A loudspeaker is an electro acoustic transducer; a device which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. (Electrical energy to acoustical energy)
Microphones-Type, Characteristics, design, Applications, techniques, PatternsSankaranarayanan K B
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recordings etc. Its one of the most important part in the audio chain. The different types of microphones are used for different applications. Lets us see one by one…..
Microphone is a type of acoustic transducer or sensor.
A microphone, is an acoustic-to-electrical transducer or sensor that converts sound in air into an electrical signal.
Microphones-Type, Characteristics, design, Applications, techniques, PatternsSankaranarayanan K B
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recordings etc. Its one of the most important part in the audio chain. The different types of microphones are used for different applications. Lets us see one by one…..
Microphone is a type of acoustic transducer or sensor.
A microphone, is an acoustic-to-electrical transducer or sensor that converts sound in air into an electrical signal.
Presentation that discuss ,what's sound? how microphones works , microphones types ,it's block diagram and the dorectional pattern of each microphone and how sound recording works also a matlab example code for sound recording analysis and how the signal looks like in a plot
A basic sound system consists of an input device (microphone), a control device (mixer), an amplification device (power amplifier), and an output device (loudspeaker).
The primary goal of the sound system in sound applications is to deliver clear, intelligible speech, and, usually, high-quality musical sound.
Audio video system slides, Microphone loudspeaker, Aduio devices slides, AVS ...dreamygyz
Presentation on Sound Processing devices like Microphone, Loud Speaker, Sound Characteristics. Study about various Microphones and loud speakers etc...
Introduction to microphones. Types of microphones i.e. Moving Coil/Dynamic Microphone, Capacitor Microphone,Ribbon Microphone, Crystal Microphone, Carbon Microphone. It also shows the distribution of microphones on basis of directivity.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Presentation that discuss ,what's sound? how microphones works , microphones types ,it's block diagram and the dorectional pattern of each microphone and how sound recording works also a matlab example code for sound recording analysis and how the signal looks like in a plot
A basic sound system consists of an input device (microphone), a control device (mixer), an amplification device (power amplifier), and an output device (loudspeaker).
The primary goal of the sound system in sound applications is to deliver clear, intelligible speech, and, usually, high-quality musical sound.
Audio video system slides, Microphone loudspeaker, Aduio devices slides, AVS ...dreamygyz
Presentation on Sound Processing devices like Microphone, Loud Speaker, Sound Characteristics. Study about various Microphones and loud speakers etc...
Introduction to microphones. Types of microphones i.e. Moving Coil/Dynamic Microphone, Capacitor Microphone,Ribbon Microphone, Crystal Microphone, Carbon Microphone. It also shows the distribution of microphones on basis of directivity.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Speakers installation When an alternating current electrical audio signal is applied to its voice coil, a coil of wire suspended in a circular gap between the poles of a permanent magnet.
Speaker installation in Houston When an alternating advanced electrical audio signal is undertake its voice convolute, a curve of wire suspended in a complicated gap surrounded by the poles of dependable magnet
Basic acoustics-SPL and Sound power, Reflection Refraction, Diffusion, diffraction, absorption, standing waves. Reverberation, RT, Room modes-Axial, Tangential oblique modes. Necessity of Reverberation, control and monitoring rooms, concert halls and theatres, inverse square law, Absorption coefficients of Materials. Sabine Equation, Growth and Decay of sound in an Enclosure. Acoustical features and design of Auditoriums and Theaters. Delay, Echo, Filters, Effects. Reverberant Fields .Binaural hearing, stereo/ Mono
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Students will be able to understand about the various mixing consoles used in both live and studio.
Students will be able to apply various style of recording according to the need.
Media planning: Information Sources and analysis-marketing sources, Creative sources & Media sources- Setting Media Objectives: Audience objective & Distribution Objective.
Students will be able to understand about the various types of signal processors.
Students will be able to choose the signal processors according to the need in studio or live applications.
Students will know about the characteristics of signal processors.
Students will be able to understand about the various Amplifiers, its type and design. Students will be able to remember the working patterns and principles of different Amplifiers types. Students will be able to choose the right Amplifiers for speakers. Students will know about the characteristics of each Amplifiers.
Gnomio is an moodle like learning management system.Its a FOSSE software available in internet that helps the teachers and faculties to upload their courses and deliver to learners or students in an online platform.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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1. AUDIOGRAPHY
UNIT – 2 - Loudsperkers
PREPARED BY
SANKARANARAYANAN K. B
ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION
NEHRU ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE(Autonomous)
COIMBATORE
2. Expected outcomes
Students will be able to understand about the
various loudspeakers, its type and design.
Students will be able to remember the working
patterns and principles of different loudspeaker
types.
Students will be able to choose the right speakers
according to their purpose.
Students will know about the characteristics of each
loudspeakers.
3. Introduction
A loudspeaker is an electro
acoustic transducer; a device which converts an
electrical audio signal into a
corresponding sound. (Electrical energy to
acoustical energy)
The most widely used type of speaker
is invented in 1924 by Edward W.
Kellogg and Chester W. Rice.
4. Operating Principle
The dynamic speaker operates on the same basic
principle as a dynamic microphone, but in reverse, to
produce sound from an electrical signal.
When an alternating current (AC) electrical audio
signal is applied to its voice coil, a coil of wire
suspended in a circular gap between the poles of
a permanent magnet, the coil is forced to move rapidly
back and forth due to Faraday's law of induction,
which causes a diaphragm (usually conically shaped)
attached to the coil to move back and forth, pushing on
the air to create sound waves.
7. Diaphragm
The diaphragm is usually manufactured with a
cone- or dome-shaped profile. A variety of
different materials may be used, but the most
common are paper, plastic, and metal. The ideal
material would
1) be rigid, to prevent uncontrolled cone
motions;
2) have low mass, to minimize starting force
requirements and energy storage issues;
3) be well damped, to reduce vibrations
continuing after the signal has stopped with little
or no audible ringing due to
its resonance frequency as determined by its
usage.
8. Working
Dynamic loudspeaker, uses a lightweight diaphragm, or cone,
connected to a rigid basket, or frame, via a flexible
suspension, commonly called a spider, that constrains a voice
coil to move axially through a cylindrical magnetic gap. A
protective cap glued in the cone's center prevents dust,
especially iron filings, from entering the gap. When an
electrical signal is applied to the voice coil, a magnetic field is
created by the electric current in the voice coil, making it a
variable electromagnet.
9. Other Parts
Basket
The chassis, frame, or basket, is designed to be
rigid, preventing deformation that could change
critical alignments with the magnet gap, perhaps
allowing the voice coil to rub against the magnet
around the gap. Chassis are typically cast from
aluminum alloy, in heavier magnet-structure
speakers; or stamped from thin sheet steel in
lighter-structure drivers.
Cone materials
The cone surround can be rubber or
polyester foam, treated paper or a ring of
corrugated, resin coated fabric; it is attached to
both the outer cone circumference and to the
upper frame.
10. Driver types
Individual electro dynamic drivers provide their best
performance within a limited frequency range.
Multiple drivers (e.g., subwoofers, woofers, mid-
range drivers, and tweeters) are generally
combined into a complete loudspeaker system to
provide performance beyond that constraint. The
three most commonly used sound radiation systems
are the cone, dome and horn type drivers.
11. Speaker drivers
Loudspeaker for home use with three types
1. Mid-range driver(Squawker)
2. Tweeter
3. Woofers
The hole below the lowest woofer is a port
for a bass reflex system.
12. Full-range drivers
A full-range driver is a speaker designed to be
used alone to reproduce an audio channel
without the help of other drivers, and therefore
must cover the entire audio frequency range.
Full-range (or more accurately, wide-range)
drivers are most commonly heard in public
address systems, in televisions (although some
models are suitable for hi-fi listening), small
radios, intercoms, some computer speakers, etc.
In hi-fi speaker systems, the use of wide-range
drive units can avoid undesirable interactions
between multiple drivers caused by non-
coincident driver location or crossover network
issues.
13. Subwoofer
A subwoofer is a woofer driver used
only for the lowest-pitched part of the
audio spectrum: typically below
200 Hz for consumer systems below
100 Hz for professional live sound.
Since sound in this frequency range
can easily bend around corners
by diffraction, the speaker aperture
does not have to face the audience,
and subwoofers can be mounted in
the bottom of the enclosure, facing
the floor. Image Source : https://www.canalsoundlight.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/p-24746-SUB-
8006-AS-RIGHT-NO-GRILL.jpg
14. Woofer
A woofer is a driver that reproduces low frequencies.
The driver works with the characteristics of the
enclosure to produce suitable low frequencies. Some
loudspeaker systems use a woofer for the lowest
frequencies, sometimes well enough that a subwoofer
is not needed. Additionally, some loudspeakers use
the woofer to handle middle frequencies, eliminating
the mid-range driver. This can be accomplished with
the selection of a tweeter that can work low enough
that, combined with a woofer that responds high
enough, the two drivers add coherently in the middle
frequencies.
15. Mid-range driver
A mid-range speaker is a loudspeaker driver that
reproduces a band of frequencies generally between
1–6 kHz, otherwise known as the 'mid' frequencies
(between the woofer and tweeter).
Mid-range driver diaphragms can be made of paper
or composite materials, and can be direct radiation
drivers (rather like smaller woofers) or they can
be compression drivers (rather like some tweeter
designs).
16. Tweeter
A tweeter is a high-frequency driver that
reproduces the highest frequencies in a speaker
system. A major problem in tweeter design is
achieving wide angular sound coverage (off-axis
response), since high frequency sound tends to leave
the speaker in narrow beams. Soft-dome tweeters
are widely found in home stereo systems, and horn-
loaded compression drivers are common in
professional sound reinforcement.
17. Coaxial drivers
A coaxial driver is a loudspeaker driver with two or
several combined concentric drivers.
Image Source: https://www.madisoundspeakerstore.com/images/products/integra-624.jpg Image Source: https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1577/7605/products/new_coax-
15_pair_a0e3f47e-6daf-4bdd-9e16-05f96e66cccd_1024x1024.jpg?v=1510262356
18. Active(Powered) and Passive speakers
Passive speaker doesn’t have a amplifier that is Built-
in. An amplifier is needed to power the speaker
through normal speaker wire. This speaker signal
level will be amplified to drive the speakers
sufficiently.
Active speakers, have a built-in amplifier and are
supplied by a low-level (line-level) signal from the
mixer or interface. Since the amplifier is inside the
speakers it needs power, and you have to power them
externally.
More Info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kApwnPm3RNU
21. Crossover
Used in multi-driver speaker systems, the crossover
is an assembly of filters that separate the input
signal into different frequency ranges (i.e.
"bands"), according to the requirements of each
driver. Crossovers can be passive or active.
A passive crossover is an electronic circuit that uses
a combination of one or more resistors, inductors, or
non-polar capacitors. These components are
combined to form a filter network and are most
often placed between the full frequency-range
power amplifier and the loudspeaker drivers to
divide the amplifier's signal into the necessary
frequency bands before being delivered to the
individual drivers.
An active crossover is an electronic filter circuit that
divides the signal into individual frequency
bands before power amplification, thus requiring at
least one power amplifier for each band pass.
22. Enclosures
Most loudspeaker systems consist of drivers
mounted in an enclosure, or cabinet. The role of the
enclosure is to prevent sound waves emanating from
the back of a driver from interfering destructively
with those from the front. most enclosures function
by containing the rear radiation from the moving
diaphragm.
A sealed enclosure prevents transmission of the
sound emitted from the rear of the loudspeaker by
confining the sound in a rigid and airtight box.
Techniques used to reduce transmission of sound
through the walls of the cabinet include thicker
cabinet walls, lossy wall material, internal bracing,
curved cabinet walls—or more rarely, visco-
elastic materials (e.g., mineral-loaded bitumen)
or thin lead sheeting applied to the interior
enclosure walls.
23. Wiring connections
Most home hi-fi loudspeakers use
two wiring points to connect to
the source of the signal (for
example, to the audio amplifier
or receiver).
With sound reinforcement
system, PA system and instrument
amplifier speaker enclosures,
cables and some type of jack or
connector are typically used.
Speakon connectors are
considered to be safer for high
wattage amplifiers, because the
connector is designed so that
human users cannot touch the
connectors.
24. Specifications
Speaker or driver type (individual units only) – Full-range, woofer, tweeter, or mid-range.
Size of individual drivers. (Voice-coil diameter may also be specified.)
Rated Power - Nominal (or even continuous) power, and peak (or maximum short-term) power
a loudspeaker can handle.
Impedance – typically 4 Ω (ohms), 8 Ω, etc
Baffle or enclosure type (enclosed systems only) – Sealed, bass reflex, etc.
Number of drivers (complete speaker systems only) – two-way, three-way, etc.
Class of loudspeaker: Class 1, 2, 3, 4.
Frequency response : measured, or specified, output over a specified range of frequencies
for a constant input level varied across those frequencies.
Sensitivity : sound pressure level produced by a loudspeaker in a non-reverberant
environment, often specified in dB and measured at 1 meter with an input of 1 watt
Maximum sound pressure level : highest output the loudspeaker can manage
25. Other speaker designs
Moving-iron loudspeakers
Piezoelectric speakers
For More Info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker#Other_speaker_designs
26. MCQs / Assessment
Multiple Choice Questions Link will be shared in
Quizziz.com
Model Question :
What is the operating principle of a transducer in Moving Coil
loudspeaker?
a) Electromagnetic Induction b) Electrostatic Principle
c) None of the Above d) Both a & b
27. Summary
A loudspeaker is an electro acoustic transducer, a
device which converts an electrical audio signal into
a corresponding sound.
Mainly there are three type of Speaker drivers: Full
range, Mid-range and woofers.
Speakers are of two types : Active and Passive
Speakers can be classified according to its baffle
design, power output, enclosure, and
sensitivty/frequency response.
The placement and directivity of speakers are
essential for hearing good quality sound.
28. Points to Remember
Loaudspeakers work opposite to the working
pattern of microphone.
Electrical energy is converted into acoustical energy.
Major Driver types are :Full-range drivers,
Subwoofer, Woofer, Mid-range driver, Tweeter,
Coaxial drivers.
The system design of speakers are classified into
crossover types used, enclosure, wiring and
transmission of loudspeakers.
30. Introduction of Next Session
Amplifiers
Types and designs
Uses and applications
Audio chain
31. Thank You
SANKARANARAYANAN K. B
ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION
NEHRU ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE(Autonomous)
COIMBATORE
Mail Id: nascsankaranarayanan@nehrucolleges.com