The document provides an overview of program design and problem-solving techniques. It discusses the following key points in 3 or fewer sentences:
The document outlines the steps in program development including defining the problem, outlining the solution, developing an algorithm, testing the algorithm, coding the algorithm, running the program, and documenting the program. It also discusses algorithmic problem solving, writing pseudocode, meaningful naming conventions, the structure theorem of sequence, selection, and repetition, and communication between modules including variable scope, global vs local variables, and passing parameters.
The document introduces programming and the C++ language. It explains that a program is a set of instructions given to a computer in a programming language to perform tasks. High-level languages like C++ were created because computers only understand binary and it is impossible for humans to program in binary. The document then covers the anatomy of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, including main functions, header files, output statements, strings, and terminators. It concludes by explaining how C++ source code is compiled into machine code and executed.
The document discusses computer programming fundamentals. It explains that computers are "dumb" machines that need step-by-step instructions to perform tasks, and that programming involves providing these instructions through computer programs. It describes how early programs had to be written in binary machine language, which was difficult for humans, leading to the development of assembly language and high-level languages that are easier for people to use. These higher-level languages are converted into machine-readable format through assemblers and compilers.
This document provides tips on improving problem solving skills. It discusses why problem solving skills are important for daily work and responsibilities. Some key tips include understanding the problem fully before searching online, checking logs and error messages, reproducing the problem locally, considering different angles to solve it, asking others for help, and practicing common problem types. Tools like Eclipse, log files, source control and debuggers can help pinpoint issues. It's important to learn from problems by preventing recurrences.
This document provides information about programming fundamentals including definitions of computer hardware, software, operating systems, compilers, interpreters, source code, and text editors. It discusses how computer hardware refers to physical components like the monitor, keyboard, and CPU, and how software includes programs that direct the computer's processor. It also summarizes the differences between compilers and interpreters in processing source code.
For most programming/scripting languages the concepts are all the same. The only thing that changes is the syntax in which it is written. Some languages may be easier to remember than others, but if you follow the basic guide line, it will make learning any programming language easier. This is in no way supposed to teach you everything about programming, just a general knowledge so when you do program you will understand what you are doing a little bit better.
This document provides an overview of programming concepts such as what programming is, programming languages, how to write programs, and key elements of programs like variables, functions, loops, and decisions. Specifically:
- Programming involves writing instructions for a computer to accomplish tasks, using programming languages that the computer can understand. Programs must be compiled or interpreted before running.
- Pseudocode and flowcharts are used to plan programs by listing steps in plain English or using graphic symbols. Variables store data, and functions perform sub-tasks. Loops and decisions allow programs to repeat actions and make choices.
- Debugging fixes errors by testing programs step-by-step. Key symbols represent starting, input/output,
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
1) It defines what a computer program is and explains that programs get input from users and generate output.
2) It discusses the importance of program design, implementation, and testing according to a specification.
3) It explains that high-level programming languages are used instead of machine language, and compilers translate programs into machine language.
The document introduces programming and the C++ language. It explains that a program is a set of instructions given to a computer in a programming language to perform tasks. High-level languages like C++ were created because computers only understand binary and it is impossible for humans to program in binary. The document then covers the anatomy of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, including main functions, header files, output statements, strings, and terminators. It concludes by explaining how C++ source code is compiled into machine code and executed.
The document discusses computer programming fundamentals. It explains that computers are "dumb" machines that need step-by-step instructions to perform tasks, and that programming involves providing these instructions through computer programs. It describes how early programs had to be written in binary machine language, which was difficult for humans, leading to the development of assembly language and high-level languages that are easier for people to use. These higher-level languages are converted into machine-readable format through assemblers and compilers.
This document provides tips on improving problem solving skills. It discusses why problem solving skills are important for daily work and responsibilities. Some key tips include understanding the problem fully before searching online, checking logs and error messages, reproducing the problem locally, considering different angles to solve it, asking others for help, and practicing common problem types. Tools like Eclipse, log files, source control and debuggers can help pinpoint issues. It's important to learn from problems by preventing recurrences.
This document provides information about programming fundamentals including definitions of computer hardware, software, operating systems, compilers, interpreters, source code, and text editors. It discusses how computer hardware refers to physical components like the monitor, keyboard, and CPU, and how software includes programs that direct the computer's processor. It also summarizes the differences between compilers and interpreters in processing source code.
For most programming/scripting languages the concepts are all the same. The only thing that changes is the syntax in which it is written. Some languages may be easier to remember than others, but if you follow the basic guide line, it will make learning any programming language easier. This is in no way supposed to teach you everything about programming, just a general knowledge so when you do program you will understand what you are doing a little bit better.
This document provides an overview of programming concepts such as what programming is, programming languages, how to write programs, and key elements of programs like variables, functions, loops, and decisions. Specifically:
- Programming involves writing instructions for a computer to accomplish tasks, using programming languages that the computer can understand. Programs must be compiled or interpreted before running.
- Pseudocode and flowcharts are used to plan programs by listing steps in plain English or using graphic symbols. Variables store data, and functions perform sub-tasks. Loops and decisions allow programs to repeat actions and make choices.
- Debugging fixes errors by testing programs step-by-step. Key symbols represent starting, input/output,
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
1) It defines what a computer program is and explains that programs get input from users and generate output.
2) It discusses the importance of program design, implementation, and testing according to a specification.
3) It explains that high-level programming languages are used instead of machine language, and compilers translate programs into machine language.
The document discusses the process of writing a computer program. It explains that programming involves breaking a problem down into a logical sequence of steps. There are two main phases: the problem-solving phase where the problem is analyzed and an algorithm is developed, and the implementation phase where the algorithm is translated into a programming language and tested. The process also includes a maintenance phase to modify the program as needed over time.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses how software engineering is concerned with the development and maintenance of software through professional practices and methods. It notes that software costs, especially maintenance costs, are a large part of overall system costs. The document then discusses different types of software products and specifications, as well as frequently asked questions about software engineering. It emphasizes that software engineering principles should be applied to all types of software development.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
1. The document introduces computer programming and discusses its importance in modern society. It touches on how computers have evolved to become indispensable tools that help solve problems across many domains.
2. It outlines the typical steps involved in programming: problem analysis, algorithm development, coding, testing and debugging. Key aspects like problem definition, input/output determination, and logical processing of data are important parts of problem analysis.
3. The document emphasizes that programming requires both logic and creativity to develop well-designed solutions. Proper documentation is also important for program maintenance and future modifications.
The document discusses the steps involved in program development including defining the problem, outlining the solution, developing an algorithm, testing the algorithm, coding the algorithm, running the program, and documenting the program. It also discusses different approaches to program design such as procedure-driven, event-driven, and data-driven designs. Finally, it introduces algorithms, pseudocode, program data types, and how to write pseudocode using basic computer operations like arithmetic, assignment, comparison, and repetition.
The document discusses programming languages and the programming process. It describes how programs are written in programming languages, which are sets of rules that allow humans to communicate with computers. It outlines the main stages of the programming process: defining the problem, planning the solution, coding the program, testing it, and documenting it. It also explains different types of programming languages like low-level machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages that are easier for humans to read and write.
Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Programmingmshellman
The document is an introductory chapter about programming from a textbook on C++ programming. It defines key programming concepts and terms like programs, programmers, programming languages, algorithms, and control structures. It explains that programs are sets of instructions for computers, and that programmers use programming languages to communicate those instructions. Early programming languages included machine language using binary, and assembly language using mnemonics. Modern languages are high-level languages that are easier for humans to read and write. These can be procedural languages or object-oriented languages. The chapter describes the three basic control structures that all programs use - sequence, selection, and repetition. Sequence structures run code in order, selection structures make decisions using conditions, and repetition structures repeat code for
This document discusses Python syntax and semantics. It introduces key concepts like statements, modules, comments, whitespace, indentation, tokens, expressions, and interpreter errors. It also discusses the difference between semantics, which is the meaning of a program, and syntax, which specifies the algorithm using the programming language. An example program is provided and explained to demonstrate various syntax elements.
This document discusses formal methods in software engineering. It defines formal methods as mathematically-based techniques for specifying, developing, and verifying computer systems in a systematic way. Formal methods use formal logic to model systems and prove that models satisfy requirements. The document provides an example of applying formal methods to specify a water tank system that refills when low. Key steps include: 1) defining types and functions, 2) stating properties as logical statements, and 3) constructing proofs to show properties hold for all cases.
Lect 1. introduction to programming languagesVarun Garg
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages because they have evolved over time as better ways to design them have been developed. Programming languages can be categorized based on their generation or programming paradigm such as imperative, object-oriented, logic-based, and functional. Characteristics like writability, readability, reliability and maintainability are important qualities for programming languages.
The document provides an introduction to programming. It discusses what a program is, the process of writing instructions known as programming, different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, C and C++. It provides examples of Hello World programs in C++ and the steps involved in writing, compiling, running and testing a program. These include coming up with an idea, designing the program structure, writing the code, alpha and beta testing to fix bugs before final release.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
- A computer program is a sequence of instructions written in a programming language to perform a specified task on a computer. Programming languages include Python, Java, C++, and others.
- Computer programming, or coding, involves writing instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. It allows computers to perform tasks like displaying messages, performing calculations, and more.
- Key elements of programming languages include data types, variables, operators, functions, and control structures like conditionals and loops. These elements are used to write programs to solve problems.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages and variables. It explains that a programming language acts as a translator between a programmer's instructions and the computer's machine language. It also defines what variables are in programming - namely, that they are names that store and represent values like numbers, text, or true/false states. The document gives examples of how to declare variables in Visual Basic by specifying their name, data type, and assigning an initial value. It also shows how to display a variable's value using a message box.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
This document introduces algorithms and the process of program development. It defines an algorithm as a precise list of instructions that terminates after a finite number of steps to solve a problem. It discusses methods of specifying algorithms like pseudocode and flowcharts. Properties of algorithms include being finite, unambiguous, and having a defined sequence of execution and input/output. The steps of program development are stated as understanding the problem, planning instructions, coding the program, running and debugging it. Flowcharting guidelines and common symbols are provided. Sample exercises demonstrate writing programs to calculate simple formulas.
This flow chart outlines a basic calculator program that allows a user to choose between addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division and then performs the calculation on input values a and b before printing the result. The user can also choose to exit the program. The flow chart starts and stops the program, displays a menu, gets input for an operation and values, performs the selected calculation, and either prints the result or exits if the user chose to.
This presentation provides an overview of various programming paradigms including imperative, declarative, functional, object-oriented, and multi-paradigm. It discusses the basic concepts and definitions of each paradigm, provides examples of commonly used languages, and briefly compares the different approaches. The presentation concludes that while no consensus exists on the best paradigm, procedural and object-oriented paradigms using languages like C, C++, and Java tend to be most popular for introductory courses.
A compiler converts source code into object code, while a linker links programs to necessary libraries. The process of developing a C program involves opening an IDE, editing code, saving the file, compiling for errors, executing if no errors, and repeating the edit-compile cycle until the program runs successfully and outputs results. More information can be found at the provided blog link.
This document provides information on functions in C and C++. It discusses the main components of functions including definition, declaration, prototypes, arguments, return values, scope, and recursion. It also covers function categories, nested functions, default arguments, inline functions, function overloading, and differences between calling functions by value versus reference in C++. Overall, the document serves as a tutorial on functions and their usage in C and C++ programming.
This document discusses the program development life cycle (PDLC) process for developing computer programs. It describes the 7 main steps in the PDLC as: 1) defining the problem, 2) task analysis, 3) designing, 4) testing algorithms, 5) coding, 6) testing and debugging programs, and 7) documentation and implementation. Key problem solving techniques discussed include algorithms, flowcharts, and pseudocode, which are used to logically solve problems and represent solutions before coding.
This document outlines the problem solving methodology for developing computer programs. It discusses the following key steps:
1. Problem definition and specification to clearly define the problem and desired inputs/outputs.
2. Problem analysis and breaking the problem down into modular subproblems using techniques like top-down or bottom-up design.
3. Problem design by creating algorithms or flowcharts to represent the solution logic.
4. Coding the algorithm into a programming language.
5. Testing and debugging the program to identify and fix any errors.
6. Creating documentation for the problem, design, tests and user manual.
7. Ongoing program maintenance to fix bugs, enhance performance and adapt
The document discusses the process of writing a computer program. It explains that programming involves breaking a problem down into a logical sequence of steps. There are two main phases: the problem-solving phase where the problem is analyzed and an algorithm is developed, and the implementation phase where the algorithm is translated into a programming language and tested. The process also includes a maintenance phase to modify the program as needed over time.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses how software engineering is concerned with the development and maintenance of software through professional practices and methods. It notes that software costs, especially maintenance costs, are a large part of overall system costs. The document then discusses different types of software products and specifications, as well as frequently asked questions about software engineering. It emphasizes that software engineering principles should be applied to all types of software development.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
1. The document introduces computer programming and discusses its importance in modern society. It touches on how computers have evolved to become indispensable tools that help solve problems across many domains.
2. It outlines the typical steps involved in programming: problem analysis, algorithm development, coding, testing and debugging. Key aspects like problem definition, input/output determination, and logical processing of data are important parts of problem analysis.
3. The document emphasizes that programming requires both logic and creativity to develop well-designed solutions. Proper documentation is also important for program maintenance and future modifications.
The document discusses the steps involved in program development including defining the problem, outlining the solution, developing an algorithm, testing the algorithm, coding the algorithm, running the program, and documenting the program. It also discusses different approaches to program design such as procedure-driven, event-driven, and data-driven designs. Finally, it introduces algorithms, pseudocode, program data types, and how to write pseudocode using basic computer operations like arithmetic, assignment, comparison, and repetition.
The document discusses programming languages and the programming process. It describes how programs are written in programming languages, which are sets of rules that allow humans to communicate with computers. It outlines the main stages of the programming process: defining the problem, planning the solution, coding the program, testing it, and documenting it. It also explains different types of programming languages like low-level machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages that are easier for humans to read and write.
Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Programmingmshellman
The document is an introductory chapter about programming from a textbook on C++ programming. It defines key programming concepts and terms like programs, programmers, programming languages, algorithms, and control structures. It explains that programs are sets of instructions for computers, and that programmers use programming languages to communicate those instructions. Early programming languages included machine language using binary, and assembly language using mnemonics. Modern languages are high-level languages that are easier for humans to read and write. These can be procedural languages or object-oriented languages. The chapter describes the three basic control structures that all programs use - sequence, selection, and repetition. Sequence structures run code in order, selection structures make decisions using conditions, and repetition structures repeat code for
This document discusses Python syntax and semantics. It introduces key concepts like statements, modules, comments, whitespace, indentation, tokens, expressions, and interpreter errors. It also discusses the difference between semantics, which is the meaning of a program, and syntax, which specifies the algorithm using the programming language. An example program is provided and explained to demonstrate various syntax elements.
This document discusses formal methods in software engineering. It defines formal methods as mathematically-based techniques for specifying, developing, and verifying computer systems in a systematic way. Formal methods use formal logic to model systems and prove that models satisfy requirements. The document provides an example of applying formal methods to specify a water tank system that refills when low. Key steps include: 1) defining types and functions, 2) stating properties as logical statements, and 3) constructing proofs to show properties hold for all cases.
Lect 1. introduction to programming languagesVarun Garg
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages because they have evolved over time as better ways to design them have been developed. Programming languages can be categorized based on their generation or programming paradigm such as imperative, object-oriented, logic-based, and functional. Characteristics like writability, readability, reliability and maintainability are important qualities for programming languages.
The document provides an introduction to programming. It discusses what a program is, the process of writing instructions known as programming, different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, C and C++. It provides examples of Hello World programs in C++ and the steps involved in writing, compiling, running and testing a program. These include coming up with an idea, designing the program structure, writing the code, alpha and beta testing to fix bugs before final release.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
- A computer program is a sequence of instructions written in a programming language to perform a specified task on a computer. Programming languages include Python, Java, C++, and others.
- Computer programming, or coding, involves writing instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. It allows computers to perform tasks like displaying messages, performing calculations, and more.
- Key elements of programming languages include data types, variables, operators, functions, and control structures like conditionals and loops. These elements are used to write programs to solve problems.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages and variables. It explains that a programming language acts as a translator between a programmer's instructions and the computer's machine language. It also defines what variables are in programming - namely, that they are names that store and represent values like numbers, text, or true/false states. The document gives examples of how to declare variables in Visual Basic by specifying their name, data type, and assigning an initial value. It also shows how to display a variable's value using a message box.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
This document introduces algorithms and the process of program development. It defines an algorithm as a precise list of instructions that terminates after a finite number of steps to solve a problem. It discusses methods of specifying algorithms like pseudocode and flowcharts. Properties of algorithms include being finite, unambiguous, and having a defined sequence of execution and input/output. The steps of program development are stated as understanding the problem, planning instructions, coding the program, running and debugging it. Flowcharting guidelines and common symbols are provided. Sample exercises demonstrate writing programs to calculate simple formulas.
This flow chart outlines a basic calculator program that allows a user to choose between addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division and then performs the calculation on input values a and b before printing the result. The user can also choose to exit the program. The flow chart starts and stops the program, displays a menu, gets input for an operation and values, performs the selected calculation, and either prints the result or exits if the user chose to.
This presentation provides an overview of various programming paradigms including imperative, declarative, functional, object-oriented, and multi-paradigm. It discusses the basic concepts and definitions of each paradigm, provides examples of commonly used languages, and briefly compares the different approaches. The presentation concludes that while no consensus exists on the best paradigm, procedural and object-oriented paradigms using languages like C, C++, and Java tend to be most popular for introductory courses.
A compiler converts source code into object code, while a linker links programs to necessary libraries. The process of developing a C program involves opening an IDE, editing code, saving the file, compiling for errors, executing if no errors, and repeating the edit-compile cycle until the program runs successfully and outputs results. More information can be found at the provided blog link.
This document provides information on functions in C and C++. It discusses the main components of functions including definition, declaration, prototypes, arguments, return values, scope, and recursion. It also covers function categories, nested functions, default arguments, inline functions, function overloading, and differences between calling functions by value versus reference in C++. Overall, the document serves as a tutorial on functions and their usage in C and C++ programming.
This document discusses the program development life cycle (PDLC) process for developing computer programs. It describes the 7 main steps in the PDLC as: 1) defining the problem, 2) task analysis, 3) designing, 4) testing algorithms, 5) coding, 6) testing and debugging programs, and 7) documentation and implementation. Key problem solving techniques discussed include algorithms, flowcharts, and pseudocode, which are used to logically solve problems and represent solutions before coding.
This document outlines the problem solving methodology for developing computer programs. It discusses the following key steps:
1. Problem definition and specification to clearly define the problem and desired inputs/outputs.
2. Problem analysis and breaking the problem down into modular subproblems using techniques like top-down or bottom-up design.
3. Problem design by creating algorithms or flowcharts to represent the solution logic.
4. Coding the algorithm into a programming language.
5. Testing and debugging the program to identify and fix any errors.
6. Creating documentation for the problem, design, tests and user manual.
7. Ongoing program maintenance to fix bugs, enhance performance and adapt
This document discusses problem solving techniques in programming. It provides an overview of programming languages, techniques for solving problems, an introduction to C programming, and why data and programs are needed. Key points include:
- Programming involves specifying computational steps to solve problems using a programming language.
- Problem solving requires both an intuitive and scientific approach, following general steps like defining the problem, identifying variables, making assumptions, and evaluating answers.
- C programming is a general-purpose language useful for systems programming and applications. It allows for structured programming with control structures.
- Any computer program requires both carefully planned data and a program, as they are highly dependent on each other.
1) The document discusses programming in C, including defining a program, programming language, and problem solving techniques.
2) C is introduced as a general-purpose programming language useful for systems programming and applications. Reasons for learning C include its simplicity, speed, and ability to communicate with hardware.
3) The document covers running a simple C program, explaining the main function acts as the starting point and statements must be terminated with semicolons.
The document provides information about computing and programming fundamentals. It discusses the programming process, including developing a program through the program development life cycle of planning, coding, testing, and maintaining a program. It also describes algorithms, flowcharts, and pseudocode - tools used to design programs. Algorithms are sets of steps to solve a problem, flowcharts use graphical symbols to represent program logic, and pseudocode uses a simplified language to design programs before coding.
The document discusses the fundamentals of programming with C++, including an introduction to programming concepts like algorithms and pseudocode, an overview of the software development life cycle and its steps, and getting started with C++ by setting up tools and environments and writing a simple "Hello World!" program. It provides background on C++ and explains why it is a widely used language for developing applications requiring performance and efficiency.
This document outlines the grading structure, textbooks, and key concepts for an applied programming course in Python. It discusses the following main points:
- Grading is based on quizzes, assignments, a project, class participation, midterm, and final exam.
- The programming process involves 5 main steps: defining the problem, planning the solution, coding, testing, and documenting. Common planning tools include top-down design, algorithms, and flowcharts.
- Programming constructs allow for sequential, conditional, and repetitive control structures to structure program logic and flow. These include if/else statements, loops, and functions.
The document summarizes key points from a lecture on software programming. It discusses the five steps of programming: specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It also covers different programming languages from machine language to natural languages. Object-oriented programming and visual programming are introduced as well. Common programming languages mentioned include C++, Python, and .NET.
This document provides an overview of computer programming and problem solving. It discusses the programming life cycle which includes problem solving, implementation, and maintenance phases. It also describes algorithms, programming languages, compilation, computer components, ethics, and problem solving techniques. The document uses an example of calculating an employee's weekly wages to illustrate the problem solving process.
The document discusses introductory programming concepts including objectives, characteristics of well-written programs, definition of programming terms, popular programming languages, types of programming, stages of problem solving, design tools, program writing, testing and debugging, and documentation. Specifically, it aims to help readers understand programming concepts and terminology, stages of problem solving, and how to use design tools to solve problems. It also defines errors in programming.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses why computers can be programmed, and defines what a program is. It then explains the basic hardware components of a computer like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It also discusses software, the program development cycle of analyzing a problem, designing an algorithm, writing code, testing and debugging. It provides examples of flowcharts and pseudocode to design algorithms. The overall summary is an introductory overview of computer programming concepts.
This document outlines the key steps in the programming cycle: 1) Defining the problem by understanding what needs to be solved, 2) Planning the solution through flowcharts to map out processing steps, 3) Coding the solution by writing program instructions, 4) Checking for errors by debugging, and 5) Creating documentation such as problem statements, flowcharts, and operating instructions. Documentation is important for maintaining the program.
This document outlines the key steps in the programming cycle: 1) Defining the problem by understanding what needs to be solved, 2) Planning the solution through flowcharts to map out processing steps, 3) Coding the solution by writing program instructions, 4) Checking for errors by debugging, and 5) Creating documentation such as problem statements, flowcharts, and operating instructions. Documentation is important for maintaining the program.
The document provides an overview of problem solving and C programming at a basic knowledge level. It covers various topics including introduction to problem solving, programming languages, introduction to C programming, selection structures, arrays and strings, pointers, functions, structures and unions, and files. The objective is to understand problem solving concepts, appreciate program design, understand C programming elements, and write effective C programs. It discusses steps in program development, algorithms, modular design, coding, documentation, compilation and more.
This document provides an overview of problem solving and Python programming. It discusses computational thinking and problem solving, including identifying computational problems, algorithms, building blocks of algorithms, and illustrative problems. It also discusses algorithmic problem solving techniques like iteration and recursion. Finally, it briefly introduces the course titled "GE8151-PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING".
The document discusses various topics related to computing and programming fundamentals. It covers the programming process including developing a program, the program development cycle, algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, and program control structures. It provides examples of algorithms, flowcharts, and pseudocode guidelines. The key advantages and limitations of flowcharts and pseudocode are also summarized.
This document discusses the fundamentals of programming and the program development life cycle. It defines key terms like program, programming, and programmer. It then outlines the six steps in the typical program development life cycle: 1) analyze the problem, 2) design the program, 3) code the program, 4) debug the program, 5) formalize the solution, and 6) maintain the program. Each step is described in one to three sentences.
The document discusses the five main phases of program development:
1. Problem analysis phase - The programmer interviews the client to understand their needs.
2. Program design phase - The programmer designs a flowchart based on the client's needs.
3. Coding phase - The programmer performs coding based on the flowchart.
4. Testing and debugging phase - The program is tested by users and any errors are debugged.
5. Documentation phase - The programmer completes documentation for the program including a user manual.
The five main phases of program development are problem analysis, program design, coding, testing and debugging, and documentation. In the problem analysis phase, the programmer interviews the client to understand their needs. In the program design phase, the programmer designs a flowchart representing the client's needs. In the coding phase, the programmer writes the code. In testing and debugging, the program is tested for errors which are debugged. Finally, in the documentation phase, documentation for the program is completed.
This document provides an introduction and overview of C++ programming. It begins by defining what a computer program is, noting that a program allows a computer to perform predefined tasks and instructions. It then discusses the programming process, which involves 5 main steps: defining the problem, analyzing the problem, coding the program, debugging and testing, and documenting the program. The document also introduces key concepts in C++ programming like variables, data types, constants, and keywords. It provides examples of C++ code and discusses how C++ programs are compiled and run.
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Heritage of India, Taj Mahal Post Card
I shared this in my heritage of India blog.
http://indian-heritage-and-culture.blogspot.in/2012/04/taj-mahal-post-card.html
Sri Rama Navami is celebrated on April 1st, 2012 to mark the birth and wedding of Lord Sri Rama. The document shares some images of Sri Rama Navami celebrations in Telugu language obtained from two Singapore Telugu association websites, singapore telugu samajam and Singapore telugu mithrulu.
The philosophical foundations of Hinduism are based on the Vedas, direct personal experience through meditation, ethics for social order, and the belief that suffering stems from ignorance of the eternal self. Samkhya philosophy sees reality as having two aspects - Purusha, the pure self, and Praktiri, the material source. Advaita Vedanta claims there is only one reality of Atman/Brahman appearing separate due to Maya. Yoga uses spiritual disciplines like breathing, postures, and meditation to achieve self-knowledge or union with Brahman. The yoga described here differs from modern Western yoga by focusing more on spiritual goals rather than solely physical fitness.
The document summarizes early civilizations and religions in India. It describes the Harappan civilization and the arrival of the Aryans who composed sacred texts known as the Vedas. It also outlines the development of Hinduism, including the caste system, key beliefs like karma and reincarnation, major gods like Brahman, Vishnu, and Shiva, and how Hinduism is also known as Sanatana Dharma.
Hinduism originated in India in approximately 1500 BC. It has no single founder but is known as Sanatana Dharma. Hindus believe in reincarnation and karma. The three main Hindu gods are Brahma the creator, Vishnu the most powerful god, and Shiva the destroyer. Hindus can follow the path of devotion, knowledge, or works. Daily rituals include offerings, prayers, and meditation. Festivals celebrate the gods. The caste system and stages of life are important social structures. Some criticize depictions of Hinduism that are seen as demeaning.
The document discusses the importance of maintaining and promoting Vedic culture. It outlines that Vedic culture encompasses spirituality, philosophy, religion, rituals, arts, and culture. It provides profound insights into life's purpose. The document calls on Brahmans and the Hindu community to take leadership in educating about Vedic values and passing traditions to younger generations. Actions proposed include community building programs, exposure to Vedic philosophy, and participation in spiritual practices and ceremonies. The overall goal is to protect Vedic culture from attacks and for it to be accessible to all.
The document discusses the Upanishads, which are part of the Vedic literature in Hinduism. It outlines three key components for spiritual knowledge: a guru, sacred texts, and experience. It then summarizes several important Upanishads, explaining their philosophical teachings and dialogues. The Upanishads seek to understand existence, life, death, the soul, universe, and God through mystical experiences and questions. They form the foundation of Hindu philosophy and theology.
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world originating between 4000-2000 BC in India. It has no single founder but is based on the Vedas, the oldest scriptures. Hindus believe in concepts like dharma, karma, samsara, moksha and worship gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. Major festivals celebrate various gods and harvest seasons. The religion also has diverse philosophies like Advaita, Vishishtadvaita and six schools of thought.
The role of Hindu Dharma & Our role in Hindu Dharma Dokka Srinivasu
Hinduism is also known as Sanatana Dharma or the eternal principles of righteousness. Dharma refers to the universal principles and laws that sustain natural order and bring peace, harmony, and progress. It includes morality, ethics, justice, and is based on experiments and experiences over thousands of years, making it a super-scientific knowledge system. Dharma sustains individuals and society through upholding virtues like fortitude, forgiveness, self-control, non-violence, purity, and wisdom.
Mohandas Gandhi, known as the Mahatma or "Great Soul", led successful non-violent protests in India that ultimately forced the British to leave and allow India to govern itself. Through non-cooperation strategies like boycotting British goods and producing their own cloth and salt, Gandhi and his followers disrupted the British economy and drew international attention to their cause. Despite facing repeated imprisonment, Gandhi continued his non-violent campaigns until India achieved independence in 1947 without the use of weapons or violence.
Vintage cigarette cards of maharajas of indiaDokka Srinivasu
This document describes a collection of 3 vintage cigarette cards featuring Maharajas from India. The cards provide portraits and information about Indian royalty from earlier eras. The collection preserves a glimpse into India's history of princely states ruled by Maharajas.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Program design and problem solving techniques
1. Program Design &
Problem-Solving
Techniques
Module Pre-Requisites:
None
http://ashesh.ramjeeawon.info
Management Student/ Freelance Developer
University of Mauritius 1
2. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Today’s Session
Steps in program development
Algorithmic Problem Solving
How to write Pseudocode?
Meaningful names
Structure Theorem
Communication between modules
Module Cohesion and Coupling
Sequential File update
2
3. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Problem Solving - Big Problemo!!!
3
4. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
How Do We Write a Program?
A computer is not intelligent. It cannot analyze a problem and come up with a
solution. A human (the programmer) must analyze the problem, develop the
instructions for solving the problem, and then have the computer carry out the
instructions.
To write a program for a computer to follow, we must go through a two-phase
process: problem solving and implementation
4
5. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Problem-Solving Phase
Analysis and Specification. Understand (define) the problem and
what the solution must do.
General Solution (Algorithm). Specify the required data types and
the logical sequences of steps that solve the problem.
Verify. Follow the steps exactly to see if the solution really does
solve the problem.
5
6. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Implementation Phase
Concrete Solution (Program). Translate the algorithm (the general
solution) into a programming language.
Test. Have the computer follow the instructions. Then manually
check the results. If you find errors, analyze the program and the
algorithm to determine the source of the errors, and then make
corrections.
Once a program has been written, it enters a third phase:
maintenance.
6
7. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Maintenance Phase
Use. Use the program.
Maintain. Modify the program to meet changing requirements or to
correct any errors that show up while using it.
The programmer begins the programming process by analyzing the
problem, breaking it into manageable pieces, and developing a
general solution for each piece called an algorithm. The solutions to
the pieces are collected together to form a program that solves the
original problem. Understanding and analyzing a problem take up
much more time than Figure 1.1 implies. They are the heart of the
programming process.
7
11. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Steps in program development
1. Define the problem into three separate
components:
inputs
outputs
processing steps to produce required outputs.
11
12. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Steps in program development
1. Outline the solution.
Decompose the problem to smaller steps.
Establish a solution outline.
Initial outline may include:
major processing steps involved
major subtasks
user interface
major control structures
major variable and record structures
mainline logic
12
13. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Steps in program development
1. Develop the outline into an algorithm.
The solution outline is now expanded into an
algorithm.
What is an algorithm? – a set of precise steps that
describe exactly the tasks to be performed and the
order in which they are to be carried out.
Pseudocode will be used to represent the solution
algorithm
13
14. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Steps in program development
1. Test the algorithm for correctness.
Very important in the development of a
program, but often forgotten
Major logic errors can be detected and
corrected at an early stage
Go through the algorithm step-by-step with
test data to ensure the program will actually
do what it is supposed to do.
14
15. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Steps in program development
1. Code the algorithm into a specific
programming language.
Start to code the program into a chosen
programming language after all design
considerations from Steps 1–4 are met.
15
16. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Steps in program development
1. Run the program on the computer.
This step uses a program compiler and
programmer-designed test data to machine-
test the code for
syntax errors
logic errors
16
17. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Steps in program development
1. Document and maintain the program.
Is really an ongoing task from the initial
definition of the problem to the final test
Documentation involves:
external documentation
internal documentation
17
18. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Algorithmic Problem Solving
18
19. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
An introduction to algorithms and pseudocode
What is an algorithm?
Lists the steps involved in accomplishing a task
(like a recipe)
Defined in programming terms as ‘a set of
detailed and ordered instructions developed to
describe the processes necessary to produce
the desired output from a given input’
19
20. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
An introduction to algorithms and pseudocode
What is an algorithm?
An algorithm must:
Be lucid, precise and unambiguous
Give the correct solution in all cases
Eventually end
20
21. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
An introduction to algorithms and pseudocode
What is pseudocode?
Structured English (formalised and abbreviated
to look like high-level computer language)
21
22. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
How to write pseudocode
There are six basic computer operations:
1. A computer can receive information
2. A computer can put out information
3. A computer can perform arithmetic
4. A computer can assign a value to a variable or
memory location
5. A computer can compare two variables and
select one of two alternate actions
6. A computer can repeat a group of actions
22
23. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Exercise Time
Do some reading on the website below:
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~fabio/teaching/c
23
24. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Meaningful names
When designing an algorithm, a
programmer must introduce some unique
names which represents variables or
objects in the problem.
Names should be meaningful.
Names should be transparent to
adequately describe variables (Number1,
number2, etc.).
24
25. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Meaningful names
Underscore is used when using more than
one word (sales_tax or word_count).
Most programming language does not
tolerate a space in a variable as space
would signal the end of a variable name.
Another method is to use capital letters as
a word separator (salesTax or
wordCount).
25
26. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The Structure Theorem
26
27. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The Structure Theorem
1. Sequence
Straightforward execution of one processing
step after another
Represents the first four basic computer
operations
1. Receive information
2. Put out information
3. Perform arithmetic
4. Assign values
27
28. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The Structure Theorem
A typical sequence statement in an algorithm might
read:
Add 1 to pageCount
Print heading line1
Print heading line2
Set lineCount to zero
Read customer record
These instructions illustrate the sequence control
structure as a straightforward list of steps written one
after the other, in a top-to-bottom fashion
28
29. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The Structure Theorem
1. Selection
Presentation of a condition and the choice
between two actions, the choice depending
on whether the condition is true or false
Represents the decision-making abilities of
the computer
Illustrates the fifth basic computer operation –
compare two variables and select one of two
alternate actions
29
30. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The Structure Theorem
In pseudocode, selection is represented by the
keywords IF, THEN, ELSE and ENDIF
IF condition p is true THEN
statement(s) in true case
ELSE
statement(s) in false case
ENDIF
If condition p is true, then the statement in true case will
be executed, and the statement in the false case will be
skipped (vice versa)
30
31. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The Structure Theorem
1. Repetition
Presentation of a set of instruction to be
performed repeatedly, as long as the condition
is true
Block statement is executed again and again
until a terminating condition occurs
Illustrates the sixth basic computer operation
– to repeat a group of actions.
31
32. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The Structure Theorem
Written in pseudocode as:
DOWHILE condition p is true
statement block
ENDDO
DOWHILE is a leading decision loop – condition
is tested before any statements are executed
ENDDO triggers a return of control to the
retesting of the condition
Condition is true, statements are repeated until
condition is found false
32
33. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Exercise Time
In a complete program/ algorithm, show
the 3 concepts of Structure Theorem
33
34. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Necessary to consider flow of information
between modules
This flow of information is called
‘intermodule communication’ and can be
accomplished by the scope of the variable
34
35. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Scope of a variable
The portion of a program in which that variable
has been defined and to which it can be
referenced
Variables can be global where the scope of the
variable is the whole program
Scope of the variable is simple the module
which it is defined
35
36. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Global data
Date that can be used by all the modules in a
program
Every module in the program can access and
change data
Lifetime of a global variable spans the
execution of the whole program
36
37. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Local data
Variable are defined within the submodule are
called local variables
The scope of a local variable is simply the
module in which it is defined
The lifetime of a local variable is limited to the
execution of the single submodule in which it is
defined
37
38. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Exercise time
Show the difference between a global
variable and a local variable via the use of
a program, in any language of your
choice.
38
39. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Side effects
Side effect is a form of a cross-communication
of a module with other parts of a program,
Occurs when a subordinate module alters the
value of a global variable inside a module
39
40. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Passing parameters
Parameters are simply data items
transferred from a calling module to its
subordinate module at the time of calling
To pass parameters between modules, two
things can happen:
The calling module must name the parameters
that it wants to pass to the submodule
The submodule must be able to receive those
parameters and return them to the calling module
if required
40
41. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Formal and actual parameters
Parameters names that appear when a
submodule is defined are known as formal
parameters
Variables and expressions that are passed to a
submodule in a particular call are called actual
parameters
41
42. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Value and reference parameters
Parameters may have one of three function:
1. To pass information from a calling module to a
subordinate module
2. To pass information from a subordinate module to
its calling module
3. To fulfil a two-way communication role
42
43. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Communication between modules
Value and reference parameters
Value parameters
Value parameters pass a copy of the value of a
parameter from one module to another
Reference parameters
Reference parameter pass the memory address of a
parameter from one module to another
43
44. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Module cohesion
Cohesion is a measure of the internal
strength of a module
It indicates how closely the elements or
the statements of a module are associated
with each other
The more closely the elements of a
module are associated with each other,
the higher the cohesion of the module
44
45. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Module coupling
Coupling is a measure of the extent of
information interchange between
modules
Tight coupling implies large
dependence on the structure of one
module by another
Loose coupling is the opposite of tight
coupling. Modules with loose coupling
are more independent and easier to
maintain
45
46. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Sequential file update
Master file
Is a file that contains permanent and semi-
permanent information about the data
entities it contains
Transaction file
Contains all the data and activities that are
included on the master file. These are
transactions to:
Add a new record
Update or change an existing record
Delete an existing record 46
47. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
Sequential file update
Sequential update logic
Sequential processing falls generally into
three categories:
1. If the key on the transaction record is less than the
key on the old master record, the transaction is
probably an add transaction
2. If they key on the transaction record is equal to the
key on the old master record, the transaction is
probably an update or delete transaction
3. If the key on the transaction record is greater that
the key on the old master record, there is not
matching transaction for that master record 47
48. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
The End – Thank you for your kind attention
References:
Simple Program Design – A step by step
approach by L. A. Robertson
48
49. Problem Solving – Program Design: Algorithm /Pseudocode
http://ashesh.ramjeeawon.info
Management Student/ Freelance Developer
University of Mauritius
BCS Student Member
49