The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, wireless networks, home network categories, network software, protocol hierarchies, connection-oriented and connectionless services, service primitives, and reference models such as OSI and TCP/IP. It provides details on the seven layers of the OSI model including the functions and services provided by each layer.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It divides network communication into seven layers. ... Layers 5-7, called the the upper layers, contain application-level data
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UNIT I INTRODUCTION 7
Examples of Distributed Systems–Trends in Distributed Systems – Focus on resource sharing – Challenges. Case study: World Wide Web.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It divides network communication into seven layers. ... Layers 5-7, called the the upper layers, contain application-level data
#imannjeet #mannjeet mn
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 7
Examples of Distributed Systems–Trends in Distributed Systems – Focus on resource sharing – Challenges. Case study: World Wide Web.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.
In this presentation OSI Model of TCP/IP Explained with details of all seven layers of Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol.
Application layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Datalink Layer
Physical Layer
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
all about osi model and its layer which contain seven layer that is application ,presentation ,session ,transport ,networking, data link and physical layer . osi is appected by all and it was introduced by iso (indian standard organisation). osi is accepted by all over the world its best for networking which tell about all layer working .
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.
In this presentation OSI Model of TCP/IP Explained with details of all seven layers of Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol.
Application layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Datalink Layer
Physical Layer
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
all about osi model and its layer which contain seven layer that is application ,presentation ,session ,transport ,networking, data link and physical layer . osi is appected by all and it was introduced by iso (indian standard organisation). osi is accepted by all over the world its best for networking which tell about all layer working .
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
9. Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
Design Issues for the Layers
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
Service Primitives
The Relationship of Services to Protocols
16. Services to Protocols Relationship
The relationship between a service and a protocol.
17. Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
The TCP/IP Reference Model
A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
18. OSI Reference model :
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model is a description for layered
communications and computer network protocol design. It was developed as part of the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative. It divides network architecture into seven
layers which are, from top to bottom, the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI
Seven Layer Model.
A layer is a collection of similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and
receives service from the layer below it.
On each layer an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and
requests service from the layer below.
19. 19
Why do we need the OSI Model?
To address the problem of networks increasing in size
and in number, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) researched many network
schemes and recognized that there was a need to
create a network model that would help network
builders implement networks that could communicate
and work together and therefore, released the OSI
reference model in 1984.
20. OSI Reference Model
Data unit Layer Function
Data
7. Application Network process to application
6. Presentation Data representation and encryption
5. Session Host-to-host communication
Segment 4. Transport End-to-end connections and reliability
Packet 3. Network Path determination and logical addressing
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission
22. Layer 7: Application Layer
the application layer provides services for an application program to ensure that effective
communication with another application program in a network is possible. It is a service
layer that provides these services:
•Allows applications to use the network.
•Message authenticates either the message sender or receiver or both
•Makes sure that necessary communication resources exist
•Determines protocol and data syntax rules at the application level
•Interface between the user & the computer (applications & Gateways). Provides
services that directly support user applications, such as the USER INTERFACE, E-
MAIL, FILE TRANSFER, TERMINAL EMULATION, DATABASE ACCESS.
•Handles Network access, flow control & error recovery.
•Messages are sent between layers.
23. Layer 7 - The Application Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
This layer deal with
networking applications.
Examples:
Email
Web browsers
PDU - User Data
24. Layer 6: Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer enables translation between Application Layer entities, in which
the higher-layer entities can use different syntax and semantics, as long as the
Presentation Service understands both and the mapping between them.
•This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network.
•The presentation service data units are then encapsulated into Session Protocol
Data Units, and moved to the lower layers.
•Translation of data into understandable format for transmission (into a form usable
by the application layer i.e. translates data between the formats the network
requires and the computer expects).
•Handles character encoding, bit order and byte order issues. Encodes and
decodes data.
•Data compression and encryption takes place at this layer.
•Generally determines the structure of data
•The redirector works at this layer.
•Responsible for protocol conversion
25. Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
This layer is responsible
for presenting the data in
the required format which
may include:
Encryption
Compression
PDU - Formatted Data
26. Layer 5: Session Layer
•The Session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers.
It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local
and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex
operation.
•Provides synchronization between communicating computers (nodes),
messages are sent between layers (i.e. Manages upper layer errors).
•Places checkpoints in the data flow, so that if transmission fails, only the data
after the last checkpoint needs to be retransmitted.
27. Layer 5 - The Session Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
This layer establishes,
manages, and terminates
sessions between two
communicating hosts.
Example:
Client Software
( Used for logging in)
PDU - Formatted Data
28. Layer 4: Transport Layer
•The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing
reliable data transfer services to the upper layers.
•Responsible for PACKET HANDLING. Ensures error free delivery. Repackages
messages, divides messages into smaller packets (Fragments and reassembles data),
and handles error handling
•Ensures proper sequencing and without loss and duplication.
•Takes action to correct faulty transmissions
•Controls flow of data
•Acknowledges successful receipt of data
•Sliding window is at this Layer -segments of message fragments are sent between
layers
•TCP - connection oriented communication for applications to ensure error free delivery.
•UDP- connectionless communications and does not guarantee packet delivery between
transfer points
29. Layer 4 - The Transport Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
This layer breaks up the
data from the sending host
and then reassembles it in
the receiver.
It also is used to insure
reliable data transport
across the network.
PDU - Segments
30. Layer 3: Network Layer
The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable
length data sequences from a source to a destination via one or more networks. The
Network Layer performs network routing functions, and might also perform
fragmentation and reassembly, and report delivery errors.
A well known example of the network layer protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP).
Logical addressing - software addresses to hardware addresses are resolved
(ARP/RARP).
Determining the best route (Makes routing decisions & forwards packets.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data
between network entities and to detect and correct errors that may occur in the Physical
Layer
Data link layer arrange bits, from the Physical Layer, into logical sequences called
frames.
31. Layer 3 - The Network Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Sometimes referred to as the
“Cisco Layer”.
Makes “Best Path
Determination” decisions
based on logical addresses
(usually IP addresses).
PDU - Packets
32. Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
This layer provides reliable
transit of data across a
physical link.
Makes decisions based on
physical addresses (usually
MAC addresses).
PDU - Frames
33. Layer 1: Physical Layer
The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices. This
includes the layout of pins, voltages, cable specifications, Hubs, repeaters, network
adapters, and more.
The Physical Layer will tell one device how to transmit to the communication medium, and
another device how to receive from it
The major functions and services of the Physical Layer are:
•Establishment and termination of a connection to a communications medium.
•Flow control.
•Modulation (conversion between the representation of digital data) .These are
signals operating over the physical cabling (such as copper and optical fiber) or over
a radio link
34. Layer 1 - The Physical Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
This is the physical media
through which the data,
represented as electronic
signals, is sent from the
source host to the
destination host.
Examples:
CAT5 (what we have)
Coaxial (like cable TV)
Fiber optic
PDU - Bits
35. 35
Host Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
These layers
only exist in the
source and
destination host
computers.
36. 36
Media Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
These layers manage
the information out in
the LAN or WAN
between the source
and destination hosts.