实施计划
Implementation plan
董红敏 DONG Hongmin
中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所
Institute of Environment and SustainableDevelopment in Agriculture, CAAS
CCAFS 国际合作项目
中国规模化奶牛养殖场低排放措施示范和推广
Piloting and scaling of low emission development options
in large-scale dairy farms in China

1. 项目背景 Background
2. 目标与任务 Objective and activities
3. 执行计划 Implementation plan
4. 工作基础 pervious work
报告提纲 Outline

研究背景 Background
❑ 畜牧业是重要的温室气体排放源，占人为排放的14.5%，其中牛奶生产带来的
排放占畜禽养殖业排放的20% (FAO)
Livestock is one of major GHG emission sources. Contribute to around 14.5% world
total. Dairy GHG emission from enteric and manure management contribute 20% to
livestock emission.
❑ 评估奶产品的碳足迹，明确牛奶温室气体排放关键点，可以为通过提高奶牛生
产效率控制排放提供科学依据
Carbon footprint could quantify GHG emissions and relative contributions by each sector
throughout whole production chain, Provide scientific data on CF baseline, identify
potential CF mitigating measures, and policy-making in China.

⚫ 2012年中国的温室气体排放量（不包括LUCF）为
118.96 亿吨CO2e
⚫ 2012年农业源贡献了约9.38亿吨CO2e，占全国排
放 量的8％
⚫ 肠道和粪便管理产生的畜禽温室气体排放量占农业
排放量的40％
❑ China GHG emission (excluding LUCF) in 2012 was
11.9 Billion tons CO2e
❑ Agriculture contribute about 8% of national emissions
, 938 million tons CO2e in 2012,
❑ Livestock GHG emission contribute 40% to
agricultural emission
研究背景 Background
畜牧业是中国主要的温室气体排放源之一
Livestock is one of major GHG emission sources in China

畜牧业温室气体排放清单
GHG emission inventory in livestock sector
项目/Item CH4 (106 t CH4) N2O (106 t N2O) CO2eq (106 t CO2 eq)
肠道甲烷 / Enteric CH4 10.7 225.6
粪便管理CH4 / Manure CH4 3.3 69.9
粪便管理N2O / Manure N2O 0.249 77.185
总量/Total 14.1 0.25 372.7
❑ The total livestock GHG is 373 million tons CO2eq
• CH4 emission from Enteric fermentation is 60.7%
• CH4 emission from manure management is 18.9%
• N2O emission from manure management is 20.4%
❑ 温室气体排放总量为3.73 亿吨CO2eq
• 肠道发酵CH4 排放占60.7%
• 粪便管理CH4 排放占18.9%
• 粪便管理N2O 排放占20.4%

不同畜禽的温室气体排放贡献
GHG emission from different subcategories of livestock sector
肠道发酵CH4 排放
Enteric CH4
emission
Dairy 11.0 %
粪便管理CH4排放
Manure CH4
emission
Dairy 6.1%
粪便管理N2O排
Manure N2O emission
Dairy 8.9%
不同动物贡献
Contribution of
different animals
Dairy ranks top 5

牛奶生产和消费快速增加
Production and consumption quick increased
❑ Dairy population increase 16 times from 1980 to 2018
❑ Milk yield increased 28 times from 1980 to 2019
牛奶产量(百万吨)
奶牛存栏量(百万头)
Milkconsumption(kg/capita/yr)
牛奶消费量（kg/人/年）
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
Milkyield(Millionton)
Dairynumber(Millionhead)
Mike yield
Milk consumption per capita
Dairy number
❑ 2018年奶牛养殖数量是1980年的16倍
❑ 2018年牛奶产量是1980年的28倍

奶业振兴行动--实现奶业优质安全、绿色发展的目标
Revitalization of dairy industry–safty and green production
❑ 2018年，国务院办公厅《关于推进奶业振兴保障乳
品质量安全的意见》（国办发〔2018〕43 号）
• 100头以上规模养殖比重超过65%，
• 奶源自给率保持在70%以上
• 产品监督抽检合格率达到99%以上
• 养殖废弃物综合利用率达到75%以上
❑ In 2018, Dairy industry revitalization plan
• over 65% dairy cattle are from large-scale (>100 head )
• self-sufficiency of milk maintained above 70%
• The qualified rate of product is over 99%
• The comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure is
over 75%
Transforming and
upgrading转型升级
Stable development
period 平稳发展
Rapid expansion
快速发展
2008-2016
1997-2007
1979-1996
After 2017
Sustainable
development
可持续

不同国家碳足迹比较
Comparison of carbon footprint of different countries
奶
牛
碳
足
迹
涉
及
整
个
生
产
链
条
Feed
production
Dairy
production
Manure
treatment
Manure
application
Agri. inputs
production
0
1
2
3
Carbonfootprint(kgCO2-eqkg
FPCM-1)
AUS SWEUK US IRL
CHN
Global
NL
NZ
GER
CAN

不同环节和温室气体对碳足迹贡献
Contribution of different stage and gas to carbon footprint
饲料种植和加工 运输
肠道发酵 粪便管理
粪便还田 能源消耗

0
1
2
3
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farm 5
Carbonfootprint(kgCO2/kgmilk)
Farm
Land application
Energy consumption
Farm manure management
Entric fermentation
Feed planting, production
and processing
No allocation
Average 1.9
1.76
1.16
kgCO2e/kgFPCM
1.56
不同养殖场碳足迹差异显著
Contribution of different stage and gas to carbon footprint

项目目的 project mission
❑ 项目目的
探讨实施奶牛场温室气体减排技术的途径,提高生产效率、降低牛奶成本，减少牛奶
生产过程的温室气体排放。为实现奶业优质安全、绿色发展的目标提供支撑。
❑ General objective
To explore the way to implement mitigation option for GHG emissions in dairy
farm, and reduce GHG emissions in milk production process. Meanwhile, to
improve production efficiency and reduce milk cost, so as to provide support for
achieving the goal of high quality, safety and green development of dairy industry.

项目介绍 brief of project phase I
❑ 本项目基于CCAFS和中荷奶业发展中心（SDDDC）共同资助一期项目
“中国条件下乳制品碳足迹评估和减排技术选择” 。一期项目建立了碳足
迹评估方法和工具，对100个养殖场进行了碳足迹评估，筛选减排关键点和
减排技术。
❑ This project built on the project ‘Carbon Footprint Assessment and Mitigation
Options of Dairy under Chinese Conditions’ (2018-2019) jointly funded by
CCAFS and the Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Center (SDDDC). In phase I,
Carbon Footprint assessment methodology and tools were developed, and key
mitigation points and technologies were identified based on performance data
from more than 100 Chinese dairy farms

项目目标
Specific Objectives
❑ 旨在探讨在大型奶牛场实施温室气体减排措施的有效方法
⚫ 在实际奶牛场进行减排技术示范
⚫ 开发温室气体和 氮磷环境影响监测和评估工具，支持奶牛养殖场科学决策
⚫ 为奶牛养殖场温室气体减排提供技术指导和政策建议
❑ Aiming at implementation of mitigation options on large dairy farms.
⚫ Demonstrate how to apply mitigation technology in dairy farms
⚫ Develop tool to facilitate Monitoring , Reporting and Verifying GHG, N , P emission
to support decision making on dairy farms based sciences
⚫ Provide technical guidance and policy recommendations on mitigation of GHG
emissions on dairy farms

项目活动 Activities
❑ 奶牛养殖场温室气体减排技术清单和指南
❑ 设计加速减排技术应用的全农场方法并在奶牛场进行示范
❑ 建立环境评估模型
❑ 监测和评估试验和示范养殖场减排技术实施效果
❑ 技术培训和推广
❑ Identify practical mitigation option list and guidelines
❑ Design a farm approach and demonstarte how to enhance application of
mitigation options in farms
❑ Establish an environmental assessment model
❑ Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation options
❑ Training and extension

项目交付成果
Deliverables
Nr 交付成果 Deliverable
1
中国奶牛场减排措施实施可行性报告
Feasibility of mitigation options CN dairy farms (report)
2
推动农场实施减排技术的全农场方法，包括必要的培训材料
Total farm approach to enhance the implementation of mitigation options, including necessarytrainingmaterial
3
基于全农场方法， 在2个试验和15个农场示范减排技术
Testing and implementing the total farm approach IN 2 Pilot farms and 15demo farms in different regions
5
计算和监测农场的氮、磷、温室气体的模型
Model to calculate and monitor N, P, GHG and technical and sustainability indicators on farm
6
示范农场监测评估报告
Reports of monitoring and evaluation of demonstration farms
7
政策建议
Policy recommendations
8
区域LED研讨会
Regional LED workshop incl. proceedings

实施路线-总体

实施路线-减排技术清单和指南
Implementation plan – mitigation option list and guideline
Expert
meeting
Stakeholder
meeting
Database of dairy
farm from Phase 1
General list of mitigation options
Mitigation options list for different regions and farm scales
Current
technology

实施路线-农场试验和示范
Implementation plan – Farm pilot and demonstrations
Design and prepare of
total farm approach
Choose pilot and demo
farms
Test and implement the approach on 2 pilot farms
Test and implement the approach on 15 demo farms
Trainings for trainers and farmers

实施路线-评估模型
Implementation plan – environmental assessment model
Environmental assessment model of dairy farm
Nutrient cycling
Carbon footprint
model of dairy Water footprint
Environmental assessment model of livestock farm
C assessment N/P assessment Water assessment

实施路线-政策建议
Implementation plan - policy recommendations
政策
建议
粪污资源化
利用行动
减排措施清
单和技术指
南
环境评估模
型分析和情
景优化
农场示范和
推广效果
奶业振兴
计划
Action plan for
resource utilization of
livestock manure (2017)
Opinions of the General
Office of the State
Council on Promoting the
Revitalization of Dairy
Industry to Ensure the
Quality and Safety of
Dairy Products in 2018
Mitigation option
list and guideline
The effect of farm pilot
and demonstrations
Environmental
assessmentmodel
and scenario analysis

参与机构
Participant Organisation
❑ Wageningen Livestock Research (WLR), Wageningen
University and Research (WUR)
guidance to the Chinese developers and implementers
❑ Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
(IEDA-CAAS)
Implementation of activities
❑ Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Centre (SDDDC), China
Agricultural University (CAU)
Implementation of activities
❑ Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
support to project design, facilitating partnership, publishing and
dissemination of results

项目活动分配
Allocation of activities for organization
WUR
1. Guide the Chinese developers and
implementers in the fields of:
measuring, monitoring, analyzing data,
impact of mitigation options, farm
efficiency indicators and bottlenecks
and incentives for farmers and other
stakeholders.
2. Communicationand project
management
WUR
1. 指导中国研究者和实施者：测量、监
测、分析数据、减缓方案的影响
2. 分析农场效率指标及对农民和其他利
益相关者的激励。
3. 沟通与项目管理

CAAS
1. Develop feasibility mitigation options
for CN dairy farms
2. Develop model for GHG and other
environmental indicators of CN dairy
sector
3. Monitoring and evaluation results of
pilot farms
4. Deliver policyrecommendations
5. Cooperationand communication
CAAS
1. 筛选奶牛养殖场温室气体减排措施
2. 建立温室气体和NP环境评估模型
3. 试点农场的监测和评估
4. 提出中国奶牛养殖场提供政策建议
5. 合作交流
项目活动分配
Allocation of activities for organization

CAU
1. Design and prepare customized plan of
total farm approach
2. Choose pilot and demo farms that are
interested in applying the mitigation
options
3. Test and implement the approach on 2
pilot farms
4. Test and implement the approach on 15
demo farms
5. Monitor and evaluation of the results
and outcome of different mitigation
options, applied on the pilot and demo
farms
6. Upscaling implementation by
partners/stakeholders
CAU
1. 设计和编制定制的全农场方案
2. 选择对实施缓解方案感兴趣的试验和
示范农场
3. 在两个试验农场监测并实施该方法
4. 在15个示范农场监测并实施该方法
5. 监测和评估试验和示范农场采用的不
同缓解方案的效果
6. 合作伙伴/利益相关者推广实施
项目活动分配
Allocation of activities for organization

时间安排 Time table
Nr 交付成果 Deliverable
2020 2021 2022
1st/4 2nd/4 3rd/4 4th/4 1st/4 2nd/4 3rd/4 4th/4 1st/4
1
Feasibility of mitigation options CN
dairy farms (report)
2 Design the total farm approach
3
Testing and implementing the total
farm approach in 2 pilot farms
4
Implementing the total farm
approach in 15 demo farms
5
upscaling implementation total
farm approach
6 Development of N, P, GHG Model
7
Reports of monitoring and
evaluation of demonstration farms
8 Policy recommendations
9
Regional LED workshop incl.
proceedings

工作基础
Previous Research
1. 建立生命周期方法的奶牛碳足迹评估方法
2. 开发了碳足迹评估软件
3. 100个典型农场调研和数据分析
4. 减排技术筛选
1. LCA Method for carbon footprint assessment of dairy production
2. Software development of carbon footprint assessment
3. Data collection and analysis for 100 dairy cattle
4. Mitigation option

奶牛碳足迹评估方法学
Methodology of Carbon footprint assessment of dairy cattle

建立计算模型
calculation model
Carbon Footprint model

开发碳足迹评估软件工具
Tool of CF assessment

典型农场调研和数据分析
Data collection and analysis for more than 100 dairy farms
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
Carbonfootprint(kgCO2e/kgmilk)
Farm
Global (2.4)
North America
China (1.9)
NZ (0.7)
Germany (0.9)
(1.8)

减排技术筛选, 8类31项技术
Selection of mitigation options
Herd management
• Increase longevity (reduce replacement rate)
• Decrease age at first calving
• Remove idle cows
• Improve health management
• Optimise transition period
• Optimise young stock management
Stable
• Good construction contributes to herd performance
• Close or modify playground
Feeding
• Optimise rations (match cow requirements)
• Reduce losses during feed storage
• Optimise feed quality and composition
• Avoid excess protein feeding
• Direct feeding of compound ingredients
• Additives to reduce enteric methane (e.g. nitrate, 3NOP, fat,
etc.)
Breeding
• Genetic selection on feed efficiency
• Genetic selection on increased milk production
• Genetic selection on low enteric CH4
Carbon sequestration in soils
• Reduced tillage on crops
Feed production
• Increased crop yields
• Optimise fertilization efficiency
• Increase nutritional value crops (feed quality)
• Improve grazing management
• Grazing management to avoid degradation of soils under natural
grasslands
• Slow release fertilizer
Manure management
• Covered lagoon with methane oxidation
• Anaerobic digestion
• Innovative techniques to improve manure management: primary
manure separation, direct removal, and closed storage with
thermal/biological oxidation to remove methane
• Change manure land application methods from spread to injection
Energy management
• Production of renewable energy (wind/solar/manure)
• Reduce fossil energy use / apply energy saving technologies in
o Farm (milking, cooling), processing
o Feed cultivation (machines, transport)
o Feed processing
o Milk processing
• Select crops with low energy requirements

奶牛减排技术监测
Monitoring on emission reduction technology of dairy cattle
污水氧化塘
Oxidation pond
添砖
Licking brick
饲料
Feed
堆肥
Compost

68.83
74.06
92.38
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
秸秆型A日粮(40:60) 青贮型B日粮(40:60) 青贮型C日粮(60:40)
CH4量（kg/年）
❑ 青贮日粮B和日粮C每年的甲烷排放量分别比秸秆日粮A低20%和25%
❑ 与秸秆A型日粮相比，青贮B和C型日粮生产每公斤牛奶可减少31%和38%的甲烷排放。
• Methane emissions of silage B and C diets were 20% and 25% lower than those of straw A diets
• Silage B and C diets produced 1kg of milk and reduced methane production by 31% and 38%, respectively,
compared to straw-type A diets.
饲料调控减少奶牛甲烷的排放
Changing Feed to Reduce Methane Emissions from Dairy Cows
中国奶牛养殖低碳养殖技术及减排潜力
Low carbon options and emission reduction potential in Chinese dairy sector
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
CH4产生量（L）
CH4量（L/kgDM） CH4量（L/kg乳）
CH4量（L/kgDM） 30.06 27.15 24.28
CH4量（L/kg乳） 32.88 22.54 20.27
秸秆型A日粮
(40:60)
青贮型B日粮
(40:60)
青贮型C日粮
(60:40)

舔砖对高产进口奶牛甲烷减排
Effect of licking brick on CH4 reduction of high yield imported dairy cows
每公斤产奶甲烷减排32.6%
CH4 emission - 32.6 % per kg milk
甲烷能损失比例减少21.5%
CH4 energyemission -21.5%
CH4emission(g/day)
CH4emission(g/kgDM)
CH4emission(g/kgmilk)
CH4energylosses(%)
单个动物甲烷减排20.3%
CH4 emission -20.3% per animal
每公斤干物质摄入甲烷减排20.8%
CH4 emission -20.8% per drymatter

污水表层覆盖陶粒的减排效果
Mitigation effect of wastewater covered with ceramsite
❑ 覆盖增加春季N2O和CO2排放，其它季节减少
Ceramsite coverage increases N2O and CO2 emissions in spring, and decreases in other seasons
❑ 覆盖增加秋季CH4排放，其它季节减少
Ceramsite coverage increases CH4 emissions in autumn and decreases in other seasons
❑ 年均排放通量(CO2-eq)：-5.0% Annual average emission flux (CO2-eq)：-5.0%

项目进度 Progress of project
❑ Finished the report “Feasibility of mitigation options CN dairy farms”
❑ The methodology of Chinese environmental assessment model is on going
❑ Communicate with leading dairy enterprise in China
❑ Collect data from scaled dairy farm in different region in China
❑ “Total farm approach” design
❑ 完成《奶牛场温室气体减排技术可行性方案》报告
❑ 中国奶牛场环境评估模型的方法正在进行中
❑ 国内领先的乳品企业进行了沟通，收集中国不同地区规模奶牛场的数据
❑ 开展了加速减排技术推广的“全农场方法”设计