This document discusses audio spotlighting technology which uses ultrasonic energy to create narrow beams of sound similar to light beams. It exploits the non-linearity of air to generate audible sound from inaudible ultrasound, producing a highly directional sound beam. The technology was pioneered in the 1960s for sonar but more recent developments have improved directivity and reduced distortion. It works by modulating audio signals onto ultrasonic carriers, which generate audible sound through nonlinear interactions in air as they propagate. This allows sound to be focused onto a specific area without others nearby hearing it.
This presentation gives you the basic idea about surround system. Various aspects to be considered while designing surround system and it's various formats.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for inter satellite links and other applications where high-performance links are a necessity.
Voice enabling system for blind people using gps and gsmAbhijit Ghosh
It's a final presentation on the project VOICE ENABLING SYSTEM FOR BLIND PEOPLE USING GPS AND GSM.
If anyone wants any help regarding the project or project report feels free to contact.
Email id- abhijitghosh.ec@gmail.com
Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi is transmission of data using visible light by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. If the LED is on, the photo detector registers a binary one; otherwise it‟s a binary zero. The idea of Li-Fi was introduced by a German physicist, Harald Hass, which he also referred to as “Data
through Illumination”. The term Li-Fi was first used by Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. According to Hass, the light, which he referred to as „DLight‟, can be used to produce data rates higher than 1 Giga bits per second which is much faster than our average broadband connection.
This Project discusses the implementation of the most basic Li-Fi based system to
transmit Sound signal from one device to another through visible light. The purpose is to demonstrate only the working of the simplest model of Li-Fi with no major consideration about the data transfer speed. This model will demonstrate how the notion of one-way communication via visible light works, in which Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are employed as the light sources or Transmitter antennas. the sound is transferred by light and is detected at the receiver without fading.
This presentation gives you the basic idea about surround system. Various aspects to be considered while designing surround system and it's various formats.
Free Space Optics (FSO) communications, also called Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless keyboards
Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for inter satellite links and other applications where high-performance links are a necessity.
Voice enabling system for blind people using gps and gsmAbhijit Ghosh
It's a final presentation on the project VOICE ENABLING SYSTEM FOR BLIND PEOPLE USING GPS AND GSM.
If anyone wants any help regarding the project or project report feels free to contact.
Email id- abhijitghosh.ec@gmail.com
Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi is transmission of data using visible light by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. If the LED is on, the photo detector registers a binary one; otherwise it‟s a binary zero. The idea of Li-Fi was introduced by a German physicist, Harald Hass, which he also referred to as “Data
through Illumination”. The term Li-Fi was first used by Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. According to Hass, the light, which he referred to as „DLight‟, can be used to produce data rates higher than 1 Giga bits per second which is much faster than our average broadband connection.
This Project discusses the implementation of the most basic Li-Fi based system to
transmit Sound signal from one device to another through visible light. The purpose is to demonstrate only the working of the simplest model of Li-Fi with no major consideration about the data transfer speed. This model will demonstrate how the notion of one-way communication via visible light works, in which Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are employed as the light sources or Transmitter antennas. the sound is transferred by light and is detected at the receiver without fading.
Using Mendeley & IEEE Resources: Learn how to cite your research article from...Nurhazman Abdul Aziz
Introduction
Part 1 (in English)
Understand and Introduction of Mendeley
Understand and Introduction of IEEE Resources
Cite, Write & Generating your Bibliography with Mendeley & IEEE
Part 2 (in Bahasa Malaysia)
Understand and Introduction of Altmetrics
Understand the digital conversation around the research paper
Benefits in Almetrics data to support your research work
Mobile Voting System Using Advanced NFC Technologyijsrd.com
Electronic voting system are becoming popular with wide spread use of computer and embedded system. Security is the main important issue should be considered in such system. Mobile voting system is basically used for collecting and counting votes. In this technology include punch card, optical scan voting system. This paper proposes a new Mobile based voting system using advanced NFC technology, Voting is the process that allows the general public or the people to choose their leaders and articulate views on how they will be governed. This gives a comprehensive analysis of security with respect to NFC. This study deals with the use of information technology to handle electoral processes starting from voters and candidates registration to the actual casting and counting of ballots. Exploring mobile voting from a systems perspective can demonstrate the attributes of the current systems and the possible solutions for the voting process so any one can caste their vote from any place.
Abstract The dynamic nature of loads, seasonal variation of soil properties, uneven soil strata below footings or inappropriate design of foundation makes differential settlement inevitable. Differential settlement is largely responsible for developing forces or changing the existing forces in the structure and is often considered as the underlying cause of many structural failures. A structural engineer has to take into account these forces while designing the structure. Different structural parameters like stiffness of columns and beams and number of storeys and bays affect the response of the structure to differential settlement. In the present study, a plain portal frame subjected to constant differential settlement of 10 mm is analyzed for different cases using a structural analysis software i.e. STAAD Pro. Different parameters of the frame are varied to understand their influence on frame forces developed due to differential settlement. The parameters taken into account in this study are length of beam, height of column, moment of inertia of beam and column and number of storeys and bays. It is found that the forces in the frame developed due to differential settlement decrease on increasing beam lengths and column heights. Also, decreasing the moment of inertia of beams and columns is effective in reducing these forces. In addition, differential settlement tends to affect forces more in lower storeys as compared to higher storeys. The frame forces are more prominent for bays which are near to the support subjected to settlement. The increase or decrease in frame forces due to differential settlement can be attributed to the change in stiffness of the members. Hence, the study concludes that the stiffer members tend to develop higher forces for constant differential settlement in frames. Key Words: Differential settlement, Portal frame, Structural response, Frame forces, Storey, Bays
Heliodisplay is a technology used for displaying images in mid air.
Invented by Chad Dyner.
In the heliodisplay, a projector focuses the image onto a layer of mist in mid-air, resulting in a two-dimensional display that appears to float.
Hi-Tech projector that display pictures in the air.
An interactive free space display developed by IO2 technologies.
It is a planar display i.e. 2D not 3D.
Works as a free space touch screen when connected to PC.
Eco-friendly , low power consuming and various image and video formats.
The device converts the imaging properties of the air so that the air is taken in, converted instantaneously, and then re-ejected out.
The system thus creates a dynamic, non solid particle cloud by ejecting atomized condensate present in the surrounding air.
Now the projector projects the given input on the found invisible screen.
Cancellation of Noise from Speech Signal using Voice Activity Detection Metho...ijsrd.com
Speech Enhancement by suppressing uncorrelated acoustically added noise has been a challenging topic of research for many years. These are the primary choice for real time applications due to the simplicity and comparatively low computational load. This paper shows VAD (Voice activity detection) technique that can detect the non speech segment from the speech signal. It is also shown that it can work powerfully in an unpredictable noise ambience. The technique is mostly done in microprocessors or DSP processors because of their flexibility. But there are several advantages of FPGA over DSP processors like high cost per logic element related to these processors makes them improper for large scale use. From the experimental results, VAD method is implemented on the FPGA chip.
This is basic document that explain about sound waves in extreme condition audibility when we modulate the high frequency ultra-sounds with the low frequency audio signals. By super-hetrodyne receivers we can build this thing in reality by mixing those signals to get audibility and directionality by going to audible frequency and we making that to audible by this technique.
Only confined area of people can listen the audio and remaining area is maintained silent. Applications in library, public announcements, military applications etc.
Seminar on HYPERSOUND SPEAKER by JESBIN JOSEJeZbin JoZz
HSS is a pioneering sound-generation technology
Developed from American Technology Corporation(ATC)
It works by using harmless ultrasonic tones that we can't hear
Sound is directed only where it is intended to go.
Sound does not spread to the sides, eliminating the problem of uncomfortable and unwanted noise pollution produced by conventional speakers.
Presentation that discuss ,what's sound? how microphones works , microphones types ,it's block diagram and the dorectional pattern of each microphone and how sound recording works also a matlab example code for sound recording analysis and how the signal looks like in a plot
A Level Physics - Telecommunications - A Basic Introduction
Sound waves
Microphones
Receivers and transmitters
Amplitude modulation (am)
Frequency modulation (fm)
MICROWAVES
Satellite Communication
Optical fibers
Attenuation
The Public Switched Telephone Network
A loudspeaker is an electro acoustic transducer; a device which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. (Electrical energy to acoustical energy)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Hi-fi speakers range from piezoelectric tweeters to various kinds of mid-range speakers and
woofers which generally rely on circuits ant large enclosures to produce quality sound,
whether it dynamic, electrostatic or some other transducer – based design. Engineers have
struggled for nearly a century to produce a speaker design with the ideal 20Hz – 20,000Hz
capability of human hearing and also produce a narrow beam of audible sound.
Audio spot lighting is a very recent technology that creates focused beams of sound
similar to light beams coming out of a flash light. Specific listeners can be targeted with sound
without others nearby hearing it, i.e. to focus the sound into a coherent and highly directional
beam. It makes use of non-linearity property of air.
The Audio spotlight developed by American Technology Corporation uses ultrasonic
energy to create extremely narrow beams of sound that behaves like beam of light. Audio
spotlight exploits the property of non-linearity of air. A device known as parametric array
employs the non-linearity of the air to create audible by products from inaudible ultrasound,
resulting in extremely directive and beam like sound. This source can projected about an
area much like a spotlight and creates an actual specialized sound distant from a transducer.
The ultrasound column acts as a airborne speaker, and as the beam moves through the air
gradual distortion takes place in a predictable way. This gives rise to audible components
that can be accurately predicted and precisely controlled.
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CHAPTER 2:
THEORY
The regular loudspeakers produce audible sound by directly moving the air molecules. The
audible portions of sound tend to spread out in all directions from the point of origin.
They do not travel as narrow beams. In fact the beam angle of audible sound is very wide, just
about 360 degrees. This effectively means that the sound you hear will be propagated through
the air equally in all directions. Conventional loudspeakers suffer from amplitude
distortions, harmonic distortion, inter - modulation distortion, phase distortion, crossover
distortion, cone resonance etc. Some aspects of their mechanical aspects are mass, magnetic
structure, enclosure design and cone construction.
In order to focus sound into a narrow beam, you need to maintain a low beam angle that
is dictated by wavelength. The smaller the wavelength, less the beam angle and hence, the
more focused the sound. The beam angle also depends on the aperture size of the speaker. A
large loudspeaker will focus the sound over a smaller area. If the source loudspeaker can
be made several times bigger than the wavelength of the sound transmitted, then a finely
focused beam can be created. The problem here is that this is not a very practical solution, thus
the low beam angle can be achieved only by making the wavelength smaller and this can be
achieved by making use of ultrasonic sound.
FIG 1 : F.JOSEPH POMPEI AT THE MIT LAB. PROPAGATION OF SOUND BEAM
FROM AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING DEVICE
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CHAPTER 3:
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
The technique of using a nonlinear interaction of high – frequency waves to generate low –
frequency waves was originally pioneered by researchers developing underwater sonar
techniques in 1960’s. In 1975, an article cited the nonlinear effects occurring in air. Over the
next two decades, several large companies including Panasonic and Ricoh attempted to develop
a loudspeaker using this principle. They were successful in producing some sort of sound
but with higher level of distortion (>50%). In 1990s, Woody Norris a Radar Technician
solved the parametric problems of this technology.
Audio spotlighting works by emitting harmless high frequency ultrasonic tones that human
hear cannot hear. It uses ultrasonic energy to create extremely narrow beams of sound that
behave like beams of light. Ultrasonic sound is that sound which have very small wavelength
– in the millimeter range. These tones make use of non-linearity property of air to produce
new tones that are within the range of human hearing which results in audible sound. The
sound is created indirectly in air by down converting the ultrasonic energy into the frequency
spectrum we can hear.
In an audio spotlighting sound system there are no voice coils, cones or enclosures. The result
is ‘sound with a potential purity and fidelity which we attained never before’. Sound
quality is no longer tied to speaker size. This sound system holds the promise of replacing
conventional speakers in homes, movie theaters and automobile – everywhere.
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CHAPTER 4:
RANGE OF HEARING
The human ear is sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. If the range of
human hearing is expressed as a percentage of shift from the lowest audible frequency to the
highest it spans a range of 100,000 percent. No single loudspeaker element can operate
efficiently over such a wide range of frequencies.
Using this technology it is possible to design a perfect transducer which can work over a wide
range of frequency which is audible to human hear.
FIG 4: RANGE OF HEARING
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CHAPTER 5:
WORKING
The original low frequency sound wave such as human speech or a music is applied into an
audio spotlight emitter device. This low frequency signal is frequency modulated with ultrasonic
frequencies ranging from 21 kHz to 28 kHz. The output of the modulator will be the modulated
form of original sound wave. Since ultrasonic frequency is used the wavelength of the
combined signal will be in the order of few millimeters. Since the wavelength is smaller
the beam angle will be around 3 degree, as a result the sound beam will be a narrow one with a
small dispersion.
FIG 5: AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING EMITTER
7. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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While the frequency modulated signal travels through the air, the nonlinearity property of air
comes into action which slightly changes the sound wave. If there is a change in a sound wave,
new sounds are formed within the wave. Therefore if we know how the air affects the sound
waves, we can predict exactly what new frequencies (sounds) will be added into the sound
wave by the air itself. The new sound signal generated within the ultrasonic sound wave will
be corresponding to the original information signal with a frequency in the range of 20 Hz
to 20 kHz will be produced within the ultrasonic sound wave. Since we cannot hear the
ultrasonic sound wave we only hear the new sounds that are formed by non – linear action of the
air. Thus in an audio spotlighting there are no actual speakers that produces the sound but the
ultrasonic envelope acts as the airborne speaker.
FIG 6: DIRECTIVITY
8. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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The new sound produced virtually has no distortions associated with it and faithful
reproduction of sound is freed from bulky enclosures. There are no woofers or
crossovers. This technology is similar in that you can direct the ultrasonic emitter towards
a hard surface, a wall for instance and the listener perceives the sound as coming from the spot
on the wall. The listener does not perceive the sound as emanating from the face of the
transducer, but only form the reflection of the wall. For the maximum volume (sound
level) that trade show use demands, it is recommended that the Audio Spotlight speaker,
more accur ately called a tr ansducer, is mounted no more than 3 meters from the average
listeners ears, or 5 meters in the air. The mounting hardware is constructed with a ball joint so
that the Audio Spotlights are easily aimed wherever the sound is desired.
FIG 7: COMPUTER SIMULATION OF SOUND BEAM
9. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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CHAPTER 6:
BEAM DISPERSION
FIG 8: DISPERSION OF SOUND BEAM
Figure shows the dispersion of sound beam from an audio spotlighting emitter. Even
after traveling a distance of 10m the beam covers only an area of 3.2 meter square.
10. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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CHAPTER 7:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
COMPONENTS
1. Power Supply.
2. Frequency oscillator.
3. Modulator.
4. Audio signal processor.
5. Microcontroller.
6. Ultrasonic amplifier.
7. Transducer.
FIG9: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN AUDIO SPOLIGHTING SYSTEM
11. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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1. Power Supply: Like all electronic systems, the audio spotlighting system works off DC
voltage. Ultrasonic amplifier requires 48V DC supply for its working and low voltage for
microcontroller unit and other process management.
2. Frequency oscillator: The frequency oscillator generates ultrasonic frequency signals
in the range of (21,000 Hz to 28,000 Hz) which is required for the modulation of
information signals.
3. Modulator: In order to convert the source signal material into ultrasonic signal a
modulation scheme is required which is achieved through a modulator. In addition, error
correction is needed to reduce distortion without loss of efficiency. By using a DSB modulator
the modulation index can be reduced to decrease distortion.
4. Audio signal processor: The audio signal is sent to electronic signal processor circuit
where equalization and distortion control are performed in order to produce a good quality sound
signal.
5. Microcontroller: A dedicated microcontroller circuit takes care of the functional
management of the system. In the future version, it is expected that the whole process
like functional management, signal processing, double side band modulation and even
switch mode power supply would be effectively taken care of by a single embedded IC.
6. Ultrasonic Amplifier: High – efficiency ultrasonic power amplifiers amplifies the
frequency modulated wave in order to match the impedance of the integrated transducers.
So that the output of the emitter will be more powerful and can cover more distance.
12. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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7. Transducer: It is 1.27 cm thick and 17” in diameter. It is capable of producing
audibility up to 200 meters with better clarity of sound. It has the ability of real time sound
reproduction with zero lag. It can be wall, overhead or flush mounted. These transducers ar e
arranged in form of an array called parametric arr ay in order to propagate the ultrasonic
signals from the emitter and thereby to exploit the nonlinearity property of air.
FIG10: PARAMETRIC LOUDSPEAKER
13. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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CHAPTER 8:
MODES OF LISTENING:
There are two modes of listening:
1. Direct Mode.
2. Projected Mode.
FIG11: DIRECTED AUDIO AND PROJECTED AUDIO
Direct Mode: Direct mode requires a clear line of approach from the sound system unit
to the point where the listener can hear the audio. To restrict the audio in a specific area
this method is appropriate.
Projected or Virtual mode: This mode requires an unbroken line of approach from the
emitter of audio spotlighting system, so the emitter is pointed at the spot where the is to
be heard. For this mode of operation the sound beam from an emitter is made to reflect
from a reflecting surface such as a wall surface or a diffuser surface. A virtual sound
source creates an illusion of sound source that emanates from a surface or direction
where no physical loudspeaker is present.
14. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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CHAPTER 9:
ADVANTAGES
1. Can focus sound only at the place you want.
2. Ultrasonic emitter devices are thin and flat and do not require a mounting cabinet.
3. The focused or directed sound travels much faster in a straight line than conventional
loudspeakers.
4. Dispersion can be controlled – very narrow or wider to cover more listening area.
5. Can reduce or eliminate the feedback from microphones.
6. Highly cost effective as the maintenance required is less as compared to conventional
loud speakers and have longer life span.
7. Requires only same power as required for regular speakers.
8. There is no lag in reproducing the sound
DISADVANTAGES
1. Lack of mass production. i.e, each unit must be hand made.
2. The most common form of distortion is clipping
15. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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CHAPTER 10:
APPLICATIONS
1. Automobiles: Beam alert signals can be directly propagated from an announcement
device in the dashboard to the driver. Presently Mercedes – Benz buses are fitted
with audio spotlighting speakers so that individual travelers can enjoy the music of
there on interest.
2. Retail sales: Provide targeted advertising directly at the point of purchase.
3. Safety officials: Portable audio spotlighting devices for communicating with a
specific person in a crowd of people.
4. Public announcement: Highly focused announcement in noisy environments such as
subways, airports, amusement parks, traffic intersections etc.
16. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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5. Emergency rescue: Rescuers can communicate with endangered people far from reach.
6. Entertainment system : In home theatre system rear speakers can be eliminated by the
implementation of audio spotlighting and the properties of sound can be improved.
7. Museums: In museums audio spotlight can be used to describe about a particular object to a
person standing in front it, so that the other person standing in front of another object will not be
able to hear the description.
8. Military applications: Ship – to – ship communications and shipboard announcements.
9. Audio/Video conferencing: Project the audio from a conference in four different languages,
forma single central device without the need for headphones.
10. Sound bullets: Jack the sound level 50 times the human threshold of pain, and an offshoot of
audio spotlighting sound technology becomes a non-lethal weapon.
17. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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CHAPTER 11:
FUTURE OF AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING:
Even the best loudspeakers are subject to distortion and their omni directional sound is
annoying to the people in the vicinity who do no wish to listen. Audio spotlighting system
holds the promise of replacing conventional speakers. It allows the user to control the
direction of propagation of sound. The audio spotlight will force people to rethink their
relationship with sound. Audio spotlighting really “put sound where you want it”.
18. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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CHAPTER 12:
CONCLUSION :
Audio spotlighting is really going to make a revolution in sound transmission and the
user can decide the path in which audio signal should propagate. Due to the unidirectional
propagation it finds application in large number of fields. Audio spotlighting system is going to
shape the future of sound and will serve our ears with magical experience.
19. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING 2015-16
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REFERENCE
1. F. JosephPompei. The use of airborne ultrasonics for generating audible sound
beams.
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8. Electronics ForYou – Vol. 40 January 2008