The document provides an introduction to programming and problem solving using computers. It discusses the following key points:
- Problem solving involves determining the inputs, outputs, and steps to solve a problem. Computers can be programmed to solve problems more quickly if they involve extensive inputs/outputs or complex/time-consuming methods.
- The software development process includes requirements specification, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and documentation. Algorithms using pseudocode or flowcharts are designed to solve problems.
- Programming languages have evolved from low-level machine languages to high-level languages. Earlier generations like assembly language were more machine-oriented while modern languages are more portable, problem-oriented, and easier for humans to read and write
This document provides an overview of computer languages and the programming process. It discusses machine language as the lowest-level language understood by computers. Higher-level languages like assembly and programming languages make programming easier for humans. It also describes the programming process, which involves defining problems, planning solutions, coding, testing, and documenting programs. Finally, it discusses different types of program translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters that translate human-readable code into machine-readable code.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages and Python. It discusses what a program is, different categories of software, and types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It also covers programming paradigms like imperative, logical, functional, and object-oriented. The document outlines the software development life cycle and describes key areas where Python is commonly used like academia, scientific tools, machine learning, and web development.
This document provides an overview of computers and programming languages. It discusses the evolution of computers from mainframes to personal computers. It also examines the hardware and software components of a computer system, including the CPU, memory, storage, inputs, outputs, and operating system software. The document then explores the evolution of programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages. It describes how a high-level language program is compiled and executed. Finally, it discusses problem-solving techniques, structured programming, and object-oriented programming.
The document provides an overview of problem solving and C programming at a basic knowledge level. It covers various topics including introduction to problem solving, programming languages, introduction to C programming, selection structures, arrays and strings, pointers, functions, structures and unions, and files. The objective is to understand problem solving concepts, appreciate program design, understand C programming elements, and write effective C programs. It discusses steps in program development, algorithms, modular design, coding, documentation, compilation and more.
The document discusses different types of programming languages and software. It describes low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages used for scientific and business applications. It also defines algorithms, flowcharts, compilers, interpreters, and system and application software.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
This document provides an introduction to programming concepts such as algorithms, pseudocode, and flowcharts. It defines computer programming as the process of writing code to instruct a computer, and explains that programming languages allow users to communicate instructions to computers. The document outlines different types of computer languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages like procedural, functional, and object-oriented languages. It also discusses specialized languages, translator programs, and program logic design tools for solving problems algorithmically through pseudocode and flowcharts.
The document provides information on different types of computer software and programming concepts. It discusses system software and application software, giving examples of each. It also covers programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages. Other topics summarized include algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, decision tables, operating systems, and functions of an operating system.
This document provides an overview of computer languages and the programming process. It discusses machine language as the lowest-level language understood by computers. Higher-level languages like assembly and programming languages make programming easier for humans. It also describes the programming process, which involves defining problems, planning solutions, coding, testing, and documenting programs. Finally, it discusses different types of program translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters that translate human-readable code into machine-readable code.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages and Python. It discusses what a program is, different categories of software, and types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It also covers programming paradigms like imperative, logical, functional, and object-oriented. The document outlines the software development life cycle and describes key areas where Python is commonly used like academia, scientific tools, machine learning, and web development.
This document provides an overview of computers and programming languages. It discusses the evolution of computers from mainframes to personal computers. It also examines the hardware and software components of a computer system, including the CPU, memory, storage, inputs, outputs, and operating system software. The document then explores the evolution of programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages. It describes how a high-level language program is compiled and executed. Finally, it discusses problem-solving techniques, structured programming, and object-oriented programming.
The document provides an overview of problem solving and C programming at a basic knowledge level. It covers various topics including introduction to problem solving, programming languages, introduction to C programming, selection structures, arrays and strings, pointers, functions, structures and unions, and files. The objective is to understand problem solving concepts, appreciate program design, understand C programming elements, and write effective C programs. It discusses steps in program development, algorithms, modular design, coding, documentation, compilation and more.
The document discusses different types of programming languages and software. It describes low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages used for scientific and business applications. It also defines algorithms, flowcharts, compilers, interpreters, and system and application software.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
This document provides an introduction to programming concepts such as algorithms, pseudocode, and flowcharts. It defines computer programming as the process of writing code to instruct a computer, and explains that programming languages allow users to communicate instructions to computers. The document outlines different types of computer languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages like procedural, functional, and object-oriented languages. It also discusses specialized languages, translator programs, and program logic design tools for solving problems algorithmically through pseudocode and flowcharts.
The document provides information on different types of computer software and programming concepts. It discusses system software and application software, giving examples of each. It also covers programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages. Other topics summarized include algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, decision tables, operating systems, and functions of an operating system.
This document discusses programming language paradigms and design issues. It covers why programming languages are studied, including to improve algorithms, use existing languages more efficiently, choose the best language for a project, and more easily learn new languages. It then defines what a programming language is and discusses imperative, applicative, rule-based, and object-oriented paradigms. The document also addresses language standardization, internationalization, programming environments, effects on language design like separate compilation and testing support, and environment frameworks.
COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL.pptxSherinRappai1
The document discusses computing, programming, algorithms, and program development life cycle. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks, written in a programming language. Programs range from simple scripts to complex applications.
2. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. They are incorporated into programs.
3. The program development life cycle includes phases like analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance to systematically create reliable programs. Diagramming tools like pseudocode, flowcharts, and UML diagrams are used.
COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL.pptxSherinRappai
The document discusses computing, programming, algorithms, and program development life cycle. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks, written in a programming language. Programs range from simple scripts to complex applications.
2. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. They are incorporated into programs.
3. The program development life cycle includes phases like analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance to systematically create reliable programs. Diagramming tools like pseudocode, flowcharts, and UML diagrams are used in the design process.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the brief history of C, including its origins in the early 1970s at Bell Labs and its popularity due to its portability and efficiency. C is a structured, procedural programming language that is still widely used today for operating systems development and other software. The document outlines some key characteristics of C programs, such as their modular structure, support for both low-level and high-level language features, use of functions and pointers, and small size.
This lecture introduces programming fundamentals and Python. It discusses what programming is, the process of translating source code into machine-readable instructions, and program design using pseudocode and flowcharts. Program design tools like pseudocode and flowcharts allow programmers to plan programs' logic and structure before writing the actual code. The lecture also provides an overview of Python syntax and variables.
DISCLAIMER: This Presentation is made for educational purposes only.
Introduction to Computer Programming, Computer Language, History of Computer Language, Hierarchy of High-Level Languages, Algorithm, Data Types and Arduino
The document provides an overview of a compilers design and construction course. It discusses the various phases of compilation including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. The course aims to introduce the principles and techniques used in compiler construction and the issues that arise in developing a compiler. The course will cover topics like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, control flow, code optimization and code generation over its 12 weeks.
The document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses what a computer is and its basic parts including hardware and software. It describes the internal and external hardware components. It also explains different types of programming languages from low-level to high-level languages. The document then discusses programming paradigms like procedural, structured, and object-oriented programming. It introduces concepts like algorithms, flowcharts, and the system development life cycle which involves phases from feasibility study to implementation and maintenance.
This document outlines the assessment structure for a 3 hour practical programming course with 1 hour of theory and no final exam. Students will be assessed entirely based on in-class assessments over the course topics. The course covers introductory programming concepts like definitions of programs, programmers, and programming languages. It also discusses programming fundamentals like algorithms, pseudocode, flowcharts and the implementation process.
introduction computer programming languages BakhatAli3
The document provides an overview of computer programming concepts including:
1) It describes the layers of a computer system from the hardware interface to system software to application programs.
2) It explains different types of computer languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages and how compilers and interpreters are used to run programs.
3) It discusses key programming concepts like syntax, semantics, grammars, compilation, linking, execution, and different types of errors that can occur in programs.
Programming requirements for beginning in software engineering.pptxTeddyDaka
This document provides an introduction to algorithms and programming. It begins by defining what a computer is and its basic components. It then discusses why computers are used and the need for programming. The document outlines the different types of programming languages and defines key terms like data, information, knowledge, programs, and programmers. It describes the basic steps involved in programming like requirements, analysis, design, testing, and documentation. Finally, it introduces algorithms and the common tools used to represent them, flowcharts and pseudocode, describing the basic symbols and syntax used for each.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming, covering topics such as hardware/software interfaces, computer languages, compilation, and interpretation. It describes the layered structure of a computer system from the machine level through operating systems and applications. Programming languages are discussed from machine language through assembly and high-level languages. The roles of compilers, linkers, and interpreters in translating between languages are summarized. Common programming errors like syntax, runtime, and logical errors are also briefly outlined.
The document summarizes key concepts about compiler design. It defines a compiler as a program that translates source code written in one language into an equivalent executable program in another language. Compilers are classified based on the number of passes, such as single-pass and multi-pass compilers. The document also discusses the analysis-synthesis model of compilation, which involves analyzing the source program to create an intermediate representation, then synthesizing target code from that representation. Major phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization.
Problem Solving and Program Design in C_1.pdfjlu08167
This document provides an overview of different types of computer software:
- System software includes operating systems, language processors like compilers and interpreters, and device drivers. It acts as an interface between hardware and application software.
- Application software is specialized to perform specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheet calculations, database management, presentations, etc.
- Utility software assists system software and users by performing supportive tasks like antivirus scanning, backup, file management, etc.
CD - CH1 - Introduction to compiler design.pptxZiyadMohammed17
The document summarizes key concepts about compiler design. It defines a compiler as a program that translates source code written in one language into an equivalent executable program in another language. Compilers are classified based on the number of passes they use, such as single-pass and multi-pass compilers. The analysis-synthesis model is described as the two-part process of compilation involving analysis of the source program and synthesis of the translated code. The phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation and optimization.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler. It describes the phases as:
1) Lexical analysis which converts source code into tokens.
2) Syntax analysis which checks the syntax is correct and builds a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis which checks for semantic errors using symbol tables.
4) Intermediate code generation which converts the parse tree into an intermediate representation.
5) Optimization of the intermediate code.
6) Code generation which converts the optimized intermediate code into assembly code and then machine code.
System programming involves designing and implementing system programs like operating systems, compilers, linkers, and loaders that allow user programs to run efficiently on a computer system. A key part of system programming is developing system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and debuggers. An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing processes, memory, devices, and files. Assemblers and compilers translate programs into machine-readable code. Loaders place object code into memory for execution. System programming optimizes computer system performance and resource utilization.
Here are the key points about flow-charts from the document:
- A flow-chart contains boxes/symbols that represent required operations and arrows to show the sequence.
- Common symbols include:
- Terminal symbols like start and end
- Process symbols for operations like assigning values, arithmetic, input/output
- Decision making symbols
- Looping symbols
- Subroutine/function symbols
- A flow-chart provides a visual representation of the logic and sequence of a program using standardized graphic symbols without requiring the use of a programming language.
So in summary, a flow-chart is a visual representation of an algorithm or process, using graphic symbols and arrows to depict the steps, decisions, and flow of data in a
Chapter 3 Naming in distributed system.pptxTekle12
The document discusses processes and threads in distributed systems. It defines processes and threads, describing how they enable concurrency, efficient resource management, and overall system performance. Processes provide isolation between programs and dedicated resources, while threads allow for efficient sharing of resources within a process. Clients and servers employ processes and threads to handle tasks concurrently and distribute load. The document then covers naming, name resolution, name services, namespaces, and different naming schemes used in distributed systems, such as flat, hierarchical, and semantic naming. Namespaces organize naming to prevent conflicts, and name resolution maps names to network addresses.
Chapter Introductionn to distributed system .pptxTekle12
This document provides an introduction to distributed systems. It discusses that a distributed system connects autonomous computers through a network to act as a single system. Key characteristics include distribution of resources, concurrency, and failure independence. Examples given are the internet, cloud computing, and peer-to-peer networks. The document also outlines several design goals for distributed systems like scalability, reliability, performance, and transparency. Finally, it describes different types of distributed systems including cluster computing, grid computing, cloud computing, and internet of things systems.
This document discusses programming language paradigms and design issues. It covers why programming languages are studied, including to improve algorithms, use existing languages more efficiently, choose the best language for a project, and more easily learn new languages. It then defines what a programming language is and discusses imperative, applicative, rule-based, and object-oriented paradigms. The document also addresses language standardization, internationalization, programming environments, effects on language design like separate compilation and testing support, and environment frameworks.
COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL.pptxSherinRappai1
The document discusses computing, programming, algorithms, and program development life cycle. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks, written in a programming language. Programs range from simple scripts to complex applications.
2. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. They are incorporated into programs.
3. The program development life cycle includes phases like analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance to systematically create reliable programs. Diagramming tools like pseudocode, flowcharts, and UML diagrams are used.
COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL.pptxSherinRappai
The document discusses computing, programming, algorithms, and program development life cycle. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks, written in a programming language. Programs range from simple scripts to complex applications.
2. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. They are incorporated into programs.
3. The program development life cycle includes phases like analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance to systematically create reliable programs. Diagramming tools like pseudocode, flowcharts, and UML diagrams are used in the design process.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the brief history of C, including its origins in the early 1970s at Bell Labs and its popularity due to its portability and efficiency. C is a structured, procedural programming language that is still widely used today for operating systems development and other software. The document outlines some key characteristics of C programs, such as their modular structure, support for both low-level and high-level language features, use of functions and pointers, and small size.
This lecture introduces programming fundamentals and Python. It discusses what programming is, the process of translating source code into machine-readable instructions, and program design using pseudocode and flowcharts. Program design tools like pseudocode and flowcharts allow programmers to plan programs' logic and structure before writing the actual code. The lecture also provides an overview of Python syntax and variables.
DISCLAIMER: This Presentation is made for educational purposes only.
Introduction to Computer Programming, Computer Language, History of Computer Language, Hierarchy of High-Level Languages, Algorithm, Data Types and Arduino
The document provides an overview of a compilers design and construction course. It discusses the various phases of compilation including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. The course aims to introduce the principles and techniques used in compiler construction and the issues that arise in developing a compiler. The course will cover topics like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, control flow, code optimization and code generation over its 12 weeks.
The document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses what a computer is and its basic parts including hardware and software. It describes the internal and external hardware components. It also explains different types of programming languages from low-level to high-level languages. The document then discusses programming paradigms like procedural, structured, and object-oriented programming. It introduces concepts like algorithms, flowcharts, and the system development life cycle which involves phases from feasibility study to implementation and maintenance.
This document outlines the assessment structure for a 3 hour practical programming course with 1 hour of theory and no final exam. Students will be assessed entirely based on in-class assessments over the course topics. The course covers introductory programming concepts like definitions of programs, programmers, and programming languages. It also discusses programming fundamentals like algorithms, pseudocode, flowcharts and the implementation process.
introduction computer programming languages BakhatAli3
The document provides an overview of computer programming concepts including:
1) It describes the layers of a computer system from the hardware interface to system software to application programs.
2) It explains different types of computer languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages and how compilers and interpreters are used to run programs.
3) It discusses key programming concepts like syntax, semantics, grammars, compilation, linking, execution, and different types of errors that can occur in programs.
Programming requirements for beginning in software engineering.pptxTeddyDaka
This document provides an introduction to algorithms and programming. It begins by defining what a computer is and its basic components. It then discusses why computers are used and the need for programming. The document outlines the different types of programming languages and defines key terms like data, information, knowledge, programs, and programmers. It describes the basic steps involved in programming like requirements, analysis, design, testing, and documentation. Finally, it introduces algorithms and the common tools used to represent them, flowcharts and pseudocode, describing the basic symbols and syntax used for each.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming, covering topics such as hardware/software interfaces, computer languages, compilation, and interpretation. It describes the layered structure of a computer system from the machine level through operating systems and applications. Programming languages are discussed from machine language through assembly and high-level languages. The roles of compilers, linkers, and interpreters in translating between languages are summarized. Common programming errors like syntax, runtime, and logical errors are also briefly outlined.
The document summarizes key concepts about compiler design. It defines a compiler as a program that translates source code written in one language into an equivalent executable program in another language. Compilers are classified based on the number of passes, such as single-pass and multi-pass compilers. The document also discusses the analysis-synthesis model of compilation, which involves analyzing the source program to create an intermediate representation, then synthesizing target code from that representation. Major phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization.
Problem Solving and Program Design in C_1.pdfjlu08167
This document provides an overview of different types of computer software:
- System software includes operating systems, language processors like compilers and interpreters, and device drivers. It acts as an interface between hardware and application software.
- Application software is specialized to perform specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheet calculations, database management, presentations, etc.
- Utility software assists system software and users by performing supportive tasks like antivirus scanning, backup, file management, etc.
CD - CH1 - Introduction to compiler design.pptxZiyadMohammed17
The document summarizes key concepts about compiler design. It defines a compiler as a program that translates source code written in one language into an equivalent executable program in another language. Compilers are classified based on the number of passes they use, such as single-pass and multi-pass compilers. The analysis-synthesis model is described as the two-part process of compilation involving analysis of the source program and synthesis of the translated code. The phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation and optimization.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler. It describes the phases as:
1) Lexical analysis which converts source code into tokens.
2) Syntax analysis which checks the syntax is correct and builds a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis which checks for semantic errors using symbol tables.
4) Intermediate code generation which converts the parse tree into an intermediate representation.
5) Optimization of the intermediate code.
6) Code generation which converts the optimized intermediate code into assembly code and then machine code.
System programming involves designing and implementing system programs like operating systems, compilers, linkers, and loaders that allow user programs to run efficiently on a computer system. A key part of system programming is developing system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and debuggers. An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing processes, memory, devices, and files. Assemblers and compilers translate programs into machine-readable code. Loaders place object code into memory for execution. System programming optimizes computer system performance and resource utilization.
Here are the key points about flow-charts from the document:
- A flow-chart contains boxes/symbols that represent required operations and arrows to show the sequence.
- Common symbols include:
- Terminal symbols like start and end
- Process symbols for operations like assigning values, arithmetic, input/output
- Decision making symbols
- Looping symbols
- Subroutine/function symbols
- A flow-chart provides a visual representation of the logic and sequence of a program using standardized graphic symbols without requiring the use of a programming language.
So in summary, a flow-chart is a visual representation of an algorithm or process, using graphic symbols and arrows to depict the steps, decisions, and flow of data in a
Chapter 3 Naming in distributed system.pptxTekle12
The document discusses processes and threads in distributed systems. It defines processes and threads, describing how they enable concurrency, efficient resource management, and overall system performance. Processes provide isolation between programs and dedicated resources, while threads allow for efficient sharing of resources within a process. Clients and servers employ processes and threads to handle tasks concurrently and distribute load. The document then covers naming, name resolution, name services, namespaces, and different naming schemes used in distributed systems, such as flat, hierarchical, and semantic naming. Namespaces organize naming to prevent conflicts, and name resolution maps names to network addresses.
Chapter Introductionn to distributed system .pptxTekle12
This document provides an introduction to distributed systems. It discusses that a distributed system connects autonomous computers through a network to act as a single system. Key characteristics include distribution of resources, concurrency, and failure independence. Examples given are the internet, cloud computing, and peer-to-peer networks. The document also outlines several design goals for distributed systems like scalability, reliability, performance, and transparency. Finally, it describes different types of distributed systems including cluster computing, grid computing, cloud computing, and internet of things systems.
This document discusses ethics and professionalism in emerging technologies. It covers digital privacy, which encompasses information privacy, communication privacy, and individual privacy. Information privacy is about controlling how personal digital information is collected and used, while communication privacy ensures secure communications. Individual privacy gives people freedom from unwanted information online. The document also outlines common ethical rules for technologies, including contributing to society, avoiding harm, and respecting privacy.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 4 which discusses Internet of Things (IoT). It begins by outlining the chapter objectives which are to describe IoT, discuss its history and overview, pros and cons, architectures, examples of applications, and management platforms. It then defines IoT according to several sources and outlines its key features. The rest of the document discusses IoT architectures, devices, platforms, applications in areas like agriculture, smart homes, cities, and healthcare. It also covers IoT challenges, trends, and how IoT works through data collection, transmission, processing and application layers.
Design and analysis of algorithm chapter two.pptxTekle12
The document summarizes the Chandy-Lamport algorithm, which is used to record a consistent global state of an asynchronous distributed system. It works by having an observer process initiate a snapshot by saving its state and sending snapshot request messages bearing a token to other processes. Processes receiving the token for the first time save their state and attach the token to outgoing messages to propagate it. The observer receives states and messages to construct a consistent global snapshot.
Chapter1.1 Introduction to design and analysis of algorithm.pptTekle12
This document discusses the design and analysis of algorithms. It begins with defining what an algorithm is - a well-defined computational procedure that takes inputs and produces outputs. It describes analyzing algorithms to determine their efficiency and comparing different algorithms that solve the same problem. The document outlines steps for designing algorithms, including understanding the problem, deciding a solution approach, designing the algorithm, proving correctness, and analyzing and coding it. It discusses using mathematical techniques like asymptotic analysis and Big O notation to analyze algorithms independently of implementations or inputs. The importance of analysis is also covered.
Wireless sensor networks are composed of small, low-cost sensor nodes that are densely deployed to monitor environmental conditions. Each node has sensing, processing and communication capabilities. Sensor networks have many applications including military surveillance, environmental monitoring, health monitoring, smart homes/offices, and inventory management. Routing data efficiently in sensor networks faces challenges due to the large number of nodes, limited energy/resources of nodes, and dynamic network topology changes. Common routing architectures include layered architectures where nodes are organized in layers based on distance from the base station, and clustered architectures where nodes are organized into clusters with cluster heads routing data.
This document provides an overview of the physical layer of the OSI model. It discusses various topics related to the physical layer, including:
- Data transmission methods like digital transmission, analog transmission, line coding, block coding, and sampling.
- Modulation techniques for analog signals like ASK, FSK, PSK.
- Types of networks for digital transmission like circuit switched networks, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks.
- Key aspects of these networks like connection setup/teardown, addressing schemes, routing, delays.
The physical layer is responsible for bit-level delivery over various physical media through standards that define electrical specifications, radio interfaces, optical fiber specifications and more. It also performs
This document discusses various conditional statements in C++ including if, if/else, if/else if, and switch statements. The if statement executes code if a condition is true, while if/else executes one set of code if true and another if false. If/else if provides multiple conditions chained together. Switch compares a value to multiple case values and executes the corresponding code block. Nested if statements allow conditional logic within other conditional logic. Examples are provided to demonstrate the syntax and usage of each statement.
This document provides an overview of arrays, pointers, and strings in C++. It discusses that arrays allow the storage of multiple values of the same data type. Arrays must be declared with a size before use. Elements within an array are accessed via an index with numbering starting at 0. Multidimensional or 2D arrays can store multiple sets of data organized into rows and columns accessed by two indices. Strings are internally stored as character arrays but can be treated as single entities. The document also introduces pointers as variables that store the memory addresses of other variables, and the address operator returns the memory address of its operand.
This document discusses basic concepts in C++ programming including:
1. The structure of a basic C++ program including main function, includes, namespaces, and return statements.
2. Data types in C++ including integer, floating point, character types and their sizes. It also discusses variables, constants, and identifiers.
3. Key concepts like comments, data types, variables, constants, and identifiers that are fundamental to C++ programming. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to declare and use variables and constants.
Chapter 1 - Intro to Emerging Technologies.pptxTekle12
The document provides an introduction to emerging technologies, covering topics like the evolution of technologies through industrial revolutions (IR 1.0-4.0), the role of data, enabling devices and networks, and human-machine interaction. It discusses how technology has developed gradually through IRs, from mechanization and steam power in IR 1.0 to today's smart systems fueled by data in IR 4.0. Data is seen as a strategic asset driving science and technology forward. Networks and programmable devices like FPGAs and CPLDs enable emerging technologies.
TCP provides reliable data transfer through several key features:
- It numbers data bytes and uses acknowledgments to ensure all bytes are received correctly. If bytes are lost, they are retransmitted.
- Congestion control algorithms like slow start and congestion avoidance allow TCP to gradually increase data transfer rates while avoiding overwhelming the network.
- Fast retransmit detects lost packets sooner by retransmitting on three duplicate ACKs, while fast recovery resumes data transfer using ACKs still in the pipe.
This document provides an overview of the physical layer of the OSI model. It discusses various topics related to the physical layer, including:
- Data transmission methods like digital transmission, analog transmission, line coding, block coding, and sampling.
- Modulation techniques for analog signals like ASK, FSK, PSK.
- Types of networks for digital transmission like circuit switched networks, datagram networks, and virtual circuit networks.
- Key aspects of these networks like connection setup/teardown, addressing, routing, delays.
The physical layer is responsible for bit-level delivery over various physical media through standards that define electrical specifications, radio interfaces, optical fiber specifications and more. It also performs technical
This document introduces emerging technologies and provides an overview of their evolution and key concepts. It discusses (1) how technology has gradually evolved from the Industrial Revolution to today, (2) defines emerging technologies as new ideas currently being developed and tested, and (3) outlines some examples of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and the Internet of Things.
The document provides an overview of computers including definitions, historical developments, generations, classifications, components, characteristics and applications. It defines a computer as a programmable device that processes data according to instructions to perform tasks. Early computers included the abacus, Pascaline and Babbage machines. Generations progressed from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Computers can be classified by the type of data they process or their size/capacity. Key components are hardware and software. Computers are fast, accurate, automatic and versatile. Main applications are in commercial, scientific, education and manufacturing fields.
The document discusses requirements elicitation for software development. It describes the typical activities in a software lifecycle including requirements elicitation, analysis, design, implementation, and testing. It discusses techniques for eliciting requirements such as questionnaires, interviews, document analysis, task analysis, and scenarios. Scenario-based design focuses on concrete examples rather than abstract ideas. Non-functional requirements like usability, performance, and security are also important to define. Eliciting requirements is challenging due to understanding large complex systems and communication between stakeholders.
A Fibonacci heap is a data structure used to implement priority queues. It is composed of a collection of heap-ordered trees that store minimum priority elements. Each node stores a key-value and pointers to its parent and children. Operations like insertion, deletion, and decreasing key values are performed using cuts, melds, and tree rotations to maintain the heap properties. Fibonacci heaps support these operations in amortized O(1) time through techniques like lazy merging of trees and path compression. They are useful for graph algorithms like Dijkstra's and Prim's algorithms that require efficient priority queue operations.
This chapter discusses various data structures including elementary data structures like stacks, queues, linked lists, binary trees, and hash tables. It then describes more complex data structures like red-black trees that balance binary search trees to guarantee logarithmic time operations. It also discusses augmenting data structures by adding size fields to support dynamic order statistics queries in logarithmic time.
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2. PROBLEM SOLVING
• A problem is as a question or situation that presents
uncertainty or difficulty.
• For example: Selling a product in the shop is the task here.
– The problem is to sell Or how a sales person sells a product in the
shop.
• For a sale to happen in a shop you should go through the
following:
– Determine what the unit price of the product is.
– Count the quantity, (how many of the product) and
– Calculate the total amount to be paid by the customer.
– Calculate the change that you have to give back to the customer.
3. Problem Solving Using Computers
• Computers can be programmed to do many
complicated tasks at very high speeds.
• We can use computers as a tool in problem solving if
a problem has:
– It has extensive input and output.
– Its method of solution is too complicated to implement
manually.
– If done manually, it takes an excessively long time to solve.
– To use the same method of solution to solve the same
problem with different inputs.
4. • Programming refers to the process of making
(enabling) a machine to perform a particular task by
giving it instructions (programs) and inputs.
– It is the process of solving a problem using computers.
• A program is a detailed set of instructions written in
a programming language that directs the computer
to solve a problem.
• For the instructions to be carried out, a computer
must execute a program
– that is, the computer reads the program, and then follows
the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until
completion.
5. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PHASES
• Software development method is a method of
developing computer programs to solve problems
using a computer.
• The software development method consists of the
following steps:
6. Requirements Specification
• Consists of understanding exactly
– what the problem is,
– what is needed to solve it,
– what the solution should provide, and
– if there are constraints and conditions.
7. Analysis
– In the analysis phase we should identify the
following:
• Inputs to the problem, their form, and the input
media to be used
• Outputs expected from the solution, their form, and
the output media to be used
• Any special constraints or conditions
• Formulas or equations to be used
8. Design
• The next step is to design a method of solution for
the problem.
• A method of solution is also called algorithm
• Algorithm is a series of steps to be performed in a
specific logical order.
• Algorithm can be designed by using either:
– Pseudo codes or
– Flow charts
9. Implementation
• Translate each step of the algorithm into a language
statement.
• Ends up with a computer program.
• A computer program is a sequence of a finite number of
statements expressed in a programming language in a
specific logical order that, when executed, produce the
solution for a problem.
• This phase consists of
– choosing the appropriate programming language and
– writing a program following the syntax of the language exactly.
10. Testing and Verification
• Check the correctness of the program and verify that the
program will do what is expected to do.
• Program Verification
– is the process of ensuring that a program meets user requirements.
One of the techniques that can be used for program verification is
Program Testing.
• Program Testing
– is the process of executing a program to demonstrate its
correctness.
• A program must be tested using a sufficiently large sample
of test data sets such that every logical path in the program
is traversed at least once.
11. • Testing the program consists of :
– Desk-checking- is simply reading through, or
checking the program to make sure that it is free
of errors and that the logic works
– Debugging the program- means to detect, locate
and remove all errors in a computer program
– Run real-world data
• Testing the program with real data and real users
• It is also advisable to test it with faulty or incomplete or
overwhelming data
12. Program Documentation
• Prepare documents that explain
– how the program works and
– how to use it.
• Program documentation consists of these elements:
– A concise requirements specification.
– Descriptions of problem inputs, expected outputs, constraints, and
applicable formula
– A pseudocode or flowchart for its algorithm.
– A source program listing.
– A hard copy of a sample test runs of the program.
– A user’s guide explaining to non programmer users how the
program should be used.
13. PROGRAM ALGORITHMS
• Algorithm:
– is a sequence of a finite number of steps arranged
in a specific logical order which is used to develop
the solution for a problem
• Pseudocodes and flowcharts can be used to
develop algorithms.
14. Pseudocoding and Flowcharting
Pseudocoding:
• Pseudocode is a semiformal, English-like language
with a limited vocabulary that can be used to design
and describe algorithms.
• A pseudocode language is a more appropriate
algorithm description language than any
programming language.
• A pseudocode can be used for:
– Designing algorithms
– Communicating algorithms to users
– Debugging logic errors in program
– Documenting programs for future maintenance and
expansion purposes
15. • Flowcharting:
– is a graph consisting of geometrical shapes that are connected by flow
lines.
• The geometrical shapes in a flowchart represent the types of
statements in an algorithm.
– The details of statements are written inside the shapes.
16.
17. Examples
• Example:1 The following set of instructions forms a
detailed algorithm in pseudo code for calculating the
payment of person.
• Input the three values into the variables Name,
Hours, Rate.
• Calculate Pay = Hours Rate.
• Display Name and Pay.
21. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• Early programming languages were designed
for specific kinds of tasks.
• Modern languages are more general-
purpose.
• In any case, each language has its own
characteristics, vocabulary, and syntax.
• Many programming languages have some
form of written specification of their syntax
(form) and semantics (meaning).
22. Types [Levels] of
Programming Languages
• There is only one programming language that
any computer can actually understand and
execute:
– its own native binary machine language.
• All other languages are said to be high level or
low level according to how closely they can be
said to resemble machine code.
23. 1. Low-level languages
• They allow instructions to be written at the
hardware level.
• Thus, a program written in a low-level
language can be
– extremely efficient,
– making optimum use of both computer memory
and processing time.
• However, to write a low-level program needs
– a substantial amount of time,
– as well as a clear understanding of the inner
workings of the processor itself.
24. Characteristics of LOW Level Languages:
• They are machine oriented:
– an assembly language program written for one
machine will not work on any other type of
machine unless they happen to use the same
processor chip.
• The program becomes long and time-
consuming to create.
– Each assembly language statement generally
translates into one machine code instruction,
25. 2. High-level languages
• They permit faster development of large
programs.
• The final program as executed by the
computer is not as efficient,
– but the savings in programmer time generally
far outweigh the inefficiencies of the finished
product.
26. Characteristics of HIGH Level Languages:
• They are not machine oriented:
– they are portable, meaning that a program written for one
machine will run on any other machine for which the appropriate
compiler or interpreter is available.
• They are problem oriented:
– most high level languages have structures and facilities
appropriate to a particular use or type of problem.
– For example, FORTRAN was developed for use in solving
mathematical problems. Some languages, such as PASCAL were
developed as general-purpose languages.
• Statements in high-level languages usually resemble English
sentences or mathematical expressions
– they tend to be easier to learn and understand than assembly
language.
• Each statement in a high level language will be
translated into several machine code instructions.
28. GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• 1ST GENERATION –
– MACHINE LANGUAGE
• 2ND GENERATION –
– ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
• 3RD GENERATION –
– HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
• 4TH GENERATION –
– FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GLS)
29. 1ST GENERATION - MACHINE
LANGUAGE
• In the early days of computer programming all programs had
to be written in machine code.
– For example a short (3 instruction) program might look like this:
0111 0001 0000 1111
1001 1101 1011 0001
1110 0001 0011 1110
• Machine code has several significant disadvantages
associated it:
– It is very difficult to read and write machine code.
– The writing of machine code is extremely time consuming and error
prone.
– Many different machine codes exist (one for each make and type of
computer).
• Machine code executes directly without translation since it is
the actual pattern of 0s and 1s understood by the computer's
memory.
30. 2ND GENERATION - ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
• They use symbolic codes instead lists of binary instructions.
• Consequently programming became more "friendly". An
example of assembly code is given below:
MOV AX, 01
MOV BX, 02
ADD AX, BX
• In assembly language each line of the program corresponds
to one instruction in machine code.
• For a program written in assembly language to be executable
it must be translated into machine code using a translating
program called an assembler.
31. …..2ND GENERATION - ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
• There are still significant disadvantages associated
with their use:
– Each model of computer has its own assembly language
associated with it.
– Assembly programming still requires great attention to
detail and hence remains both time consuming and
tedious.
– Because of (2) the risk of program error is not significantly
reduced. It is error prone.
• Assembly language is still a necessity for some
computer programs, such as interfacing with
peripherals
32. 3RD GENERATION - HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGES
• They are not machine oriented.
– They are independent of the particular computer.
33. 4TH GENERATION - FOURTH GENERATION
LANGUAGES (4GLS)
• 4GLs are the most modern high level
languages today.
• The user must concentrate more on what is to
be done to solve the problem
– while the how part is entirely (or most of it) left in
the hands of the 4GL.
35. LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
• All computer programs run on machine code
that is executed directly on computer
architecture.
• Essentially, machine code is a long series of
bits (i.e. ones and zeroes).
36. …LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
• 3 types of system software used for
translating the code that a programmer
writes into a form that the computer can
execute (i.e. machine code).
• These are:
– Assemblers
– Compilers
– Interpreters
37. 1. Assemblers
• Assembly language code is simply an abbreviated form of
machine code.
• To transform a program, the instructions must be converted
from their mneumonic abbreviations into their equivalent
string of ones and zeroes.
• This transformation process is known as assembling and is
accomplished by an assembler.
• The assembler substitutes the required machine code for
each symbolic names.
• The final result is a machine-language program that can run
on its own at any time without the need of the assembler.
38. 2. Compilers
• A compiler converts an entire program written in a high-level
language (called source code) and translates it into an
executable form (called object code).
Advantages of a Compiler
Fast in execution
The object program can be used without the need to of re-
compilation.
Disadvantages of a Compiler
Debugging a program is much harder.
When an error is found, the whole program has to be re-
compiled
39. 3. Interpreters
• An interpreter takes source code and converts each line in
succession.
Advantages of an Interpreter
Good at locating errors in programs
Debugging is easier
If an error is removed, there is no need to retranslate
Disadvantages of an Interpreter
Execution of an interpreted program is much slower
No object code is produced.
For the program to run, the Interpreter must be present.
41. C++ PROGRAM COMPILATION
• When a C++ program is written, it must be typed into
the computer and saved to a file.
– A text editor, which is similar to a word processing
program, is used for this task.
• The statements written by the programmer are
called source code, and the file they are saved in is
called the source file.
• After the source code is saved to a file, the process of
translating it to machine language can begin.
42. … C++ PROGRAM COMPILATION
• During the first phase of this process,
– a program called the preprocessor reads the
source code.
– The preprocessor searches for special lines that
begin with the # symbol.
– These lines contain commands that cause the
preprocessor to modify the source code in some
way.
43. … C++ PROGRAM COMPILATION
• During the next phase
– the compiler steps through the preprocessed source code,
– translating each source code instruction into the
appropriate machine language instruction.
– This process will uncover any syntax errors that may be in
the program.
• Syntax errors are illegal uses of key words, operators, punctuation,
and other language elements.
– If the program is free of syntax errors, the compiler stores
the translated machine language instructions, which are
called object code, in an object file.
44. … C++ PROGRAM COMPILATION
• C++ is equipped with a library of prewritten code for
performing common operations or sometimes-difficult tasks.
• For example, the library contains hardware-specific code for
displaying messages on the screen and reading input from the
keyboard.
• It also provides routines for mathematical functions, such as
calculating the square root of a number.
• This collection of code, called the run-time library, is
extensive.
• When the compiler generates an object file, however, it does
not include machine code for any run-time library routines
the programmer might have used.
45. … C++ PROGRAM COMPILATION
• During the last phase of the translation
process,
– the linker combines the object file with the
necessary library routines.
– Once the linker has finished with this step, an
executable file is created.
– The executable file contains machine language
instructions, or executable code, and is ready to
run on the computer.
46. … C++ PROGRAM COMPILATION
• The following
illustrates the
process of
translating a
source file into
an executable
file.
48. The C++ Preprocessor
• A C++ compiler begins by invoking the preprocessor,
• Preprocessor a program that uses special statements, known
as directives or control statements, that cause special
compiler actions such as:
– File inclusion, in which the file being preprocessed incorporates the
contents of another file;
– Macro substitution, in which one sequence of text is replaced by
another;
– Conditional compilation, in which parts of the source file's code can
be eliminated at compile time under certain circumstances.
• All preprocessor directives begin with the # symbol (known as
pound or hash), which must occur in the leftmost column of
the line.