A Beginner’s Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory
Chapter 1
An Overview of Computers and
Programming
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
- Computer systems
- Simple program logic
- The steps involved in the program development cycle
- Pseudocode statements and flowchart symbols
- Using a sentinel value to end a program
- Programming and user environments
- The evolution of programming models
COURSE TECHNOLOGY
CENGAGE Learning
A Beginner’s Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory
Chapter 2
Working with Data, Creating Modules, and Designing High-Quality Programs
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
- Declaring and using variables and constants
- Assigning values to variables
- The advantages of modularization
- Modularizing a program
- The most common configuration for mainline logic
COURSE TECHNOLOGY
CENGAGE Learning
A Beginner’s Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory
Chapter 2
Working with Data, Creating Modules, and Designing High-Quality Programs
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
- Declaring and using variables and constants
- Assigning values to variables
- The advantages of modularization
- Modularizing a program
- The most common configuration for mainline logic
COURSE TECHNOLOGY
CENGAGE Learning
Watch this with a 10-15 minute audiotrack at http://vimeo.com/novusprogram/word1
This lesson provides information on the basics of Word, Microsoft’s powerful word processing tool. The topics covered include a basic review of the program’s toolbars and options, an introduction to text entry and formatting, and document setup through orientation and margins. The objective of the lesson is for the user to be comfortable with operations like opening and creating Word documents, saving Word documents, navigating the Ribbon options toolbar, using the various program views, text entry and formatting, and setting document margins and orientation. The lesson teaches concepts through a combination of image-based slides and video tutorials.
The Novus project is a combination of video tutorials designed to be used in conjunction with a free business simulation software program. The Novus Business and IT Program contains 36 business and IT training videos, covering basic finance, accounting, marketing, economics, business strategy, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Users will have an opportunity to apply the lessons in the Novus Business Simulator. Over six rounds, the user or teams will have to make decisions on capital purchases, financing, production, financing, and human resources for a microbrewery. This channel has arranged the 36 video lessons into the order in which they are meant to be used with the simulator. To watch this slideshow as a video, please go to our Vimeo page at: https://vimeo.com/novusprogram. To download our free business simulation software, please go to our SourceForge page at: http://sourceforge.net/projects/novus/.
A Beginner’s Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory
Chapter 3
Understanding Structure
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
- The features of unstructured spaghetti code
- The three basic structures—sequence, selection, and loop
- Using a priming input to structure a program
- The need for structure
- Recognizing structure
- Structuring and modularizing unstructured logic
COURSE TECHNOLOGY
CENGAGE Learning
Watch this with a 10-15 minute audiotrack at http://vimeo.com/novusprogram/word1
This lesson provides information on the basics of Word, Microsoft’s powerful word processing tool. The topics covered include a basic review of the program’s toolbars and options, an introduction to text entry and formatting, and document setup through orientation and margins. The objective of the lesson is for the user to be comfortable with operations like opening and creating Word documents, saving Word documents, navigating the Ribbon options toolbar, using the various program views, text entry and formatting, and setting document margins and orientation. The lesson teaches concepts through a combination of image-based slides and video tutorials.
The Novus project is a combination of video tutorials designed to be used in conjunction with a free business simulation software program. The Novus Business and IT Program contains 36 business and IT training videos, covering basic finance, accounting, marketing, economics, business strategy, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Users will have an opportunity to apply the lessons in the Novus Business Simulator. Over six rounds, the user or teams will have to make decisions on capital purchases, financing, production, financing, and human resources for a microbrewery. This channel has arranged the 36 video lessons into the order in which they are meant to be used with the simulator. To watch this slideshow as a video, please go to our Vimeo page at: https://vimeo.com/novusprogram. To download our free business simulation software, please go to our SourceForge page at: http://sourceforge.net/projects/novus/.
A Beginner’s Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory
Chapter 3
Understanding Structure
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
- The features of unstructured spaghetti code
- The three basic structures—sequence, selection, and loop
- Using a priming input to structure a program
- The need for structure
- Recognizing structure
- Structuring and modularizing unstructured logic
COURSE TECHNOLOGY
CENGAGE Learning
Job descriptions can no longer capture the essence of what people do at work. The job description is an hangover from Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management devised over 100 years ago. If job descriptions could capture what people do at work, why is there a legal disclaimed at the bottom of most job descriptions that goes something like, "... and any other duties deemed relevant by your manager"?
An autoclave is a device used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. It was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879, although a precursor known as the steam digester was created by Denis Papin in 1679. The name comes from Greek auto-, ultimately meaning self, and Latin clavis meaning key—a self-locking device.
Aseptic Technique
The media on which you culture desirable microorganisms will readily grow undesirable contaminants, especially molds and other types of fungus, and bacteria from your skin and hair. It is therefore essential that you protect your cultures from contamination from airborne spores and living microorganisms, surface contaminants that may be on your instruments, and from skin contact.
Bacteria and other contaminants cannot fly. Nearly all forms of contamination are carried on microscopic dust particles that make their way onto sterile surfaces when they are carelessly handled. One exception is insect contamination, such as by ants for fruit flies. Fruit flies are a particular nuisance because they can crawl under the lids of agar plates and lay eggs. You would think that people doing genetics research would have developed a model by now that can't fly into other peoples' experiments!
A contaminated culture can often be rescued, however there is always the risk that you will re-isolate the wrong microorganism. Besides, you don't have that kind of time to waste. Exercise extreme care to keep your cultures pure.
Onion (Allium Cepa) Genotoxicity Test
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and LCA
Department of Environmental Chemistry, ICT Prague
References:
1. FERETTI, D., ZERBINI, I., ZANI, C., CERETTI, E., MORETTI,M.,MONARCA, S. (2007): Allium cepa chromosome
abberation and micronucleus tests applied to study genotoxicity of extracts from pesticide-treated vegetables and
grapes. Food Addit. Contam. 24 (6): 561-572.
2. RANK, J., NIELSEN, M.H. (1997): Allium anaphase-telophase genotoxicity assay. Department of Environment,
Technology and Social Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. About the Presentations
• The presentations cover the objectives found in the
opening of each chapter.
• All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of
each presentation.
• You may customize the presentations to fit your
class needs.
• Some figures from the chapters are included. A
complete set of images from the book can be found
on the Instructor Resources disc.
1
2. A Beginner’s Guide to
Programming Logic,
Introductory
Chapter 1
An Overview of Computers and
Programming
3. Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• Computer systems
• Simple program logic
• The steps involved in the program development
cycle
• Pseudocode statements and flowchart symbols
• Using a sentinel value to end a program
• Programming and user environments
• The evolution of programming models
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 3
4. Understanding Computer Systems
• Computer system
– Combination of all the components required to
process and store data using a computer
• Hardware
– Equipment associated with a computer
• Software
– Computer instructions
– Tell the hardware what to do
– Programs
• Instructions written by programmers
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 4
5. Understanding Computer Systems
(continued)
• Programming
– Writing software instructions
• Computer hardware and software accomplish three
major operations
– Input
• Data items enter computer
– Processing
• By central processing unit (CPU)
– Output
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 5
6. Understanding Computer Systems
(continued)
• Programming language
– Use to write computer instructions
– Examples
• Visual Basic, C#, C++, or Java
• Syntax
– Rules governing its word usage and punctuation
• Computer memory
– Computer’s temporary, internal storage
– Volatile
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 6
7. Understanding Computer Systems
(continued)
• Permanent storage devices
– Nonvolatile
• Compiler or an interpreter
– Translates program code into machine language
(binary language)
– Checks for syntax errors
• Program executes or runs
– Input will be accepted, some processing will occur,
and results will be output
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 7
8. Understanding Simple Program Logic
• Program with syntax errors cannot execute
• Logical errors
– Errors in program logic
– Produce incorrect output as a result
• Logic of the computer program
– Sequence of specific instructions in specific order
• Variable
– Named memory location whose value can vary
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 8
9. Understanding the Program
Development Cycle
• Program development cycle
– Understand the problem
– Plan the logic
– Code the program
– Use software (a compiler or interpreter) to translate
the program into machine language
– Test the program
– Put the program into production
– Maintain the program
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 9
10. Understanding the Program
Development Cycle (continued)
Figure 1-1 The program development cycle
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 10
11. Understanding the Problem
• One of the most difficult aspects of programming
• Users or end users
– People for whom program is written
• Documentation
– Supporting paperwork for a program
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 11
12. Planning the Logic
• Heart of the programming process
• Most common planning tools
– Flowcharts
– Pseudocode
• Desk-checking
– Walking through a program’s logic on paper before
you actually write the program
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 12
13. Coding the Program
• Hundreds of programming languages are available
– Choose based on features
– Alike in their basic capabilities
• Easier than planning step
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 13
14. Using Software to Translate the
Program into Machine Language
• Translator program
– Compiler or interpreter
– Changes the programmer’s English-like high-level
programming language into the low-level
machine language
• Syntax error
– Misuse of a language’s grammar rules
– Programmer corrects listed syntax errors
– Might need to recompile the code several times
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 14
15. Using Software to Translate the
Program into Machine Language
(continued)
Figure 1-2 Creating an executable program
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 15
16. Testing the Program
• Logical error
– Use a syntactically correct statement but use the
wrong one for the current context
• Test
– Execute the program with some sample data to see
whether the results are logically correct
• Programs should be tested with many sets of data
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 16
17. Putting the Program into Production
• Process depends on program’s purpose
– May take several months
• Conversion
– Entire set of actions an organization must take to
switch over to using a new program or set of
programs
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 17
18. Maintaining the Program
• Maintenance
– Making changes after program is put into production
• Common first programming job
– Maintaining previously written programs
• Make changes to existing programs
– Repeat the development cycle
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 18
19. Using Pseudocode Statements
and Flowchart Symbols
• Pseudocode
– English-like representation of the logical steps it
takes to solve a problem
• Flowchart
– Pictorial representation of the logical steps it takes to
solve a problem
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 19
20. Writing Pseudocode
• Pseudocode representation of a number-doubling
problem
start
input myNumber
set myAnswer = myNumber * 2
output myAnswer
stop
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 20
21. Writing Pseudocode (continued)
• Programmers preface their pseudocode with a
beginning statement like start and end it with a
terminating statement like stop
• Flexible because it is a planning tool
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 21
22. Drawing Flowcharts
• Create a flowchart
– Draw geometric shapes that contain the individual
statements
– Connect shapes with arrows
• Input symbol
– Indicates input operation
– Parallelogram
• Processing symbol
– Processing statements such as arithmetic
– Rectangle
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 22
23. Drawing Flowcharts (continued)
• Output symbol
– Represents output statements
– Parallelogram
• Flowlines
– Arrows that connect steps
• Terminal symbols
– Start/stop symbols
– Shaped like a racetrack
– Also called lozenge
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 23
24. Drawing Flowcharts (continued)
Figure 1-6 Flowchart and pseudocode of program that doubles a number
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 24
25. Repeating Instructions
• After the flowchart or pseudocode has been
developed, the programmer only needs to:
– Buy a computer
– Buy a language compiler
– Learn a programming language
– Code the program
– Attempt to compile it
– Fix the syntax errors
– Compile it again
– Test it with several sets of data
– Put it into production
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 25
26. Repeating Instructions (continued)
• Loop
– Repetition of a series of steps
• Infinite loop
– Repeating flow of logic with no end
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 26
27. Repeating Instructions (continued)
Figure 1-8 Flowchart of infinite number-doubling program
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 27
28. Using a Sentinel Value to End
a Program
• Making a decision
– Testing a value
– Decision symbol
• Diamond shape
• Dummy value
– Data-entry value that the user will never need
– Sentinel value
• eof (“end of file”)
– Marker at the end of a file that automatically acts as
a sentinel
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 28
29. Using a Sentinel Value to End
a Program (continued)
Figure 1-9 Flowchart of number-doubling program with sentinel value of 0
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 29
30. Using a Sentinel Value to End
a Program (continued)
Figure 1-10 Flowchart using eof
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 30
31. Understanding Programming
and User Environments
• Many options for programming and user
environments
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 31
32. Understanding Programming
Environments
• Use a keyboard to type program statements into an
editor
– Plain text editor
• Similar to a word processor but without as many
features
– Text editor that is part of an integrated
development environment (IDE)
• Software package that provides an editor, compiler,
and other programming tools
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 32
33. Understanding Programming
Environments (continued)
Figure 1-12 A C# number-doubling program in Visual Studio
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 33
34. Understanding User Environments
• Command line
– Location on your computer screen at which you type
text entries to communicate with the computer’s
operating system
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
– Allows users to interact with a program in a graphical
environment
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 34
35. Understanding User Environments
(continued)
Figure 1-13 Executing a number-doubling program
in a command-line environment
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 35
36. Understanding User Environments
(continued)
Figure 1-14 Executing a number-doubling program in a GUI environment
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 36
37. Understanding the Evolution
of Programming Models
• People have been writing modern computer
programs since the 1940s
• Newer programming languages
– Look much more like natural language
– Easier to use
– Create self-contained modules or program segments
that can be pieced together in a variety of ways
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 37
38. Understanding the Evolution
of Programming Models (continued)
• Major models or paradigms used by programmers
– Procedural programming
• Focuses on the procedures that programmers create
– Object-oriented programming
• Focuses on objects, or “things,” and describes their
features (or attributes) and their behaviors
– Major difference
• Focus the programmer takes during the earliest
planning stages of a project
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 38
39. Summary
• Computer programming
– Requires specific syntax
– Must develop correct logic
• Programmer’s job
– Understanding the problem, planning the logic,
coding the program, translating the program into
machine language, testing the program, putting the
program into production, and maintaining it
• Procedural and object-oriented programmers
approach problems differently
A Beginner's Guide to Programming Logic, Introductory 39