1. The document discusses different types of movements in the human body including locomotion, amoeboid movement, ciliary movement, and muscular movement. 2. It describes the three main types of muscles - skeletal, visceral, and cardiac muscles - and their characteristics. 3. The mechanism of muscle contraction is explained by the sliding filament theory where calcium ions binding to troponin cause the myosin heads to pull actin filaments towards the center.

1. LOCOMOTION
AND
MOVEMENT
By :
Mrs. Sheela Jayakumar
(PGT Biology)
JNV LEPAKSHI

2. INTRODUCTION
Movement of body parts and locomotion are two important
properties of living organism.
Animals including human beings can move their body parts like
limbs, jaws, eyelids, tongue etc.
Some movements results in a change of place or location of the
organism; such voluntary movements are called
locomotion.e.g., walking, running, climbing etc.

3. AMOEBOID MOVEMENTs CILIARY MOssVEMENT MUSCULAR MOVEMENT
1.Some specialized cells
like macrophages and
leukocytes move by the
formation of
pseudopodia.
1. It occurs in most of the
internal tubular organs,
which are lined by ciliated
epithelium.
1. The muscle shows
special properties like
excitability, contractility,
extensibility and elasticity.
2. Such a movement
occurs by streaming of
the protoplasm (as in
amoeba)
2. Passage of ova through
female reproductive tract
occur by ciliated
epithelium
2. The muscles have been
classifies using criteria like
location, appearance and
nature of regulation of
their activities

4. Skeletal muscles Visceral muscles Cardiac muscles

5.  They are closely associated with the skeletal system of the
body.
 Muscle cells are cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate.
 They have a striped appearance hence called striated
muscle.
 Their activities are under voluntary control, hence are called
voluntary muscles.
 They are involved in locomotory action and changes of
body posture.
Skeletal muscles

6.  They are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral
organs of the body.
 Muscle fibers are spindle shaped and uninucleate.
 They do not have striation, hence are called smooth
or non-striated muscles.
 Their activities are not under voluntary control, hence
are called involuntary muscles.
Visceral muscles

7.  They are present in the walls of the heart.
 Many cardiac muscle cells assemble in a branching pattern
to form a cardiac muscle.
 The muscle fibers are uninucleate and have faint striation.
 The fibers have intercalated discs.
 They are involuntary as the nerves system does not control
their activity directly.
Cardiac muscles

8. 1.Skeletal muscle is made of muscle bundles or fascicle
2.Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called fascia.
3.Inside the fascicle present muscle fibres.
4. myofibrils are arranged in the form of filaments in the sarcoplasm of
muscle fibre.

9. 5.Light bands of myofibrils contain actin and dark bands contain myosin protein.
6.In the Centre of actin lies elastic fibre called Z-line and M-line in the myosin.
7.The portion of myofibril between two Z-line is called sarcomere.
8.The middle part of the myosin is not overlapped by actin filament is called H-
zone.

11. • ACTIN ( thin filament)
• Each actin filament is made up of three types proteins namely F- actin, tropomyosin
troponin.
• Each F-actin is a polymer of monomeric G-globular actins.
• Two F-actins are helically wound to each other, two filaments of tropomyosin also
close to the F-actin along their length.
• Troponin, a complex protein is present at regular intervals on the tropomyosin.
• Troponin masks the binding site of myosin.

12. • Myosin is a polymer of monomeric proteins called
meromyosins.
• It has two important parts, a globular head with a
short arm and a tail.
• The head is called the heavy meromyosin(HMM),
and tail is called the light meromyosin(LMM).
• The HMM component projects outwards from the
surface of the meromyosin, and is called cross
arm.
• The globular head functions as ATPase enzyme
and has binding sites for ATP and active site for
actin.

13. • The mechanism of muscle contraction is explained by the sliding filament
theory.
• When a neural signal reaches the neuromuscular junction, it releases a
neurotransmitter, which generates an action potential in the sarcolemma.
• The action potential spreads through the muscle fiber and causes the release of
Ca2+ ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm.
• The Ca2+ ions bind to the subunit of troponin of actin filament and thereby
remove the masking of the active sites for myosin.

14. • The myosin head binds to the active sties on actin to form a cross
bridge; this utilizes energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.
• This pulls the actin filament towards the center of A-band.
• As a result, the Z-line limiting the sarcomere are pulled closer
together, causing the shortening of the sarcomere i.e. the contraction
of the muscle.

16. RED MUSCLE WHITE
MUSCLE

17. RED MUSCLE
• They are red in colour due to the presence of high content
myoglobin.
• They contain a plenty of mitochondria.
• These muscles are called aerobic muscles.

18. WHITE MUSCLE
• They are white in colour due to the presence of less
content of myoglobin.
• They contain a less mitochondria.
• These muscles are called anaerobic muscles.

19. • Skeletal system consists of a framework of bones and few
cartilages.
• The functions of skeletal system.
• It protects the vital organs of the body.
• It plays a vital role in movement and locomotion.
• It serves as reservoir of many minerals like calcium and
phosphate.

20. DIVISION OF SKELETON
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Sternum
• Ribs
• Limbs
• Girdles

21. SKULL
• Skull is composed of two sets of bones
i. Cranial bones- 8
ii. Facial bone- 14
• A single U-shaped bone called hyoid is present
at the base of the buccal cavity.
• Each middle ear contains 3 tiny bones: Malleus,
Incus and Stapes collectively called Ear ossicles.
• The skull region articulates with the superior
region of the vertebral column with the help of
two occipital condyles.

22. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• The unit of vertebral column is vertebrae(26).
• It extends from the base of the skull and constitute the main
frame of the trunk.
• It has central hollow portion through which the spinal cord
passes.
• The vertebral column is differentiated into:
i. Cervical-7
ii. Thoracic-12
iii. Lumbar-5
iv. Sacral-1
v. Coccygeal-1

23. RIBS
• Each rib is a thin flat bone.
• First 7 pairs of ribs are called true ribs.
• The 8th, 9th, and 10th are called flase ribs.
• Last two pairs(11th and 12th) are called
floating ribs.
• Totally there are 12 pairs of ribs.
• The sternum is a flat bone on the ventral
mid line of thorax.

24. • Each forelimb consists of 30 bones.
• Humerus-1
• Radius and Ulna- 2
• Carples-8
• Metacarples-5
• Phalanges-14

25. LOWER LIMB
• Each lower limb consists of 30 bones.
• Femur-1
• Tibia and Fibula-2
• Tarsals-7
• Metatarsals-5
• Phalanges-14
• Patella-1

26. PELVIC GIRDLE PECTORIAL GIRDLE

27. Joints are points of contact between two or more bones or
between a bone and a cartilage.
• Joints are essential for all types of movements involving
the boney parts of the body

28.  Do not allow any
movement.
 Ex: Flat skull bones
 Allows limited
movement.
 Ex: Joints between
adjacent vertebrae.
 Freely movable.
 Ex: Between
humerus and
pectoral girdle.
 Ex: Knee joint.  Ex: Between
atlas and axis
vertebrae.
 Ex: Between
carpals.
 Ex: Between
carpal and
metacarpal of
thumb.

30. • Myasthenia gravis: Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction
leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.
• Muscular dystrophy: Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle, mostly
due to genetic disorder.
• Tetany: Wild contractions in muscle due to low calcium in body fluid.
• Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
• Osteoporosis: Age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass
and increased chances of fractures.
• Gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation uric acid crystals.