Locke and rousseau
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This document compares the philosophies of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. John Locke believed in natural rights and a social contract between government and people, where government's role was to protect rights. If government infringed on rights, people could revolt. Rousseau felt society corrupted people and government must save everyone through laws benefiting the majority. Both supported limited government getting power from the people, but early Americans favored Locke's ideas over Rousseau's potential for tyranny of the majority.
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Baron de Montesquieu was a French Enlightenment philosopher who developed the notion of separation of powers and checks and balances, arguing that governmental power should be divided between legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Voltaire was another influential French Enlightenment philosopher who focused on civil liberties like freedom of speech and religion, writing extensively about reason, religious tolerance, separation of church and state, and free thought. Both philosophers had an influence on the development of the American system of government.
Enlightenment Thinkers
The document discusses several Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas about government:
- Thomas Hobbes believed people were naturally wicked and that a strong sovereign authority was needed to enforce laws and maintain order. He advocated for absolute power to the sovereign through a social contract.
- John Locke believed in natural rights but agreed people were brutish in the state of nature. He favored a representative government and believed the social contract was between the people and the king, allowing revolt if rights were violated.
- Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers that became the basis for the US Constitution. He opposed absolute monarchy and favored the English system of government.
Theory of social contract
The social contract theory argues that individuals consent to give up some freedoms to a governing body in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. Major theorists like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau discussed the state of nature without government and how individuals would agree to form a state through social contracts. Hobbes saw life without government as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." Locke believed individuals would agree to a neutral judge to protect their lives, liberty, and property. Rousseau said the people would surrender their will to a great leader through the social contract.
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The document discusses the origins and basic structure of the American system of government. It explains that the Declaration of Independence established America's natural rights like life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness based on Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke. The first government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak, so a new Constitution was drafted separating powers among the executive, legislative and judicial branches, establishing a federal system of government. The First Amendment protects freedoms of speech and religion based on Voltaire's ideas, and the Second Amendment addresses the right to bear arms but leaves its meaning debated.
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Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
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The document discusses several philosophers and their ideas about government and political theory during the Enlightenment period. It describes Thomas Hobbes's view of the social contract and belief in absolute monarchy. John Locke believed in natural rights and the idea that the people can overthrow a government that does not protect those rights. Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that government should express the will of the people. Baron de Montesquieu promoted separating government into branches with shared powers. These Enlightenment ideas influenced the American colonists in their rebellion against Britain.
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Baron de Montesquieu was a French Enlightenment philosopher who developed the notion of separation of powers and checks and balances, arguing that governmental power should be divided between legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Voltaire was another influential French Enlightenment philosopher who focused on civil liberties like freedom of speech and religion, writing extensively about reason, religious tolerance, separation of church and state, and free thought. Both philosophers had an influence on the development of the American system of government.
Enlightenment Thinkers
The document discusses several Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas about government:
- Thomas Hobbes believed people were naturally wicked and that a strong sovereign authority was needed to enforce laws and maintain order. He advocated for absolute power to the sovereign through a social contract.
- John Locke believed in natural rights but agreed people were brutish in the state of nature. He favored a representative government and believed the social contract was between the people and the king, allowing revolt if rights were violated.
- Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers that became the basis for the US Constitution. He opposed absolute monarchy and favored the English system of government.
Theory of social contract
The social contract theory argues that individuals consent to give up some freedoms to a governing body in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. Major theorists like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau discussed the state of nature without government and how individuals would agree to form a state through social contracts. Hobbes saw life without government as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." Locke believed individuals would agree to a neutral judge to protect their lives, liberty, and property. Rousseau said the people would surrender their will to a great leader through the social contract.
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The document discusses the origins and basic structure of the American system of government. It explains that the Declaration of Independence established America's natural rights like life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness based on Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke. The first government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak, so a new Constitution was drafted separating powers among the executive, legislative and judicial branches, establishing a federal system of government. The First Amendment protects freedoms of speech and religion based on Voltaire's ideas, and the Second Amendment addresses the right to bear arms but leaves its meaning debated.
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Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
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This document discusses theories of political philosophy and the justification of government. It examines social contract theory as proposed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes viewed humans in a state of nature as driven by selfishness and war, requiring an absolute sovereign to impose order. Locke believed humans are rational and have natural rights, forming limited governments to protect rights. Rousseau emphasized personal freedom and that legitimate governments require the consent of the governed. The document outlines debates around the role and authority of the state.
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Unit 1 baron
1. Baron de Montesquieu was a French philosopher and judge born in 1689 who studied law and science. He published his most famous work "On the Spirit of Laws" in 1748, which outlined his political theories.
2. In his work, Montesquieu believed that all things, including governments, operated according to immutable laws. He identified three types of governments - monarchies, republics, and despotisms.
3. Montesquieu argued that the best form of government was a republic elected by the people, and that power should be balanced among three branches of government, which he called the principle of "separation of powers." This idea became the basis for the United States
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The document discusses several major Enlightenment philosophers and their political philosophies:
- John Locke promoted natural rights like life, liberty, and property. He believed in a social contract and limited monarchical power.
- Baron de Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers and checks and balances based on the British system.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed people could achieve moral freedom through a direct democracy with the general will of the people as the highest authority.
- Voltaire was a defender of civil liberties like freedom of religion, speech, and trade, and criticized the church and state through his writings.
Jean Jacques Rousseau’s
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The document discusses John Locke and his work on liberal democracy. It summarizes that while Locke is typically seen as the founder of liberal individualism and possessive individualism, his thinking was actually strongly influenced by medieval Christian traditions. Locke was able to build the modern political form of liberal democracy while retaining aspects of medieval Christian thought. His work provides the foundations for recognizing inalienable human rights and persuades people on the direction society should move in.
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The document summarizes several Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas about government. Thomas Hobbes believed governments should have complete control to prevent selfish behavior, likening the ideal government to a powerful Leviathan. John Locke believed the best government was run by the people and that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire and Montesquieu spread ideas about separating government powers and recognizing individual rights that influenced governments globally.
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This document discusses theories of political philosophy and the justification of government. It examines social contract theory as proposed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes viewed humans in a state of nature as driven by selfishness and war, requiring an absolute sovereign to impose order. Locke believed humans are rational and have natural rights, forming limited governments to protect rights. Rousseau emphasized personal freedom and that legitimate governments require the consent of the governed. The document outlines debates around the role and authority of the state.
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Lecture slides from a course on Political Thought I taught back in 2003-2005. This deck deals with Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan.
Rousseau's Theory of Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss philosopher born in 1712 who published two influential works in 1762, The Social Contract and Emile. In these works, he outlined his theory of social contract which argued that people form societies and consent to be governed through an implicit agreement, surrendering some freedoms for the stability and protections provided by the state. This social contract creates a sovereign, the general will of the people, and binds citizens to work for the common good of society over individual interests. Though criticized, Rousseau's ideas greatly influenced political thought and the French and American revolutions.
Thomas hobbes
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The document discusses Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory and ideas presented in his book Leviathan. According to Hobbes, in the state of nature human life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" due to constant war between individuals driven by their natural desires and aversion to death. To escape this state, individuals voluntarily agree to a social contract establishing an absolute sovereign, represented as Leviathan, to enforce laws and order. Hobbes argues this sovereign authority is necessary to maintain peace and stability in society.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived from 1588 to 1679. He studied at Oxford University and developed theories about political philosophy and human nature. Hobbes believed that in a state of nature without government, humans would be in a constant state of war due to seeking power over others. To escape this, humans form societies through social contracts that establish sovereign authority like a monarch to maintain order and peace. Hobbes argued this absolute authority was the best form of government to restrain people's natural inclinations towards harming each other. His most influential work was Leviathan, published in 1651.
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The document discusses the key figures and ideas of the political Enlightenment. It outlines the philosophies of John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Marquis de Condorcet, Immanuel Kant, Denis Diderot, and Voltaire. Their philosophies emphasized natural rights like life, liberty, and property; separation of powers; consent of the governed; and reason as the path to universal happiness and freedom of thought.
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Unit 1 baron
1. Baron de Montesquieu was a French philosopher and judge born in 1689 who studied law and science. He published his most famous work "On the Spirit of Laws" in 1748, which outlined his political theories.
2. In his work, Montesquieu believed that all things, including governments, operated according to immutable laws. He identified three types of governments - monarchies, republics, and despotisms.
3. Montesquieu argued that the best form of government was a republic elected by the people, and that power should be balanced among three branches of government, which he called the principle of "separation of powers." This idea became the basis for the United States
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Enlightenment Society and Politics
The document discusses several major Enlightenment philosophers and their political philosophies:
- John Locke promoted natural rights like life, liberty, and property. He believed in a social contract and limited monarchical power.
- Baron de Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers and checks and balances based on the British system.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed people could achieve moral freedom through a direct democracy with the general will of the people as the highest authority.
- Voltaire was a defender of civil liberties like freedom of religion, speech, and trade, and criticized the church and state through his writings.
Jean Jacques Rousseau’s
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Man in the State of Nature: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and the Facebook Pheno...
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The document discusses the intellectual foundations of revolution. It describes the views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who influenced ideas during the Enlightenment. Hobbes believed humans were inherently evil and needed a strong ruler, while Locke believed people could govern themselves and had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These ideas influenced other thinkers like the French philosophes who wanted to improve society. Figures like Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau expanded on these foundations by advocating for freedom of thought, separation of government powers, and the ability of people to shape their own governments.
John locke.ppt
John Locke was an English philosopher born in 1632. He studied at Oxford University and served as personal physician to Lord Shaftesbury. Locke helped draft a constitution for the Carolinas and wrote major works on human understanding, government, and tolerance. He argued the mind is a blank slate at birth and knowledge comes from experience. Government's role is to protect natural rights and people can revolt if it fails to do so, influencing the American Revolution. Locke viewed humans as reasonable and having rights to life, liberty, and property.
john Locke PLT slides
John Locke was a 17th century British philosopher whose writings on epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy greatly influenced the American and French Revolutions. He supported the idea of tabula rasa and the social contract theory. Locke believed governments should protect natural rights like life, liberty, and property, and should be separated from religious authority. His arguments for inalienable rights and limited government informed the philosophies of the American Founding Fathers and the structure of the US Constitution.
Social contract theory
The document summarizes key concepts of social contract theory according to Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes viewed the state of nature as dangerous and advocated for absolute monarchy to maintain order. Locke believed the state of nature allowed for rational self-governance and advocated for representational democracy and protection of property rights. Rousseau viewed the state of nature positively and humans as inherently good, advocating for direct democracy and for individuals to submit to the general will of the people.
Philosophers
- Thomas Hobbes believed that humans were inherently selfish and driven by fear, so a strong authoritarian government was needed to maintain order and security.
- John Locke believed humans were reasonable and intelligent, with a natural right to life, liberty, and property. He advocated for limited government that protects citizens and their rights.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that humans were born equal but become selfish due to competition for status and wealth. He argued people should participate in government directly through voting to determine laws that benefit society over individuals.
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Forming a united states 83
America's first national government under the Articles of Confederation was very weak. It gave
too much power to the states and too little to the central government. As a result, states fought
with each other over taxes and currency, and rebellions like Shays' Rebellion broke out when
the government could not enforce order. In response, delegates met at the Constitutional
Convention to draft a new governing document that created a stronger federal system with
separation of powers among three branches of government. However, they disagreed on issues
like representation and slavery, leading to the Great Compromise that created a bicameral
legislature with proportional and equal representation between the houses.
French and indian webquest
The document provides resources and questions for a French and Indian War webquest. Students are directed to use multiple websites as sources to answer 10 questions in complete sentences about the causes and outcomes of the French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War. Key topics addressed include which countries controlled Canada and North American colonies at the start and end of the war, which side major Indian tribes and American colonists supported, and the city the English captured from the French towards the end of the war.
Human and environment interactions (day 2)
The document discusses various environmental issues including carbon emissions, damage to the ozone layer, the Kyoto Protocol, efforts to save wildlife, and actions individuals can take to help the environment such as using reusable bags and driving hybrid cars. It also mentions that scientists are researching additional clean energy sources like water, nuclear, solar, and wind power.
Human and environment interactions
The Green Revolution in the 1960s led farmers to use fertilizers and pesticides to increase food production, resulting in more crops and higher populations but also dangerous chemicals in the environment and erosion. Increased populations caused greater urbanization and industrialization, with over 3.5 billion people living in cities by 2005, leading to localized pollution, disease spread, and wildlife habitat loss as natural areas were developed. This utilization of resources to support larger populations also results in more environmental pollution worldwide.
The digital revolution
Computers have evolved dramatically from room-sized machines only capable of basic tasks to handheld devices with immense processing power that can access a global network of computers from anywhere. This digital revolution transformed how people work and share information through innovations like personal computers, the Internet, and cellular technology that now interconnect our world and fuel a technology-dependent global marketplace.
The power of tv
Television became the primary source of information for most Americans in the 1950s, bringing current events and global news into people's homes. In the following decades, TV played a pivotal role in important social movements like the Civil Rights Movement by showing the realities of segregation and violence against protesters. TV also transformed how Americans experienced wars, allowing people to watch conflicts like the Vietnam and Persian Gulf Wars unfold in real time rather than just reading about them in newspapers. Satellites further expanded television's reach and influence by linking networks around the world.
Space
The document summarizes the Space Race between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War, where each nation aimed to prove its technological superiority through achievements in space exploration. It describes some of the key events, including the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 which spurred the US to focus on math and science education and develop its own space program. Both nations went on to launch space stations - Mir by the Soviets and Skylab by the Americans. The International Space Station launched in 1998 represented a joint effort between 16 countries to conduct experiments in space.
Women’s roles continue to change
The roles of women have significantly changed since the 1960s and 70s as the feminist movement gained momentum, demanding equality and better pay for women in jobs. This movement spread globally, with famous women leading countries like India, the UK, and Pakistan, yet some discrimination remains as some women still face glass ceilings and lower pay than men in some workplaces. The UN has investigated women's rights and treatment around the world in response to these continuing issues.
The changing role of women
Women's roles have changed significantly over the past century. Prior to 1900, most women were housewives, but World War I necessitated women taking jobs in factories while the men were away. This contributed to the growing women's suffrage movement, and after World War I many countries granted women the right to vote. Although some women gained employment in new fields like medicine and journalism in the 1920s, most returned to being housewives after World War II in western nations, while communist countries encouraged women's employment and expanded their rights.
A terrifying terrorist!
The document discusses the history of conflict in the Middle East and the origins and progression of the War on Terror. It notes that the Middle East has had a long history of violence and wars over control of territory and oil. The War on Terror began after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which prompted the U.S. to launch military campaigns against the Taliban in Afghanistan for harboring Al Qaeda and against Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq over suspected weapons programs. Both countries saw regime changes but terrorist attacks have continued in the region.
Freedom for africa
After World War II, many African countries sought independence from European colonial rule, inspired by India and other Asian nations that had gained freedom. Ghana was the first to gain independence, through nonviolent tactics led by Kwame Nkrumah. Algeria had to fight violently against French forces for independence. Kenya also struggled for independence from Britain, with Jomo Kenyatta leading the movement. Some newly independent nations like the Congo experienced civil war and unrest as they were unprepared to govern. South Africa imposed the system of apartheid that denied political power and rights to the black majority until the end of apartheid in the 1990s.
India and pakistan
The document discusses the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 by the British. It summarizes that the British divided the single nation into two separate countries to prevent conflict between the Hindu and Muslim populations. However, the partition led to over a million deaths as groups migrated to their respective nations. Ongoing tensions exist particularly over the Kashmir region which has a Muslim majority but is controlled by India.
Czechoslovakia and yugoslavia
The document summarizes the breakup of two communist states - Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia - following the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia due to increasing tensions between Czechs and Slovaks. In contrast, Yugoslavia broke apart violently as nationalism grew among its six republics (Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro), leading to war and "ethnic cleansing" under Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic before the republics gained independence.
The end of the cold war
The Soviet Union's economy was weakening due to the costs of the space race and arms race with the US. Mikhail Gorbachev implemented reforms of perestroika and glasnost to restructure and open up the Soviet economy and society. Meanwhile, Ronald Reagan took a hard line against communism as president of the US. In 1985, Gorbachev and Reagan met and began limiting weapons, with Gorbachev agreeing to democratization. Inspired by reforms in the Soviet Union, resistance grew in Eastern Europe, leading to democratic reforms in countries like Poland and Hungary breaking from Soviet control. As the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, symbolizing the end of Soviet oppression, other Soviet states declared independence,
The vietnam war
The document summarizes the key events of American involvement in the Vietnam War. It describes how Vietnam was divided after French rule, with a communist North under Ho Chi Minh and a democratic South led by Diem. Fearing communism would spread, the US supported France and later sent troops to South Vietnam. Despite American military assistance, North Vietnam was able to defeat South Vietnam and reunify the country as a communist state in 1975 after the US withdrew.
The korean war
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to unite the Korean Peninsula under communist rule. Although the US and USSR did not directly engage each other, the Cold War turned hot as America sent troops to defend South Korea out of fear of communism spreading. While North Korea initially gained ground with help from China and the Soviet Union, the US general Douglas MacArthur eventually pushed the invading forces back across the 38th parallel border. A ceasefire was ultimately signed in 1953 due to fears of the conflict escalating into a full war between the US and communist allies, leaving Korea still divided along the original post-WWII border.
Communism in africa and latin america
The document discusses the Cold War in Africa and Latin America. It describes how the Soviet Union aimed to spread communism in newly independent African nations by providing military, economic, and educational aid. The US responded by also providing funds to countries to prevent the spread of communism and containment of the Soviet Union. It further discusses how Cuba allied with the Soviet Union, alarming the US, and how Castro tried to spread communism in Latin America, leading the US to back anti-communist groups in countries like El Salvador and Nicaragua.
The domino theory
The document discusses the Domino Theory, which was the idea that if one country in Asia fell to communism, the surrounding countries would follow like dominoes. It describes how after WWII, China became communist under Mao Zedong, and then Korea was divided into the communist North and democratic South to prevent the spread of communism. The US feared that if Korea or other Asian countries went communist, it would trigger surrounding countries to follow suit according to the Domino Theory.
Tensions mount
After World War 2, tensions rose between the US and its allies and the Soviet Union. The Soviets blockaded Berlin to push out Western influence, but the US airlifted supplies in response. This proved to the US that the Soviets could cause problems. In 1949, the US and allies formed NATO as a military alliance to counter the Soviet threat, while the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact with Eastern European nations under its control. The Soviets sought to spread communism globally through both military alliances with neighboring states and ideological influence in countries experiencing revolutions.
Containment
After World War II, tensions arose between the US and Soviet Union due to disagreements over politics and economics, starting the Cold War. President Truman implemented the policy of containment to limit the spread of communism and instead promote democracy. This included the Truman Doctrine, which provided financial aid to countries to prevent them from becoming communist, and the Marshall Plan, which gave $12.5 billion to Western Europe for rebuilding to prevent the spread of communism there.
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Locke and rousseau
- 1. LOCKE AND ROUSSEAU Two Differing Enlightenment Philosophies…
- 2. • One of the greatest Enlightenment era philosophers • Believed in a concept called the “state of nature” or “natural law.” • Promoted the idea of the social contract JOHN LOCKE
- 3. • Another great Enlightenment philosopher • French • Writer • Musician JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
- 4. BASIC BELIEFS • Rousseau believed society (culture or those around you) corrupted people and so government must save everyone. • John Locke believed that all people had natural rights (rights given by God) • Absolute monarchists didn’t believe citizens had rights at all.
- 5. LOCKE’S VIEW ON THE SOCIAL CONTRACT… • Locke taught that the social contract was an agreement between the people and the government. • Thus, government was designed to protect our rights, not infringe (or take away) our rights.
- 6. • Locke supported the idea that if government took people’s rights, then people had the right to create a new one. • In other words, government is by consent. People can “divorce” their government if there is a problem. WHAT IF GOVERNMENT DOESN’T DO THIS?
- 7. • Believed that government should create laws that benefit the majority of the people. • This limits government in that government must help the majority. • This concept is democracy. ROUSSEAU HOWEVER…
- 8. • Both men believed in a limited government and people having rights. • Their works influenced the idea of popularity sovereignty, or the notion that government gets it powers from the people. SIMILARITIES
- 9. HOW DID EARLY AMERICANS VIEW THESE GUYS? Early Americans did NOT support Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s democratic ideals. They worried about a tyranny of the majority. John Locke was a MAJOR influence on American government.