A basic sound system consists of an input device (microphone), a control device (mixer), an amplification device (power amplifier), and an output device (loudspeaker).
The primary goal of the sound system in sound applications is to deliver clear, intelligible speech, and, usually, high-quality musical sound.
Audio video system slides, Microphone loudspeaker, Aduio devices slides, AVS ...dreamygyz
Presentation on Sound Processing devices like Microphone, Loud Speaker, Sound Characteristics. Study about various Microphones and loud speakers etc...
Audio video system slides, Microphone loudspeaker, Aduio devices slides, AVS ...dreamygyz
Presentation on Sound Processing devices like Microphone, Loud Speaker, Sound Characteristics. Study about various Microphones and loud speakers etc...
This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
Microphone is a type of acoustic transducer or sensor.
A microphone, is an acoustic-to-electrical transducer or sensor that converts sound in air into an electrical signal.
Microphones-Type, Characteristics, design, Applications, techniques, PatternsSankaranarayanan K B
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recordings etc. Its one of the most important part in the audio chain. The different types of microphones are used for different applications. Lets us see one by one…..
A loudspeaker is an electro acoustic transducer; a device which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. (Electrical energy to acoustical energy)
This presentation gives you the basic idea about surround system. Various aspects to be considered while designing surround system and it's various formats.
The term amplifier refers to any device that increases the amplitude of a signal, usually measured in voltage or current. This versatile device is used in a variety of different electronic applications. Especially in audio technology, a wide range of amplifiers can be produced based on product specifications (i.e. power, voltage, current). Currently, there are many types of audio amplifiers available for consumers. Sound signal amplification is used for instruments, such as the guitar or the bass. They are also used commonly in home theater systems and with stereo speakers. The basic design behind all of these amplifiers is derived from the simplest concepts of circuit design.
For our project, we set out to design an audio amplifier. The inputs of our circuit were stereo signals from a portable music player. Although we used a low-power speaker, we needed to achieve approximately three times gain over the entire circuit. In addition, the amplifier had to be produced at a low cost with available materials. Before building the actual amplifier, we realized that we had to design, simulate, and test the circuit. Each step was necessary to understand the concepts involved in amplification
This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
Microphone is a type of acoustic transducer or sensor.
A microphone, is an acoustic-to-electrical transducer or sensor that converts sound in air into an electrical signal.
Microphones-Type, Characteristics, design, Applications, techniques, PatternsSankaranarayanan K B
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recordings etc. Its one of the most important part in the audio chain. The different types of microphones are used for different applications. Lets us see one by one…..
A loudspeaker is an electro acoustic transducer; a device which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. (Electrical energy to acoustical energy)
This presentation gives you the basic idea about surround system. Various aspects to be considered while designing surround system and it's various formats.
The term amplifier refers to any device that increases the amplitude of a signal, usually measured in voltage or current. This versatile device is used in a variety of different electronic applications. Especially in audio technology, a wide range of amplifiers can be produced based on product specifications (i.e. power, voltage, current). Currently, there are many types of audio amplifiers available for consumers. Sound signal amplification is used for instruments, such as the guitar or the bass. They are also used commonly in home theater systems and with stereo speakers. The basic design behind all of these amplifiers is derived from the simplest concepts of circuit design.
For our project, we set out to design an audio amplifier. The inputs of our circuit were stereo signals from a portable music player. Although we used a low-power speaker, we needed to achieve approximately three times gain over the entire circuit. In addition, the amplifier had to be produced at a low cost with available materials. Before building the actual amplifier, we realized that we had to design, simulate, and test the circuit. Each step was necessary to understand the concepts involved in amplification
How Do Bluetooth Speakers Work Connect Windows amp MacDarylMitchell9
how do Bluetooth speakers work? Today we are here to answer just that question. Since the introduction of Bluetooth technology, the media world has progressed dramatically. Gone are the times when speakers required a tangle of wires to work.
Students will be able to remember the various concept of various audio units.
Students will be able to understand about the various mixing consoles used in both live and studio.
Students will be able to apply various style of recording according to the need.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Energy scenario in india and its energy conservation programJyoti Singh
Energy is essential for Economic growth and economic growth is essential for country like India.
Ratio of energy demand and GDP is useful indicator for Economics growth.
Economic growth of country
is depend upon rate of
improvement in per capita
energy consumption.
India is both a major producer and consumer.
India currently ranked 11th greatest energy producer accounting 2.4% of world’s total energy production and as the world’s 6th greatest energy consumer.
Despite its large annual energy production, India is a net energy importer, mostly due to imbalance between oil production and consumption.
The utility electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 278.734 GW as of 30 September 2015. Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of total installed capacity and Non-Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining 72%.
During the year 2014-15, the per capita electricity generation in India was 1,010 kWh with total electricity consumption (utilities and non utilities) of 938.823 billion or 746 kWh per capita electricity consumption.
Electric Energy Consumption in agriculture was recorded highest (18.45%) in 2014-15 among all countries.
The optical and infrared spectroscopy industry is undergoing a major transformation akin to the computer industry. The
size and weight of the instruments are shrinking from bench-top size to pocket-size. The cost is decreasing, and the
performance continues to improve beyond just being acceptable. These miniature handheld spectrometers such as near
infrared (NIR) spectrometers are creating new populations of users taking measurements in the field by nontechnical
workers that were previously conducted in the laboratory by technical personnel. The tests are non-destructive and fast,
taking only a few seconds to complete. This capability allows for obtaining real-time results that, in turn, lead to more
efficient decision making. Users include farmers who would use their handheld NIR analyzers for a whole host of
applications from analyzing the nutritional content of their forage for animal feed optimization to analyzing the
nutritional content of their crop for determining the value of their yield, or for analyzing the soil for fertilization
optimization.
Standard Soil Testing Laboratory
time consuming, Laborious, use of chemical and reagents which effect human health and environment, costly, do not consider spatial variation in the field.
Electrochemical Sensing
Ion Selective Electrodes
Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor
Optical Spectroscopy
NIR Spectroscopy
(A) By active media
Solid state laser - crystal, or glass, doped with impurities, e.g. ruby laser, Ti:sapphire laser, semiconductor laser.
Gas laser - e.g. He-Ne laser, Ar+ laser, CO2 laser, N2 laser, HCN laser.
Dye laser - active medium: dye molecules in liquid solvent (sometimes in solids also).
(B) By mode of operation
CW
Pulsed
(C) By pumping and laser levels
3-level laser
4-level laser
Conversion of transfer function to canonical state variable modelsJyoti Singh
Realization of transfer function into state variable models is needed even if the control system design based on frequency-domain design method.
In these cases the need arises for the purpose of transient response simulation.
But there is not much software for the numerical inversion of Laplace transform.
So one ways is to convert transfer function of the system to state variable description and numerically integrating the resulting differential equations rather than attempting to compute the inverse Laplace transform by numerical method.
Chopper basically uses a Thyristor for high power applications. The process of turning off a conducting Thyristor is known as commutation. Here Thyristor is turned off by a current pulse that is why it is called a Current Commutated Chopper.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Audio systems
1. Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. (Mrs) Lini Methew Jyoti Singh
Assistant Professor ME (Regular)
Electrical Engineering Department Branch: I & C
NITTTR, Chandigarh Roll No: 142511
(Hardware)
4. Basic Sound System
A basic sound system consists of an input device
(microphone), a control device (mixer), an amplification
device (power amplifier), and an output device
(loudspeaker).
The primary goal of the sound system in sound applications
is to deliver clear, intelligible speech, and, usually, high-
quality musical sound.
There are three levels of electrical signals in a sound
system:
microphone level ,
5.
6. Principle of Sound System
The basic principle of all electronic audio systems is
to take sound waves convert them into an electric
current or voltage and manipulate them as desired ,
then convert back into sound waves.
A microphone is an example of a transducer, a
device that changes information from one form to
another. Microphone changes information into
patterns of electric current or voltage.
7. Computers are digital systems so they can only
produce & manipulate audio in digital format.
The problem however is that in the real world audio is
an analog entity.
Speakers are expecting an analog signal so they can
reproduce sounds, we can’t feed speakers with a
digital signal so D to A converter is used.
8. Availability of Audio System
Today all motherboards have an embedded sound
card like on board audio.
Some motherboards don’t come with the audio
sections on the motherboard, but add on cards that
comes with the product being installed on a PCI
slots.
There is a chip called codec (coder/ decoder) on the
motherboard, which is incharge of converting
digital audio signals into analog and vice versa.
9. Sound Card
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an
internal computer expansion card that facilitates
input and output of audio signals to and from a
computer under control of computer programs.
Typical uses of sound cards include providing the
audio component for multimedia applications such
as music composition, editing video or audio,
presentation, education and entertainment (games).
11. Sound card connections
Digital Out: Used with surround sound or loud
speakers.
Line in: Connection for external audio
sources, e.g. tape recorder, record player,
or CD player.
Microphone or Mic: The connection for a
microphone or headphones.
Sound out or line: The primary sound connection
for your speakers or headphones.
MIDI or Joystick: (15 pin yellow connector) –
used with earlier sound cards to connect MIDI
keyboard
12. Anatomy of a Sound Card
A typical sound card has:
a Digital Signal Processor
a Digital to Analog Converter
an Analog-to-Digital converter
Read-only Memory (ROM) or Flash memory for storing
data,
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) for connecting
to external music equipment,
jacks for connecting speakers and microphones, as well as
line in and line out.
13. Sound Card Upgrades
Sound-card upgrades are an option if the motherboard
does not have a sound chipset built in or if the user
wants higher performance.
A common upgrade path is to move from an ISA sound
card to a PCI sound card.
For some audio applications, such as telephony or
certain games, full-duplex sound is a must.
Full-duplex sound has the ability to accept a sound input
while simultaneously providing sound output.
14. USB sound cards
USB sound "cards", sometimes called "audio
interfaces", are usually external boxes that plug into
the computer via USB.
The USB specification defines a standard interface,
the USB audio device class, allowing a single driver
to work with the various USB sound devices and
interfaces on the market.
15. Drivers
A driver provides a software interface to hardware
devices, enabling operating systems and other
computer programs to access hardware functions
without needing to know precise details of the
hardware being used.
A driver acts like a translator between the device and
programs that use the device.
Each device has its own set of specialized commands
that only its driver knows.
16. Quality- What is a good
Sound?
The three primary measures of sound quality are
fidelity, intelligibility, and loudness.
The fidelity of sound is primarily determined by the
overall frequency response of the sound arriving at the
listener’s ear.
The intelligibility of sound is determined by the
overall signal-to-noise ratio and the direct-to-
reverberant sound ratio at the listener’s ear.
17. Types of Speaker
Woofer
Produces sounds from 20 to 2,000 Hz.
Consists of one speaker driver in a speaker
enclosure.
Inferior sound at either end of its attainable
range.
Low-quality models produce distortion and
ringing.
18. Midwoofer
Has a slightly higher range than woofers.
Produces sounds from 200 to 5,000 Hz.
Best acoustic range between 500 and 2,000 Hz
Inferior sound quality at both ends of the range.
Consists of a single speaker driver in a speaker
enclosure.
19. Subwoofer
Produces sounds from 20 to 200 Hz.
Consists of multiple speaker drivers in a speaker
enclosure.
Focused on a very small audio range
Does not lose quality across its attainable frequency
range.
20. SPEAKER ENCLOSURE
Woofers and subwoofers are commonly housed in
sealed enclosures.
Speaker enclosure plays an important
role in the proper functioning of low
frequency speakers, as its purpose is to
increase the clarity of the sound and reduce
distortion.
21. Wireless speakers
Wireless speakers also work on the same principle as
the wired speakers do. These speakers also need to
translate an electric signal to an acoustic one, but the
only difference is that they transmit these signals to
the satellite speakers.
Technologies used in Wireless Speakers:
1. FM (Frequency Modulation) transmission in some
speakers. This involves Radio transmission of signals
by the Transmitting system to all the receiving satellite
22. 2. Infrared Transmission is also used in some of the
Home Theatre systems. Mostly used for the
speakers that create surround sound effect.
3. Bluetooth Transmission is most common and
advanced nowadays. It works on latest Bluetooth
technology.
Most of the Wireless Speakers work at 900 MHz
frequency range.
Range of Wireless speakers is 150 to 300 feet from
the Base Transmitter.
23. All the Satellite speakers are generally Battery
operated. They need to be charged separately.
Wireless speakers need extra care for their proper
functioning. Generally manufacturers claim that their
speakers are weatherproof but extra care is needed
for using in bad weather conditions.
24.
25. Wireless microphone
Wireless microphones require a wireless
transmitter, and a wireless receiver.
The wireless transmitter is either built into the
microphone itself (as in handheld wireless
microphones), or is connected by a short cable to a
body pack transmitter (as in handsfree wireless
microphones).
All wireless transmitters require a battery (typically
9-volt) and broadcast through an internal or external
26. The main advantage of wireless microphones as
compared to wired microphones is freedom of
movement.
With wireless microphones a vocalist or presenter
has much greater flexibility to move around a stage
or among an audience.
The biggest disadvantage is price, as wireless
microphones are, in general, more expensive.
27. Signal path from transmitter to
receiver
With single antenna receivers, so called non-
diversity systems, direct and reflected signal can
often cancel each other out, causing a sound drop
out.
28. Diversity receivers with two antennas are better able
to handle longer distances and more cluttered signal
paths. They are also more reliable in settings where
there is no line of sight between the receiver and the
transmitter. Transmitter signals radiate in all
directions, not just in a direct path. This causes
reflections on walls, floors and ceilings which overlap
with the directly sent signal.