"International experiences with reduction of greenhouse gasses from dairy farms: strategy and implementation: U.S." was presented by Joe McMahan at the Kick-off meeting on "Piloting and scaling of low emission development options in large scale dairy farms in China" on September 28th, 2020.
This project implementation plan was presented by Hongmin Dong (CAAS) at the Kick-off meeting on "Piloting and scaling of low emission development options in large scale dairy farms in China" on September 28th, 2020.
Presentation to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
16 October 2018, Beijing, China
Presented by Kees de Koning, Chairman Steering Committee Sino Dutch Dairy Development Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre
Presentation by Han Soethoudt, Jan Broeze, and Heike Axmann of Wageningen University & Resaearch (WUR).
WUR and Olam Rice Nigeria conducted a controlled experiment in Nigeria in which mechanized rice harvesting and threshing were introduced on smallholder farms. The result of the study shows that mechanization considerably reduces losses, has a positive impact on farmers’ income, and the climate.
Learn more: https://www.wur.nl/en/news-wur/show-day/Mechanization-helps-Nigerian-farms-reduce-food-loss-and-increase-income.htm
"Carbon footprint assessment and mitigation options of dairy under Chinese conditions," presented by DONG Hongmin (CAAS) at the CCAFS project meeting with CAAS, CAU & WUR in Beijing, January 15th 2019.
Part of the Carbon Footprint Assessment and Mitigation Options of Dairy under Chinese Conditions Project. Implemented by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciecnces (CAAS), China Agricultural University (CAU) & Wageningen University and Research (WUR). In collaboration with the CGIAR Research Program for Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Centre (SDDDC).
Session 06 "Sensing dynamics in livestock physiology disruption through images and other non-invasive alternatives"
EAAP 2021
Par Adrien Lebreton, Idele & P. Faverdin, PEGASE-INRAE
Local impact of industrial crops in Sub-Sahara AfricaWorldFish
A key sustainability challenges for several countries in Sub-Sahara Africa is to develop agricultural systems that can provide sufficient and nutritious food, while at the same time also focuses on other important commodities such as bioenergy, fibre and industrial products. Often such agricultural systems can have multiple positive and/or negative effects to local communities and surrounding ecosystems. This presentation draws insights from operational and collapsed industrial crop projects in Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland and Ghana. It highlights some of the key trade-offs of these interventions and how they are “located” at the interface of multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
This document discusses European initiatives to reduce carbon intensity in livestock farming. It outlines methodologies and tools used, including farm audit tools that take a whole farm approach assessing greenhouse gases, carbon sequestration, and sustainability goals. Examples of initiatives highlighted are LIFE Carbon Dairy, Low Carbon Dairy Farm, LIFE Beef Carbon, and LIFE Green Sheep 2020-2025, which aim to raise awareness, support strategies, train farmers, and fund advice to help farmers transition to low carbon practices. Carbon farming is discussed as a way to adopt climate-friendly practices, quantify carbon reductions, and reward farmers through payments for environmental services or carbon markets. Future projects outlined include ClieNFarms to co-
"International experiences with reduction of greenhouse gasses from dairy farms: strategy and implementation: U.S." was presented by Joe McMahan at the Kick-off meeting on "Piloting and scaling of low emission development options in large scale dairy farms in China" on September 28th, 2020.
This project implementation plan was presented by Hongmin Dong (CAAS) at the Kick-off meeting on "Piloting and scaling of low emission development options in large scale dairy farms in China" on September 28th, 2020.
Presentation to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
16 October 2018, Beijing, China
Presented by Kees de Koning, Chairman Steering Committee Sino Dutch Dairy Development Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre
Presentation by Han Soethoudt, Jan Broeze, and Heike Axmann of Wageningen University & Resaearch (WUR).
WUR and Olam Rice Nigeria conducted a controlled experiment in Nigeria in which mechanized rice harvesting and threshing were introduced on smallholder farms. The result of the study shows that mechanization considerably reduces losses, has a positive impact on farmers’ income, and the climate.
Learn more: https://www.wur.nl/en/news-wur/show-day/Mechanization-helps-Nigerian-farms-reduce-food-loss-and-increase-income.htm
"Carbon footprint assessment and mitigation options of dairy under Chinese conditions," presented by DONG Hongmin (CAAS) at the CCAFS project meeting with CAAS, CAU & WUR in Beijing, January 15th 2019.
Part of the Carbon Footprint Assessment and Mitigation Options of Dairy under Chinese Conditions Project. Implemented by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciecnces (CAAS), China Agricultural University (CAU) & Wageningen University and Research (WUR). In collaboration with the CGIAR Research Program for Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Centre (SDDDC).
Session 06 "Sensing dynamics in livestock physiology disruption through images and other non-invasive alternatives"
EAAP 2021
Par Adrien Lebreton, Idele & P. Faverdin, PEGASE-INRAE
Local impact of industrial crops in Sub-Sahara AfricaWorldFish
A key sustainability challenges for several countries in Sub-Sahara Africa is to develop agricultural systems that can provide sufficient and nutritious food, while at the same time also focuses on other important commodities such as bioenergy, fibre and industrial products. Often such agricultural systems can have multiple positive and/or negative effects to local communities and surrounding ecosystems. This presentation draws insights from operational and collapsed industrial crop projects in Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland and Ghana. It highlights some of the key trade-offs of these interventions and how they are “located” at the interface of multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
This document discusses European initiatives to reduce carbon intensity in livestock farming. It outlines methodologies and tools used, including farm audit tools that take a whole farm approach assessing greenhouse gases, carbon sequestration, and sustainability goals. Examples of initiatives highlighted are LIFE Carbon Dairy, Low Carbon Dairy Farm, LIFE Beef Carbon, and LIFE Green Sheep 2020-2025, which aim to raise awareness, support strategies, train farmers, and fund advice to help farmers transition to low carbon practices. Carbon farming is discussed as a way to adopt climate-friendly practices, quantify carbon reductions, and reward farmers through payments for environmental services or carbon markets. Future projects outlined include ClieNFarms to co-
The document discusses livestock-related Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in Kenya, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan. It provides the following key points:
1. Livestock NAMAs have significant potential for reducing emissions and building climate resilience while supporting livelihoods. The sector accounts for 14.5% of global emissions.
2. Case studies in Kenya, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan demonstrate NAMAs can transform sectors through partnerships, investments, and market incentives to make production more sustainable and low-emission.
3. NAMAs align national climate and development goals, leverage private and public resources, and generate economic and social co-benefits like
Two contrasting dairy systems were implemented and studied over 8 years at an experimental farm in Western France: one based on grazed grass with 0.4 hectares of grazing area per cow, and one based on stored forages like maize silage with 0.15 hectares of grazing area per cow. The grazed grass system produced slightly more milk per cow, had lower feeding costs, and was more profitable, generating over 50,000 euros more profit within 5 years. Both systems were sustainable with lower nitrogen and carbon balances than regional averages, but the grazed grass system had a smaller environmental impact through lower fossil energy use, less pesticide use, and a higher self-sufficiency in feeding.
To accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), in collaboration with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), will facilitate a science-policy dialogue on measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) to detect mitigation impacts in livestock production systems. Country experiences will be shared to identify practical innovations for the collection and coordination of activity data and improved emission factors.
Bess Tiesnamurti, Indonesian Center for Animal Husbandry Research and Development
Cassava intercropping with Sweet potato (CIS) trials aim to evaluate the land equivalent ratio of cassava - sweet potato intercropping systems, and methods to optimize intercropping practices for maximal revenue.
The CIS trials (2018) have been set up in Zanzibar in 8 clusters in Zanzibar. The study ascertains recommended plant densities and appropriate timing of introducing sweet potato as associated crop. Findings confirm that (i) cassava-sweet potato intercropping systems have LERs exceeding 1, and that (ii) farmers’ practice, with simultaneous planting of both crops at reduced densities of 10,000 sweet potato vines per hectare is optimal. Further yield increases can be achieved through fertilizer application, and the relative cost and revenue from both crops should be considered in decision-making on intercropping cassava.
Cassava intercrop maize (CIM) recommends intensification options in cassava-maize intercropping systems. A comparison of our recommendation with the best performing plot at an individual site showed that for 31% of the farms (where maize was already harvested) this advice was correct and 9% would have lost money due to the investment in fertilizer. The tool proved to be conservative, often not recommending investment in fertilizer where this would have increased revenue.
For the DST version of 2019, we will improve on the indicators for maize and review with our partners whether the value cost ratio should be less conservative, or its level be set by farmers. Increasing the true positive rate (correctly recommend investment when this is profitable) comes along with increases in false positives (recommending investment in fertilizer when not profitable).
Ashley Lyon McDonald - Global Sustainability Impacts - United StatesJohn Blue
Global Sustainability Impacts - United States - Ashley Lyon McDonald, Administrator, US Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (United States), from the 2018 Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (GRSB), October 9 - 12, 2018, Kilkenny, Ireland.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJuQkIaCQn5HXVjFbExofkg
How can agriculture help achieve the 2°C climate change target? Delivering food security while reducing emissions in the global food system
November 2, 2015
Event co-sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and the World Bank
Presentation
Delivering on a transformed food sector:
Rethinking livestock production and diets
Pierre Gerber, Senior Livestock Specialist, World Bank
McDonald's France is outlining its climate strategy to reduce the environmental impacts of its beef supply chain, which accounts for 70% of its greenhouse gas emissions. Its strategy includes promoting long-term contractual relationships with farmers, conducting life cycle assessments of beef patties to identify emissions reductions opportunities, and deploying an agroecological strategy across its main agricultural categories since 2010. Current initiatives focus on deploying carbon assessment tools on contracted farms, supporting national initiatives to reduce emissions across the supply chain, and piloting projects to test practices that increase carbon storage in grasslands, trees/hedgerows, and soil to accelerate decarbonization. The company is considering how to further incentivize farmers' transition to low-carbon
This presentation was given by Sha Wei at the kick-off meeting on "Piloting and scaling of low emission development options in large scale dairy farms in China" on September 28, 2020.
The LIFE Beef Carbon project in Ireland is working with over 20 innovative beef farms involved in the Teagasc/IFJ Better Beef program to monitor the effect of mitigation strategies on beef carbon footprints and assess farm sustainability. The farms are implementing challenges like improving soil fertility, grass utilization, cattle genetics, calving rates, and finishing ages. Carbon footprints are calculated using a Carbon Audit tool incorporating farm data. A case study suckler beef farm reduced its net carbon footprint 15% while increasing profits through sustainable intensification strategies. Further reductions may require financial support to adopt alternative strategies with less productivity growth potential. Next steps include comparing demonstrative farms to Better Beef farms and considering additional actions like low emission slurry spreaders
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsLPE Learning Center
This document provides an overview of animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. It discusses the US EPA inventory of greenhouse gases and how carbon footprints are calculated through life cycle assessments considering inputs, outputs, and environmental impacts over the full life cycle. The document notes that carbon footprints can vary depending on boundaries, assumptions, and units of measurement used. It also describes how carbon footprints are used to analyze supply chains, conduct geographical and historical comparisons, compare products and management practices, and evaluate tools to estimate emissions.
The document summarizes the progress and future plans of CIMMYT's Global Futures and Strategic Foresight team. The team has been working on several projects including quantifying the impact of improved wheat and heat-tolerant maize technologies using bioeconomic models. They have also been calibrating dynamic models to assess economy-wide impacts in Africa and Asia. Key outputs include papers submitted to journals on the impact of promising wheat technologies and drought-tolerant wheat adoption pathways. Moving forward, the team will continue developing global crop baselines and incorporating disease modeling into their work.
This document discusses addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation in the dairy sector to improve sustainability. It outlines the context of climate change impacts on temperatures and GHG emissions. Adaptation strategies for dairy systems include improving forage and crop management, animal management, and grassland practices. Mitigation involves calculating carbon footprints, implementing practices to reduce emissions and increase carbon sequestration on farms, and developing carbon certification programs. A national initiative in France provides training, assessments, and sustainable action plans to support over 10,000 dairy farmers in adapting practices and reducing carbon intensity through a large partnership.
Presentation highlighting the process and progress of developing the Summary of the field activities towards the development of the BPP DST
The field trials on BPP had initially a 4 factorial structure with three ploughing regimes followed by ridging versus flat soil and planting at two densities (10000 vs. 12500) and fertilizer application versus nil. This was reduced to three factors and a reduction in ploughing intensity. In the first and second year it transpired that weed interference as a consequence of initial soil tillage, was potentially a major cause of root yield variation and this required the integration of weed control as a factor, which happened in year 3. Further, farmers’ reasons for ploughing were not fully understood and may have confounded tillage intensity with soil fertility. The latest version of the BPP DST will require the inclusion of fallow length and vegetation characteristics to better assess the reasons for intensive ploughing and exclude recommendations of such practices in sites of different fallow and land use history.
For 2019 the BPP will form the base for the integration of weed control aspect into ACAI and this will likely improve the BPP DST through appropriate weed control recommendations and fine tune post emergence weed control requirements and measures as a function of previous tillage.
1) The document discusses Ethiopia's dairy sector and opportunities to improve measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of agricultural emissions reductions.
2) Ethiopia's dairy sector contributes an estimated 161 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year. The majority of emissions come from the rural mixed crop-livestock production system.
3) Key constraints on dairy productivity in Ethiopia include limited and seasonal feed availability, disease prevalence, and lack of extension services. Improving feed quality, health, and management could increase efficiency and lower emissions intensity.
The document discusses the after-LIFE plans for Italy, Spain, Ireland, and France to continue promoting low-carbon beef production strategies developed in the LIFE BEEF CARBON project. In Italy, guidelines will be created to incentivize carbon farming programs. In Spain, a certification scheme will be developed and a roadmap created to achieve sector carbon neutrality by 2050. Ireland is implementing programs to increase grassland utilization and decrease methane emissions. France has numerous territorial and industry initiatives utilizing the CAP2ER carbon assessment tool.
1313- CLIMATE CHANGE, MATERIALITY AND RICE – A RESEARCH PROJECTConservationAgCornell
This document summarizes a research project on measuring the environmental and social impacts of different rice production and distribution methods in India. The project aims to:
1. Develop methods to analyze the rice supply chain as an integrated system and measure key parameters like greenhouse gas emissions, energy and water use, and labor across production, transport, milling and retail stages.
2. Apply these methods to compare the impacts of different rice production systems (e.g. intensive, organic) and distribution channels in three Indian states.
3. Involve stakeholders to assess technology and policy options for rice based on environmental, economic and social criteria to identify trade-offs.
The results will provide insights into how greenhouse gas emissions
This document presents an introduction to yield mapping for combinable crops and its potential problems. It discusses research being conducted on automatic continuous yield measurement systems on combine harvesters using GPS technology. The goals are to produce yield maps, analyze spatial yield variations, and support precision farming applications. Several challenges are identified including accurate yield sensing, synchronizing yield and location data, and addressing machine factors and environmental conditions that influence measurements. Improvements to positioning detection, grain flow modeling, and matching yield to location are seen as opportunities to enhance the reliability and usefulness of precision agriculture technologies.
Dr. Marty D. Matlock - Science-Based Metrics for Sustainable Outcomes in Agri...John Blue
Science-Based Metrics for Sustainable Outcomes in Agriculture - Marty D. Matlock, PhD, PE, BCEE, Executive Director, Office for Sustainability, Area Director, Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
This document summarizes a case study on the dairy value chain in China. It finds that milk production and consumption have significantly increased in China from 1978 to 2018. Large-scale dairy farms now dominate production. The study evaluates greenhouse gas emissions from different stages and finds feed production is a major contributor. It models options to reduce the carbon footprint, finding improving feed practices and yield have high potential. Land use is also assessed, with soybean meal requiring significant land. Recommendations include changing feeds to lower land and carbon impacts.
On December 8 and 9, a Dairy Expert Roundtable Meeting on “Competitive Dairy Value Chains in Southeast Asia” was held in Muak Lek, Thailand. In this regional meeting, participants from six countries in Southeast Asia discussed how the relatively small dairy value chains could be more competitive and sustainable.
The document discusses livestock-related Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in Kenya, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan. It provides the following key points:
1. Livestock NAMAs have significant potential for reducing emissions and building climate resilience while supporting livelihoods. The sector accounts for 14.5% of global emissions.
2. Case studies in Kenya, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan demonstrate NAMAs can transform sectors through partnerships, investments, and market incentives to make production more sustainable and low-emission.
3. NAMAs align national climate and development goals, leverage private and public resources, and generate economic and social co-benefits like
Two contrasting dairy systems were implemented and studied over 8 years at an experimental farm in Western France: one based on grazed grass with 0.4 hectares of grazing area per cow, and one based on stored forages like maize silage with 0.15 hectares of grazing area per cow. The grazed grass system produced slightly more milk per cow, had lower feeding costs, and was more profitable, generating over 50,000 euros more profit within 5 years. Both systems were sustainable with lower nitrogen and carbon balances than regional averages, but the grazed grass system had a smaller environmental impact through lower fossil energy use, less pesticide use, and a higher self-sufficiency in feeding.
To accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), in collaboration with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), will facilitate a science-policy dialogue on measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) to detect mitigation impacts in livestock production systems. Country experiences will be shared to identify practical innovations for the collection and coordination of activity data and improved emission factors.
Bess Tiesnamurti, Indonesian Center for Animal Husbandry Research and Development
Cassava intercropping with Sweet potato (CIS) trials aim to evaluate the land equivalent ratio of cassava - sweet potato intercropping systems, and methods to optimize intercropping practices for maximal revenue.
The CIS trials (2018) have been set up in Zanzibar in 8 clusters in Zanzibar. The study ascertains recommended plant densities and appropriate timing of introducing sweet potato as associated crop. Findings confirm that (i) cassava-sweet potato intercropping systems have LERs exceeding 1, and that (ii) farmers’ practice, with simultaneous planting of both crops at reduced densities of 10,000 sweet potato vines per hectare is optimal. Further yield increases can be achieved through fertilizer application, and the relative cost and revenue from both crops should be considered in decision-making on intercropping cassava.
Cassava intercrop maize (CIM) recommends intensification options in cassava-maize intercropping systems. A comparison of our recommendation with the best performing plot at an individual site showed that for 31% of the farms (where maize was already harvested) this advice was correct and 9% would have lost money due to the investment in fertilizer. The tool proved to be conservative, often not recommending investment in fertilizer where this would have increased revenue.
For the DST version of 2019, we will improve on the indicators for maize and review with our partners whether the value cost ratio should be less conservative, or its level be set by farmers. Increasing the true positive rate (correctly recommend investment when this is profitable) comes along with increases in false positives (recommending investment in fertilizer when not profitable).
Ashley Lyon McDonald - Global Sustainability Impacts - United StatesJohn Blue
Global Sustainability Impacts - United States - Ashley Lyon McDonald, Administrator, US Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (United States), from the 2018 Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (GRSB), October 9 - 12, 2018, Kilkenny, Ireland.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJuQkIaCQn5HXVjFbExofkg
How can agriculture help achieve the 2°C climate change target? Delivering food security while reducing emissions in the global food system
November 2, 2015
Event co-sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and the World Bank
Presentation
Delivering on a transformed food sector:
Rethinking livestock production and diets
Pierre Gerber, Senior Livestock Specialist, World Bank
McDonald's France is outlining its climate strategy to reduce the environmental impacts of its beef supply chain, which accounts for 70% of its greenhouse gas emissions. Its strategy includes promoting long-term contractual relationships with farmers, conducting life cycle assessments of beef patties to identify emissions reductions opportunities, and deploying an agroecological strategy across its main agricultural categories since 2010. Current initiatives focus on deploying carbon assessment tools on contracted farms, supporting national initiatives to reduce emissions across the supply chain, and piloting projects to test practices that increase carbon storage in grasslands, trees/hedgerows, and soil to accelerate decarbonization. The company is considering how to further incentivize farmers' transition to low-carbon
This presentation was given by Sha Wei at the kick-off meeting on "Piloting and scaling of low emission development options in large scale dairy farms in China" on September 28, 2020.
The LIFE Beef Carbon project in Ireland is working with over 20 innovative beef farms involved in the Teagasc/IFJ Better Beef program to monitor the effect of mitigation strategies on beef carbon footprints and assess farm sustainability. The farms are implementing challenges like improving soil fertility, grass utilization, cattle genetics, calving rates, and finishing ages. Carbon footprints are calculated using a Carbon Audit tool incorporating farm data. A case study suckler beef farm reduced its net carbon footprint 15% while increasing profits through sustainable intensification strategies. Further reductions may require financial support to adopt alternative strategies with less productivity growth potential. Next steps include comparing demonstrative farms to Better Beef farms and considering additional actions like low emission slurry spreaders
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsLPE Learning Center
This document provides an overview of animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. It discusses the US EPA inventory of greenhouse gases and how carbon footprints are calculated through life cycle assessments considering inputs, outputs, and environmental impacts over the full life cycle. The document notes that carbon footprints can vary depending on boundaries, assumptions, and units of measurement used. It also describes how carbon footprints are used to analyze supply chains, conduct geographical and historical comparisons, compare products and management practices, and evaluate tools to estimate emissions.
The document summarizes the progress and future plans of CIMMYT's Global Futures and Strategic Foresight team. The team has been working on several projects including quantifying the impact of improved wheat and heat-tolerant maize technologies using bioeconomic models. They have also been calibrating dynamic models to assess economy-wide impacts in Africa and Asia. Key outputs include papers submitted to journals on the impact of promising wheat technologies and drought-tolerant wheat adoption pathways. Moving forward, the team will continue developing global crop baselines and incorporating disease modeling into their work.
This document discusses addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation in the dairy sector to improve sustainability. It outlines the context of climate change impacts on temperatures and GHG emissions. Adaptation strategies for dairy systems include improving forage and crop management, animal management, and grassland practices. Mitigation involves calculating carbon footprints, implementing practices to reduce emissions and increase carbon sequestration on farms, and developing carbon certification programs. A national initiative in France provides training, assessments, and sustainable action plans to support over 10,000 dairy farmers in adapting practices and reducing carbon intensity through a large partnership.
Presentation highlighting the process and progress of developing the Summary of the field activities towards the development of the BPP DST
The field trials on BPP had initially a 4 factorial structure with three ploughing regimes followed by ridging versus flat soil and planting at two densities (10000 vs. 12500) and fertilizer application versus nil. This was reduced to three factors and a reduction in ploughing intensity. In the first and second year it transpired that weed interference as a consequence of initial soil tillage, was potentially a major cause of root yield variation and this required the integration of weed control as a factor, which happened in year 3. Further, farmers’ reasons for ploughing were not fully understood and may have confounded tillage intensity with soil fertility. The latest version of the BPP DST will require the inclusion of fallow length and vegetation characteristics to better assess the reasons for intensive ploughing and exclude recommendations of such practices in sites of different fallow and land use history.
For 2019 the BPP will form the base for the integration of weed control aspect into ACAI and this will likely improve the BPP DST through appropriate weed control recommendations and fine tune post emergence weed control requirements and measures as a function of previous tillage.
1) The document discusses Ethiopia's dairy sector and opportunities to improve measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of agricultural emissions reductions.
2) Ethiopia's dairy sector contributes an estimated 161 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year. The majority of emissions come from the rural mixed crop-livestock production system.
3) Key constraints on dairy productivity in Ethiopia include limited and seasonal feed availability, disease prevalence, and lack of extension services. Improving feed quality, health, and management could increase efficiency and lower emissions intensity.
The document discusses the after-LIFE plans for Italy, Spain, Ireland, and France to continue promoting low-carbon beef production strategies developed in the LIFE BEEF CARBON project. In Italy, guidelines will be created to incentivize carbon farming programs. In Spain, a certification scheme will be developed and a roadmap created to achieve sector carbon neutrality by 2050. Ireland is implementing programs to increase grassland utilization and decrease methane emissions. France has numerous territorial and industry initiatives utilizing the CAP2ER carbon assessment tool.
1313- CLIMATE CHANGE, MATERIALITY AND RICE – A RESEARCH PROJECTConservationAgCornell
This document summarizes a research project on measuring the environmental and social impacts of different rice production and distribution methods in India. The project aims to:
1. Develop methods to analyze the rice supply chain as an integrated system and measure key parameters like greenhouse gas emissions, energy and water use, and labor across production, transport, milling and retail stages.
2. Apply these methods to compare the impacts of different rice production systems (e.g. intensive, organic) and distribution channels in three Indian states.
3. Involve stakeholders to assess technology and policy options for rice based on environmental, economic and social criteria to identify trade-offs.
The results will provide insights into how greenhouse gas emissions
This document presents an introduction to yield mapping for combinable crops and its potential problems. It discusses research being conducted on automatic continuous yield measurement systems on combine harvesters using GPS technology. The goals are to produce yield maps, analyze spatial yield variations, and support precision farming applications. Several challenges are identified including accurate yield sensing, synchronizing yield and location data, and addressing machine factors and environmental conditions that influence measurements. Improvements to positioning detection, grain flow modeling, and matching yield to location are seen as opportunities to enhance the reliability and usefulness of precision agriculture technologies.
Dr. Marty D. Matlock - Science-Based Metrics for Sustainable Outcomes in Agri...John Blue
Science-Based Metrics for Sustainable Outcomes in Agriculture - Marty D. Matlock, PhD, PE, BCEE, Executive Director, Office for Sustainability, Area Director, Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
This document summarizes a case study on the dairy value chain in China. It finds that milk production and consumption have significantly increased in China from 1978 to 2018. Large-scale dairy farms now dominate production. The study evaluates greenhouse gas emissions from different stages and finds feed production is a major contributor. It models options to reduce the carbon footprint, finding improving feed practices and yield have high potential. Land use is also assessed, with soybean meal requiring significant land. Recommendations include changing feeds to lower land and carbon impacts.
On December 8 and 9, a Dairy Expert Roundtable Meeting on “Competitive Dairy Value Chains in Southeast Asia” was held in Muak Lek, Thailand. In this regional meeting, participants from six countries in Southeast Asia discussed how the relatively small dairy value chains could be more competitive and sustainable.
Cassava has potential as both a food crop and feedstock for biofuels. As a food crop, cassava has advantages such as tolerance to poor soils, high and continuous root productivity through improved varieties, low input requirements, and various uses for food and industry. As a biofuel feedstock, cassava has benefits including established ethanol production technology, high sugar content for fermentation, low contaminants, and solid and liquid waste utilization. Ongoing research further develops very high gravity fermentation to increase ethanol yields from cassava.
This document provides an overview of cassava's potential as a food crop and feedstock for biofuels. It discusses cassava's advantages, including its tolerance to poor environmental conditions, ability to be planted and harvested year-round, high carbohydrate content, and potential for high root productivity. Well-developed technology exists for ethanol production from cassava, such as a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process and single-step uncooked liquefaction. Cassava has benefits as a biofuel feedstock compared to molasses, including a higher fermentable to non-fermentable solids ratio and lower ash content, which allows for more efficient ethanol fermentation.
The Indian dairy industry is one of the largest and fastest growing in the world. India currently produces the most milk globally and has significant potential for further growth. Milk production is expected to triple over the next 10 years due to expanding export potential and declining subsidies in developed nations. Production costs in India are also the lowest globally. The dairy sector contributes greatly to India's economy and rural employment. While milk consumption has increased steadily, there remains significant potential for further growth to meet nutritional recommendations. The market remains multi-layered, with opportunity for both large-scale commercial producers and smaller local vendors.
AOCS Plant Protein Science and Technology Forum ((https://plantprotein.aocs.org/) organized a series of virtual events during October 2020 to provide solution insight for the global protein challenge. Research Professor Nesli Sözer’s keynote presentation “Oats as an Alternative Protein Source” was part of the Plant Protein Science and Technology Forum's first session, "Processing and Utilization Technologies." The presentation's learning objectives were: opportunities and challenges of using oats as a protein source; fractionation and further modification technologies to improve oat protein functionality and oat protein-based meat and dairy alternative food examples.
Reducing Ration Costs with Residues, By products and Feeding TechnologyGrey Bruce Farmers Week
This document discusses reducing feed costs for ruminants through the use of crop residues, byproducts, and feeding technology. It notes that ruminants are well-suited to utilize waste products from food and industrial processing. It then reviews several byproduct feeds like corn gluten feed, distillers grains, soybean hulls, and their benefits and effective inclusion rates in rations. The document advocates for the use of feeding bunks and TMR mixing to most efficiently utilize these ingredients and reduce costs.
India is the world's largest producer and consumer of milk. Milk production has grown significantly over time due to factors like increased genetic potential of cattle, artificial insemination programs, and government initiatives. However, the dairy industry faces challenges as well, such as lack of infrastructure, quality issues, and unorganized markets. Cooperative dairies play a major role in milk procurement and marketing in India.
Presentations from a session held during the 2013 National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting provide a brief overview of milk quality from various dairy industries across the globe. Includes demographics, milk quality parameters, and other unique practices from Colombia, Italy, Spain, Uruguay, Chile, Germany, New Zealand, United States, Canada, and Great Britain.
Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems: The Virtual Dairy FarmLPE Learning Center
An interdisciplinary team of Penn State and USDA-ARS researchers are evaluating a Sustainable Cropping System to test the hypothesis that a dairy farm can minimize off-farm inputs and environmental impacts, and be productive, profitable and sustainable. Established in 2010 at the Penn State Agronomy Research Farm, the farm produces grain, forage and tractor fuel at 1/20th the scale of an average sized Pennsylvania dairy of 240 acres. The farm includes two diverse 6-yr crop rotations that include manure injection, perennial legumes, cover and green manure crops; a cover crop roller, winter canola, and a straight vegetable oil tractor. Within each crop rotation two management practices for no-till crop production are compared. For more: http://www.extension.org/67614
Challenges in Feeding Birds in India - Knowledge Day 2016Poultry India
The document discusses feed and ingredient requirements in India from 2016 to 2025. Production of key ingredients like grains and oilmeals is projected to remain constant or decline, while requirements are expected to increase substantially. This would lead to a difficult situation meeting future demand through domestic supply. Quality of ingredients is also highly variable. Enhancing nutrient utilization and gut health is important to optimize performance within these constraints.
Transforming Agri-food Systems in Ethiopia: Evidence from the Dairy Sectoressp2
This document summarizes findings from a study of the transformation of Ethiopia's dairy sector, focusing on farms supplying Addis Ababa. It finds: (1) Increased dairy consumption and processing in Addis; (2) Emergence of commercial dairy farms near Addis; (3) Improved access to services, input adoption, and yields on farms, though challenges remain for small/remote farms. The dairy sector is transforming but from a low base, with market access and inclusiveness requiring further effort.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Thailand's dairy industry has modernized since commercial dairy farming began in 1962. The dairy cattle population declined slightly to 408,350 heads in 2004, with Holstein Friesian now comprising over 62.5% of the herd. Milk production has increased steadily, reaching 746,646 tons in 2004. The government is working to further modernize the industry through technology for dairy farm management, processing, and marketing to increase productivity and milk quality.
This document discusses the livelihoods of smallholder cassava farmers in Laos. It finds that most farmers grow cassava along with rice and raise livestock. Cassava production has expanded from subsistence to more commercial as Laos has increased cassava exports to Thailand and Vietnam. However, declining soil fertility and lack of soil management practices threaten the long term sustainability of cassava farming. The document proposes working with value chain actors and farmers to increase adoption of improved production and resource management techniques to develop a more sustainable cassava sector.
Polythene mulch technology can significantly increase groundnut productivity through moisture conservation and weed management. Its use in China has led to groundnut yields of 3-4 tons/ha compared to 2 tons/ha without mulch. The technology is relevant for groundnut cultivation in India during the post-rainy season. It provides early germination and growth, retains soil moisture, reduces weed competition and pest attacks, and increases photosynthesis. Field demonstrations show yield gains of 30-40% in rabi crops and 20-45% in summer crops through the use of polythene mulch.
Project Balaji proposes establishing a second manufacturing facility in Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh to meet growing demand for cheese and other dairy products. Key points:
- The new plant would produce cheddar and mozzarella cheese for customers like Britannia and pizza chains, as well as milk powder. With strategic partner Danone, it would also produce infant formula and follow-on products.
- Initial estimates indicate a total investment of $54 million without Danone involvement or $86 million with Danone, generating annual returns of 13-25% respectively within the first full year of operation.
- Sufficient milk supply and land have been secured near Kuppam, while utilities and manpower
Process Development and Optimization of Pearl Millet based Gluten Free Cookie...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the development and optimization of gluten-free cookies using flour from germinated pearl millet, masoor dal, and sangri pods. Key findings include:
1. Germination increased the protein and micronutrient content and digestibility of pearl millet and masoor dal while decreasing anti-nutrients. Sangri pods are highly nutritious.
2. An optimized cookie recipe was developed using 40% pearl millet flour, 30% masoor dal flour, and 30% sangri pod flour.
3. The cookies were found to be highly nutritious, affordable at Rs. 5 per 100g, and have market potential for c
Similar to Low emissions development in large-scaled farm in China (20)
The Accelerating Impact of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA) project works to deliver a climate-smart African future driven by science and innovation in agriculture.
AICCRA does this by enhancing access to climate information services and climate-smart agricultural technology to millions of smallholder farmers in Africa.
With better access to climate technology and advisory services—linked to information about effective response measures—farmers can better anticipate climate-related events and take preventative action that help communities better safeguard their livelihoods and the environment.
AICCRA is supported by a grant from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank, which is used to enhance research and capacity-building activities by the CGIAR centers and initiatives as well as their partners in Africa.
About IDA: IDA helps the world’s poorest countries by providing grants and low to zero-interest loans for projects and programmes that boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve poor people’s lives.
IDA is one of the largest sources of assistance for the world’s 76 poorest countries, 39 of which are in Africa.
Annual IDA commitments have averaged about $21 billion over circa 2017-2020, with approximately 61 percent going to Africa.
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Mengpin Ge, Global Climate Program Associate at WRI, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Sabrina Rose, Policy Consultant at CCAFS, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Krystal Crumpler, Climate Change and Agricultural Specialist at FAO, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was meant to be included in the 2021 CLIFF-GRADS Welcome Webinar and presented by Ciniro Costa Jr. (CCAFS).
The webinar recording can be found here: https://youtu.be/UoX6aoC4fhQ
The multilevel CSA monitoring set of standard core uptake and outcome indicators + expanded indicators linked to a rapid and reliable ICT based data collection instrument to systematically
assess and monitor:
- CSA Adoption/ Access to CIS
- CSA effects on food security and livelihoods household level)
- CSA effects on farm performance
The document discusses plant-based proteins as a potential substitute for animal-based proteins. It notes that plant-based proteins are growing in popularity due to environmental and ethical concerns with animal agriculture. However, plant-based meats also present some health and nutritional challenges compared to animal proteins. The document analyzes opportunities and impacts related to plant-based proteins across Asia, including leveraging the region's soy and pea production and tailoring products to Asian diets and cultural preferences.
Presented by Ciniro Costa Jr., CCAFS, on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presented by Marion de Vries, Wageningen Livestock Research at Wageningen University, on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
This document assesses the environmental sustainability of plant-based meats and pork in China. It finds that doubling food production while reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by 73% by 2050 will be a major challenge. It compares the life cycle impacts of plant-based meats made from soy, pea, and wheat proteins and oils, as well as pork and beef. The results show that the crop type and source country of the core protein ingredient drives the environmental performance of plant-based meats. The document provides sustainability guidelines for sourcing ingredients from regions with low deforestation risk and irrigation needs, using renewable energy in production, and avoiding coal power.
This document summarizes information on the impacts of livestock production globally and in Asia. It finds that livestock occupies one third of global cropland and one quarter of ice-free land for pastures. Asia accounts for 32% of global enteric greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, with most emissions coming from India, China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Rapid growth of livestock production in Asia is contributing to water and air pollution through nutrient runoff and emissions. The document discusses opportunities for public and private investment in more sustainable and climate-friendly livestock systems through technologies, monitoring, plant-based alternatives, and policies to guide intensification.
Presentation on the rapid evidence review findings and key take away messages.
Current evidence for biodiversity and agriculture to achieve and bridging gaps in research and investment to reach multiple global goals.
The document evaluates how climate services provided to farmers in Rwanda through programs like Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture (PICSA) and Radio Listeners’ Clubs (RLC) have impacted women and men differently, finding that the programs have increased women's climate knowledge and participation in agricultural decision making, leading to perceived benefits like higher incomes, food security, and ability to cope with climate risks for both women and men farmers.
This document provides an introduction to climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Busia County, Kenya. It defines CSA and its three objectives of sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and income, adapting and building resilience to climate change, and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions. It discusses CSA at the farm and landscape scales and provides examples of CSA practices and projects in Kenya. It also outlines Kenya's response to CSA through policies and programs. The document describes prioritizing CSA options through identifying the local context, available options, relevant outcomes, evaluating evidence on options' impacts, and choosing best-bet options based on the analysis.
1) The document outlines an action plan to scale research outputs from the EC LEDS project in Vietnam. It identifies key activities to update livestock feed databases and software, improve feeding management practices, develop policies around carbon tracking and subsidies, and raise awareness of stakeholders.
2) The plan's main goals are to strengthen national feed resources, update the PC Dairy software, build greenhouse gas inventory systems, and adopt standards to reduce emissions in agriculture and the livestock industry.
3) Key stakeholders involved in implementing the plan include the Department of Livestock Production, universities, and ministries focused on agriculture and the environment.
The USDA EC LEDS Project aimed to improve the impact of research on low-emission development strategies in Colombia, Kenya, and Vietnam over 9 months. The project objectives were to 1) increase policymakers' use of research outputs to inform decisions, 2) improve policymakers' access to knowledge on low-emission development, and 3) synthesize lessons on best linking research to policymakers. The implementation process included evaluating impact pathways, co-designing action plans, implementing actions, and conducting a synthesis. Key lessons focused on co-developing outputs and outcomes tailored to policy needs and strategies. Potential future areas of work included mobilizing finance for climate strategies and bundling research with mitigation options to engage more actors.
More from CCAFS | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (20)
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
7. 奶牛产业十年来持续转型升级,单产
提升60%,总产量保持稳定,满足牛
奶的有效供给
In the recent 10 years, the dairy sector is
keeping transformation and upgradation. Unit-
yield level has increased by 60%, while the
general production can fulfill the market
demand.
奶业由数量增长向质量、效益转型升级
From numeric increase to quality improvement
4.6
4.8 4.8
5.4 5.5 5.5
6.0 6.0
6.4
7.0
7.4
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
牛奶产量(万吨,左轴)
来源:中国奶业统计资料
8. Ø 牧业集团的养殖集中度提高
Dairy farming concentration ratio of animal husbandry
group increases quickly
Ø 2018年前40位养殖集团存栏192万头、日
产量2.66万吨,比2015年增长40%、60%
In 2018, the top 40 dairy fam had a total of 1.92
million heads in stock with a daily milk production of
26,600 tons, increase of 40% and 60% over 2015,
respectively.
来源:国家奶牛产业技术体系
大型牧场发展迅速,成为乳企奶源主力军
Booming of the large scaled dairy farming and modernized source milk base
Diary herd
(left axis, 10k heads)
Milk production
(right axis, 10k MT/day)
9. 中国奶业与欧洲奶业生产对比
China dairy V.S. EU dairy production
EU-15
l Average herd size at 80-
150 heads
l Integration system of
dairy and crop farming
l Relying much on self-
plant crops
China
l Average herd size at
800-1000 heads
l Separation of dairy and
crop farming
l Relying much on
imported forage like
alfalfa and oat hay
12. Carbon equivalent per milk produced-
a new performance parameter
p How much the carbon equivalent number
will be for Chinese dairy farms?
p Is the “ high-input-high-output-high-
emission” mode a sustainable
development mode for China dairy
farming?
p Will the evolution towards environmental
protection cost too much?
Source: DairyCo UK
Questions for China Dairy sector
Carbon contents are assigned to milk (12 g of C/g of milk N) and animal tissue
(0.23 g of C/g of animal mass) based upon their protein, carbohydrate, and lipid
contents (USDA, 2005).
13. The CCFAS LED
project
Phase I. Survey on different scaled diary farms in China
Phase II. Total farm approach design and implement on demo
farms, cooperating with giant dairy processor
14. Phase I Survey
济南
郑州
合肥
南京
上海
台北
福州
南昌
杭州
广州
长沙
南宁
贵阳
昆明
武汉
重庆成都
兰州
银川
呼和浩特
西宁
拉萨
乌鲁木齐
西安
太原
石家庄
北京
沈阳
长春
天津
哈尔滨
香港
澳门
海口
Under the support of the National Dairy Industry and Technology System (NDITS),
data were collected from 107 pilot dairy farms in the sysem.
Max farm size: 20159 heads
Average size: 1884 heads
Regions Province
Surveyed
number
Northern
China
Beijing 11
Hebei 8
Tianjin 6
Shanxi 3
Inner Mongolia 10
Northeast Heilongjiang 17
Liaoning 1
East China Shandong 15
Fujian 2
Central and
southern
China
Guangdong 2
Henan 11
Northwest
China
Ningxia 7
Shaanxi 3
Xinjiang 5
Southwest
China
Chongqing 4
Guizhou 1
Total 107
16. Provide information according to the
questionnaire designed by CAAS
Feed input:
Detailed TMR
information
Purchased roughage
Transport distance
…
Energy input:
Electricity
Gas
Petrol
Water
Diesel
…
Manure treatment:
Lagoon
Bedding
Back to cropland
Biogas
Compost
…
17. Mean min max
daily intake in kg dry matter(dm) per day 6.12 0.00 12.00
Total alfalfa 2.56
Imported alfalfa 2.16 0.00 17.90
Domestic alfalfa 0.40 0.00 3.55
Hebei alfalfa 0.23 0.00 3.55
Total alfalfa silage 0.05
Domestic alfalfa silage 0.05 0.00 1.50
Hebei alfalfa silage 0.02 0.00 0.90
Total Oat grass 1.03 .
Imported Oat grass 0.27 0.00 2.23
Domestic Oat grass 0.76 0.00 3.12
Hebei Oat grass 0.00 0.00 0.62
Total corn silage (all domestic/Hebei) 6.62 1.20 8.70
Total peanut straw (all domestic/Hebei) 0.01 0.00 0.91
Total wheat straw (all domestic/Hebei) 0.05 0.00 4.28
Total Corn (all domestic) 2.06 0.00 5.54
Hebei Corn 1.98 0.00 5.54
Total Soybean meal 1.03 0.00 3.33
Domestic Soybean meal 0.29 0.00 2.70
Hebei Soybean meal 0.24 0.00 2.70
Total cotton seed (all domestic) 1.12 0.00 6.37
Hebei cotton seed 0.06 0.00 1.82
Total molasses (all domestic) 0.11 0.00 1.50
Hebei molasses 0.09 0.00 1.50
Total sugar beet pulp (all domestic) 0.33 0.00 1.81
Hebei beet pulp 0.08 0.00 1.35
Total brewers' grain (all domestic) 0.29 0.00 5.72
Hebei brewers grain 0.20 0.00 5.72
Concentrate composition information
(case study-Hebei province)
18. 10.01
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100
tons/head/year
Farms
The average milk yield was 10.01 t (head/yr.) which ranged from 3.0 to 19.7 t (hea/ yr.).
It is higher than the national level in 2019.
Milking performance of different coutries
in 2019
country tons/head/year
ISRAEL 11.85
Canada 10.68
US 10.61
Netherlands 8.67
German 8.09
China 7.8
Australia 6.17
New Zealand 4.4
Milking performance of the investigated farms
19. Farm output value
Size
Milk
price
(RMB/
kg)
Total output
value
(RMB/head/
yr)
Total cost
(RMB/hea
d/yr)
Profit
(RMB/head/
yr)
profit margins(%)
large 3.91 32183 25513 6670 20.7%
middl
e
3.8 24731 20210 4520 18.3%
small 3.69 22561 16716 5845 25.9%
Avera
ge
3.8 26492 20814 5678.54
21.4%
Small-scale farm with the lowest milk price(3.69 RMB/kg) and production value, but it seems
to be the best model to make profit because of they have the highest profit margins.
Performance of the investigated farms
1.9
2.2 2.3
3.3
4.47
2.3
2.75 2.6
3.85
6.17
新西兰 荷兰 美国 中国 日本
成本 奶价
RMB/kg
New Zealand Netherlands
U.S.A China Japan
20. A large proportion of the manure were used as bedding material or were returned to cropland nearby.
0.0% 0 1.2%
3.5% 4.7% 4.7%
9.3% 10.5% 11.6%
16.3%
22.1%
26.7%
29.1%
37.2%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
01grasslands
14cesspitstorage
07
com
post(
intensive
m
anagem
ent)
08
com
post(
passivitypiled)
06
com
post(
staticalpiled)
13outside
storage
04palygrounddried
12m
ethaneproject
05com
postsealcell
10aerobictreatm
ent
03solidpilednaturally
11lagoon
02returnedto
cropland
09asbeddingm
aterial/ferm
entation…
methodsoutofthewholefarms
methods
Manure management
Manure management of investigated farms
21. Project Phase Ⅱ
JIALIHE
Ø Attract giant dairy processor and dairy farms on board
- Contract signed with: MENGNIU, YILI, JIALIHE dairy (Tianjin, 34265 heads in
total, 40% dairy product market share in Tianjin province)
26. ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
Dr. Lini Wollenberg
Mr. Jelle Zijlstra
Mr. Nan Zhang 张楠 Mrs. Caixia Zhang 张彩霞 Mrs. Min Li 李敏
Dr. Na Lu 卢 娜
Dr. Kun Yao 姚 琨
Mr. Jianmin Xia 夏建民
Prof. Dr. Hongmin Dong 董红敏 研究员
Dr. Sha Wei 魏莎