV).
2. Medical experts call the “HEALTH THREAT OF THE
CENTURY.”
26. HIV is transmitted through the following means:
o Unprotected sex with an infected person
o Sharing needles or syringes for drug injection
with someone who is infected with the virus
o Transfusion of infected blood
However, women infected with HIV can pass
on the virus to their unborn children. They can
also transmit the virus to their babies through
breastfeeding. Hence, if a woman is HIV-
positive (infected with HIV), she is
discouraged from getting pregnant.
27. 1. Not all infected people with HIV, will develop AIDS, but
it is highly probable that he or she will.
2. A person has an AIDS if their T cell count becomes
lower than 200 cells per cubic millilitre of blood and
they develop an infection.
28. 1. AIDS causes death because as HIV
multiplies inside the body, it attacks
and kills the T cells. This slows down
the ability of the body to fight infection
caused by bacteria, viruses and other
foreign materials. Thus, the patient
becomes prone to all sorts of
infections, and these infections are
the ones that eventually lead to the
patient’s death.
Among these infections are
pneumonia,
Kaposi’s sarcoma (a type of skin
cancer), and
meningitis (an infection of the
fluids in the brain).
Without the T cells to fight the
organisms that cause the
infection, the infection worsens
until the patient dies.
29. EDEMA
A swelling on the body caused by the
accumulation of fluid in the body tissues.
It results from the inability of the
lymphatic system to perform the task of
draining the body’s fluids.
It can also be brought on by various
diseases and disorders, such as heart
failure, kidney malfunction and varicose
veins.
30. Lymphangitis
The inflammation of the lymphatic
vessels that results from infection by
streptococci and staphylococci, two
common bacteria.
These bacteria are usually transmitted
through insect or animal bites.
Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis are complications that result from infections
caused by bacteria.
31. Lymphadenitis
Involves inflammation of the lymph
nodes.
This may occur if the nodes are
overwhelmed by bacteria, viruses, fungi
or other organisms, infection then
develops within the nodes.
32. LYMPHOMA
A cancer of the lymphatic system. The
most common type of lymphoma is non-
Hodgkins lymphoma.
In this type of disease, cells in the
lymphatic system become abnormal.
They divide and grow without any order
or control. This disease can start
anywhere in the body.
Its most common symptom is a painless
swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck,
under arm or groin. Lymphoma patients
usually undergo chemotherapy and
radiation therapy. Some even have to
undergo surgery.
BIOPSY involves getting a tissue sample and studying it under a
microscope.
33. ELEPHANTIASIS
An abnormal enlargement of any part of
the body caused by the obstruction of
the lymphatic vessels in the affected
area. This disease commonly affects the
leg and scrotum.
In tropical countries like ours,
elephantiasis is normally caused by
FILARIASIS, an infestation of certain
parasitic round worms called
WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI. These
tiny worms are introduced into the body
by many types of mosquitoes. These
parasites search out the lymph nodes
and lymph vessels, where they absorb
nutrients.
Editor's Notes
If you’re the last person to leave your house, what are the things you do?
Do you lock the doors?
Do you check if the windows are closed, the lights are turned off and the gas tank is sealed?
These habits manifest your need for security. If you accidentally leave your door unlocked, what could possibly happen?
Life nowadays is full of uncertainties. Every day, you face danger from sickness, accidents and other events that threaten your well-being and health. You know how important security is in your life. You lock the doors of your house before you leave because you don’t want intruders to get in.
There are always bad people who can harm your family and damage your property.
You are fortunate to have a built-in security system inside your body. This is the immune or lymphatic system, which maintains the immunity of your body. The lymphatic system keeps you safe from harmful organisms that can make you sick. It works as your own “army” to defend your body from harm. But do you know what exactly make up your lymphatic system and how it works?
The lymphatic system keeps the body immune to infections, enabling it to fight off organisms that can harm the body. Indeed, the lymphatic system is a very important part of the body. Without it, staying healthy would not be possible.
QUESTIONS:
Why do you think Ben got sick?
How do you think Ben was able to recover from his illness?
The picture above shows a capillary network through which blood passes and reaches the cells of the body. When blood reaches the cells, exchange of food, oxygen and nutrients takes place. As this occurs, a little liquid from the plasma (the liquid part of blood) leaks out of the capillary wall. This liquid reaches the spaces between the body cells (interstitial spaces) and is collected by and stored in tubes called lymphatic vessels. Once inside the lymphatic vessel, the liquid is called lymph. Lymph is a milky fluid that continuously bathes the cells of the body. Wherever there are cells, lymph is also found. It needs to be circulated like blood in order to remove excess fluid and harmful materials from interstitial spaces.
Lymph is found all over the body except the central nervous system, eyeballs, inner ear, cartilage and the epidermis of the skin. The walls of lymph vessels are lined with a single layer of endothelium which permits fluid and large particles, such as plasma proteins and foreign substances, to enter.
Lymph has components similar to those of blood, except that is has no red blood cells and platelets. It has a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes as well as cells that engulf foreign materials, which are called macrophages.
These are the thoracic duct and right lymph duct. All the lymph collected from the left side of the body, the digestive tract and the right side of the lower part of the body flows into the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct then empties the lymph into the left subclavian vein, which then brings the lymph to the heart. On the other hand, all the lymph from the right side of the head, neck and chest go to the right lymph duct which then deposits it into the right subclavian vein.
Lymph nodes – These are clumps of tissue that are found mainly in the neck, groin and armpits. However, they are found all over the lymphatic vessels. Lymph passes through the lymph nodes before it returns to the blood. The primary function of the lymph nodes is to produce lymphocytes.
It is said that the circulatory and lymphatic systems are similar. Can you identify the similarities and differences between these two organ systems? List them in the table
Maintaining fluid balance in the body is accomplished by the lymphatic vessels, which collect lymph from the interstitial spaces and return it to the blood. Drainage of the lymph is important, because if the fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces over a period of time, the tissues would swell up. This could lead to the destruction of the tissues.
Immunity or the ability of the body to fight off infection is accomplished by the lymphatic system through the actions of its components.
Palpate for your lymph nodes. Feel the lymph nodes in your body by gently pressing your hand against your armpits, groin or neck.
If you weren’t able to feel any tiny lumps, that means you are not suffering from any infection.
You can actually see your lymphatic system at work when you are sick. When you are sick, you will notice that you have some lumps in your neck.
These lumps are swollen lymph nodes that are helping you get well. Your lymph nodes swell because your lymphatic vessels are carrying the infection there so that your lymphocytes can act on it immediately.
If you’re the last person to leave your house, what are the things you do?
Do you lock the doors?
Do you check if the windows are closed, the lights are turned off and the gas tank is sealed?
These habits manifest your need for security. If you accidentally leave your door unlocked, what could possibly happen?
In this lesson, you will learn about some diseases that can affect the lymphatic system. Ironic as it may seem, the primary organ system that defends the body from harm is also prone to diseases. Hence, it is important to know what these diseases are.
If a person is infected with HIV, this does not mean that he or she will develop AIDS, but it is highly probable that he or she will. Some HIV-positive people can go for more than ten years without developing AIDS. However, once their T cell count becomes lower than 200 cells per cubic millilitre of blood and they develop an infection, they are considered to have AIDS already.
If a person is infected with HIV, this does not mean that he or she will develop AIDS, but it is highly probable that he or she will. Some HIV-positive people can go for more than ten years without developing AIDS. However, once their T cell count becomes lower than 200 cells per cubic millilitre of blood and they develop an infection, they are considered to have AIDS already.
Both lymphangitis and lymphadenitis should be treated immediately (usually with antibiotics). Otherwise, the infection could spread to the bloodstream and cause death.