Logic is both a science and an art. As a science, it provides certain and systematic knowledge about correct thinking and the principles that govern it. As an art, it guides reason in constructing definitions, propositions, and syllogisms. While logic does not provide direct knowledge of the world, it aids other sciences in attaining truth by analyzing thought. The study of logic has practical benefits like helping us think with order, avoid errors, and evaluate arguments. It also serves as an introduction to philosophy by familiarizing us with its abstract thinking and terminology.

3.  Science is knowledge, but not all knowledge
is science. To rank as a science, knowledge
must fulfill several special requirements.
Science is not mere opinion but certain and
demonstrated knowledge; not a mere
accumulation or aggregation of data but
organized knowledge; not a bare statement
of facts or a mere description of events but
causal knowledge that tells why things are as
they are.
A SCIENCE

4. LOGIC is a science because it is
CERTAIN and SYSTEMATIZED
KNOWLEDGE OF THE PRINCIPLE
GOVERNING CORRECT THINKING--- it
does not give us mere mechanical rules
but give us insight into why its rules
must be as they are and cannot be
otherwise.

5.  Logic is an art because it guides man’s reason so he
can proceed with order and ease without error in the
constructive activity of making definitions,
propositions, syllogisms, and so on. (MENTAL OPERATION)
 Logic is the “Art of Arts” (Ars Artium) or super- art, for
it directs reason itself , which is the director of the
other arts. Yet it is an art only in the secondary sense
of the world, for its product are purely mental and
imperceptible to the senses.
An ART

6.  Logic does not include absolutely all mental activities
or operation, involves analysis, definition,
classification, comparison and contrasts, etc. but
only those mental operations
1.That are directed toward the attainment of truth
2.By which we elaborate upon knowledge previously
possessed.
 LOGIC STUDIES THESE OPERATIONS IN SO FAR AS
THEY ARE INSTRUMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE AND
MEANS OF ATTAINING TRUTH.
THINKING

7. Simply a piece of
reasoning
expressed in words
or symbols
ARGUMENTS

8. PREMISES

10. A Mere tool of logic
 Logic does not give us real knowledge of the world, at least not
directly, but only a certain aspects of our thoughts.
 Guides us in our thoughts about things that aids the other
sciences in attaining truth.
 Analyzing the relationships of minor, middle, and major terms
of a syllogism; the logical consequences of propositions.
THE LIMITS OF LOGIC

11. Extra-logical means of attaining knowledge
 From the definition itself “thinking” as mental operations
1. Directed towards attaining truth
2. By which we elaborate upon knowledge previously possessed.

12. 1. SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF LOGIC
 From the definition itself “correct thinking”
 Logic gives us norms for recognizing correct or good thinking,
as well as incorrect or bad thinking, and develops in us a habit of
analyzing our thought, of distinguishing careful between our
evidence and our conclusions, and of adverting to the structure
of our arguments.
 Logic has the very practical purpose of helping us thinking with
order and ease and without error.
 Enable to us to discover defects in the thinking of others and to
avoid defects in our own thinking.
 Logic enable us to pinpoint the defects of faulty arguments,
explain exactly what is wrong with them.
2 REASONS FOR STUDYING
LOGIC

13. 2. AN INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSPHY
 Logic is a study that is an apt introduction to philosophy.
 Logic is a branch of philosophy.
 Logic introduces us to philosophy by inviting us to philosophize.
 It introduces us to the abstract thinking of philosophy and
familiarize us with some of the technical terminology.
 A tool of philosophy just as it is a tool of reason in general.
 An introduction to a various problem of philosophy, considered
from one point of view in logic from other points of view in other
branches of philosophy. (problem of universal)
 from its historical reason, it has been important study for more
than 2400 years.
 It helps us attain TRUTH.

14.  It is verified in the natural world.
 Truth understood way as what philosophers call
“OBJECTIVE TRUTHS”.
 They point to description of “state of affairs” which means true
regardless of who is viewing them.
 Logical truth consists in the conformity of our minds with
reality.
 Attaining truth is the ultimate goal of logicians.
TRUTH

15.  Jürgen Habermas argues in his universal pragmatic that apart
from scientific truth, there are other domains in life in which
we understand truth differently (Habermas: 1979)
1. OBJECTIVE DOMAIN this truth covers scientific truth of life. This
pertains to the world that maintains a relative independence
form the perspective and attitude of human beings that
perceive them. (Empirical evidence)
2. SOCIAL DOMAIN this truth analogous with of a general
agreement or consensus on what is right as opposed to what is
wrong. (acceptability in a group, time, history)
3. PERSONAL DOMAIN: truth is analogous with sincerity. The most
precarious domain of truth since no one can have access to 0ur
mind and our thoughts except our SELVES. Truth claimed in this
domain needs corresponding actions that will established
TRUST (tested against consistency & authenticity of the person)
when we ask. “WHAT IS TRUTH?” know what domain we addressed this
question, so that we can test truth accordingly
DOMAINS OF TRUTH

16.  TRUTH can be understood as what has passed
“procedures of justification” (Richard Rorty: 1989)
 Justification means the process of proving the truth or
validity of a statement.
TRUTH AND JUSTIFICATION

17.  OPINION (a.) is a statement of judgment of a person
about something in this world.
(b.) are statements f judgment that are in
need of further justification
 an opinion has not gained the status of being held as true.
 This opinion can only become truth if there are enough supporting
reasons that defend it from JUSTIFICATIONS.
 Undergoes arguments in the most reasonable way.
 Arguments compose of claim (conclusion) and premises (reasons to
support conclusion)
 not all arguments are good, but logic deals only on Good
Arguments. It is important to detect false argument or “FALLACY”
TRUTH AND OPINION

18. 1. Syllogism
2. The rules of Inference
3. Term
4. Proposition
5. Fallacy
Groupings