A presentation based on Rousseau's Social Contract translated by George Douglas Howard Cole in 1923. Done for my political science class at Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya (Untag Surabaya).

1. J . J . R O U S S E A U
NATURAL LIBERTY CIVIL STATE BODY POLITIC GOVERNMENT THE LEGISLATOR THE PEOPLE LAWS CIVIL RELIGION
The Social Contract
STAATLEHRE
Presented by Christina Wibisono
Based on Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, author, 1762.
Cole, George Douglas Howard, translator, 1923.
The Social Contract and Discourses. London:
J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1923.

2. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
1712-1778
Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th
century. His political philosophy influenced the French
Revolution as well as the overall development of mo-dern
political, sociological, and educational thought.

3. Fred and Wilma, The Flintstones (1994)
THE FIRST SOCIETIES
The most ancient and natural society is the family
This common liberty results from the nature of man.
His first law is to provide for his own preservation,
his first cares are those which he owes to himself; . . .
The family then may be called the first model of politi-cal
societies: the ruler corresponds to the father, and
the people to the children; . . . (p6).

4. Tough world: Humans in a state of nature
THAT WE MUST ALWAYS GO BACK TO A FIRST CONVENTION
From the state of nature to the civil state
The passage from the state of nature to the civil state
produces a very remarkable change in man, by substi-tuting
justice for instinct in his conduct, and giving his
actions the morality they had formerly lacked (p18).

5. Formal Session of the State Council on May 7, 1901. Oil on canvas.
400 × 877 cm. The State Russian Museum. St. Petersburg.
THAT WE MUST ALWAYS GO BACK TO A FIRST CONVENTION
From the state of nature to the civil state
What man loses by the social contract is his natural
liberty and an unlimited right to everything he tries to
get and succeeds in getting; what he gains is civil
liberty and the proprietorship of all he possesses (p19).

6. The Jakmania
THE SOCIAL COMPACT
The act of association
This public person, so formed by the union of all other
persons formerly took the name of city, and now takes
that of Republic or body politic; it is called by its
members State when passive.

7. The Jakmania
THE SOCIAL COMPACT
The act of association
Sovereign when active, and Power when compared
with others like itself. Those who are associated in it
take collectively the name of people, and severally are
called citizens, as sharing in the sovereign power, and
subjects, as being under the laws of the State (p15-16).

8. Republic store in Westfield, London
REPUBLIC
Every legitimate government is republican
I therefore give the name “Republic” to every State
that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its
administration may be: for only in such a case does the
public interest govern, and the res publica rank as a
reality. Every legitimate government is republican; . . .
(p33-34).

9. Brigitte Bardot in 1956’s And God Created Woman
THE BODY POLITIC
The natural and inevitable tendency of the best
constituted governments

10. Brigitte Bardot in 1956’s And God Created Woman
THE BODY POLITIC
The natural and inevitable tendency of the best
constituted governments
The body politic, as well as the human body, begins to
die as soon as it is born, and carries in itself the cau-ses
of its destruction. But both may have a constitution
that is more or less robust and suited to preserve them
a longer or a shorter time (p77).

11. THE BODY POLITIC
The natural and inevitable tendency of the best
constituted governments
It is not in men’s power to prolong their own lives; but
it is for them to prolong as much as possible the life
of the State, by giving it the best possible constitution.
The best constituted State will have an end; but it will
end later than any other, unless some unforeseen acci-dent
brings about its untimely destruction (p77-78).
Brigitte Bardot photographed in May 2010 Brigitte Bardot in 1956’s And God Created Woman

12. GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL
Legislative and executive power
The body politic has . . . will under the name of legis-lative
power and force under that of executive power
(p49).

13. GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL
Legislative and executive power
The legislative power is the heart of the State; the ex-ecutive
power is its brain, . . . A man may remain an
imbecile and live; but as soon as the heart ceases to
perform its functions, the animal is dead (p78).

14. President SBY visited Sinabung Tanah Karo, North Sumatra (23/01/2014)
THE PEOPLE
The people is never corrupted, but it is often
deceived
. . . that the general will is always right and tends to
the public advantage; but it does not follow that the
deliberations of the people are always equally correct
(p25).

15. Jokowi checked the culvert at Jalan MH Thamrin, Jakarta (26/12/2012)
THE PEOPLE
The will of all versus the general will
. . . while the [will of all] takes private interest into
account, and is no more than a sum of particular
wills: but take away from these same wills the pluses
and minuses that cancel one another, and the general
will remains as the sum of the differences (p25).

16. What is the best government?

17. What is the best government?
A body politic may be measured in two ways – either
by the extent of its territory, or by the number of its
people; . . . (p42).

18. What is the best government?
A body politic may be measured in two ways – either
by the extent of its territory, or by the number of its
people; . . . (p42).
The men make the State, and the territory sustains the
men; the right relation therefore is that the land should
suffice for the maintenance of the inhabitants, and that
there should be as many inhabitants as the land can
maintain (p42-43).

19. THAT ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT DO NOT SUIT ALL COUNTRIES
There is not a single unique and absolute form of
government

20. THAT ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT DO NOT SUIT ALL COUNTRIES
There is not a single unique and absolute form of
government
. . . because of the differences in the quality of land, in
its fertility, in the nature of its products, and in the in-fluence
of climate, and because of the different tempers
of those who inhabit it; for some in a fertile country
consume little, and others on an ungrateful soil much
(p43).

21. Decorative copy of the Fundamental Law on display in the Hungary
Parliament building
LAWS
The division of the laws
First, there is the action of the complete body upon
itself, the relation of the whole to the whole, of the
Sovereign to the State; . . . political laws, and are also
called fundamental laws, not without reason if they are
wise (p47).

22. AQJ’s session in East Jakarta District Court (16/07014)
LAWS
The division of the laws
The second relation is that of the members one to
another, or to the body as a whole; . . . Each citizen
would then be perfectly independent of all the rest, and
at the same time very dependent on the city; . . . From
this second relation arise civil laws (p47-48).

23. AQJ’s session in East Jakarta District Court (16/07014)
LAWS
The division of the laws
The second relation is that of the members one to
another, or to the body as a whole; . . . Each citizen
would then be perfectly independent of all the rest, and
at the same time very dependent on the city; . . . From
this second relation arise civil laws (p47-48).

24. Ade Sara’s murder trial (04/11/014)
LAWS
The division of the laws
. . a third kind of relation between the individual and
the law, a relation of disobedience to its penalty. This
gives rise to the setting up of criminal laws, . . . (p48).

25. Ade Sara’s murder trial (04/11/014)
LAWS
The division of the laws
. . a third kind of relation between the individual and
the law, a relation of disobedience to its penalty. This
gives rise to the setting up of criminal laws, . . . (p48).

26. Princes William and Harry joined the flood relief effort by helping soldiers
to lay sandbags in Datchet (14/02/2014)
LAWS
The division of the laws
a fourth, most important of all, . . . on the hearts of the
citizens. This forms the real constitution of the State,
takes on every day new powers, when other laws
decay or die out, restores them or takes their place,
keeps a people in the ways in which it was meant to go,
and insensibly replaces authority by the force of habit.
I am speaking of morality, of custom, above all of
public opinion; . . . (p48).

27. Princes William and Harry joined the flood relief effort by helping soldiers
to lay sandbags in Datchet (14/02/2014)
LAWS
The division of the laws
a fourth, most important of all, . . . on the hearts of the
citizens. This forms the real constitution of the State,
takes on every day new powers, when other laws
decay or die out, restores them or takes their place,
keeps a people in the ways in which it was meant to go,
and insensibly replaces authority by the force of habit.
I am speaking of morality, of custom, above all of
public opinion; . . . (p48).

28. POLITICS AND RELIGION
That God was set over every political society

29. POLITICS AND RELIGION
That God was set over every political society
Wise men, if they try to speak their language to the
common herd instead of its own, cannot possibly make
themselves understood.

30. POLITICS AND RELIGION
That God was set over every political society
Wise men, if they try to speak their language to the
common herd instead of its own, cannot possibly make
themselves understood.
The legislator therefore, being unable to appeal to
either force or reason, must have recourse to an
authority of a different order, capable of constraining
without violence and persuading without convincing.

31. POLITICS AND RELIGION
That God was set over every political society
Wise men, if they try to speak their language to the
common herd instead of its own, cannot possibly make
themselves understood.
The legislator therefore, being unable to appeal to
either force or reason, must have recourse to an
authority of a different order, capable of constraining
without violence and persuading without convincing.
This is what has, in all ages, compelled the fathers of
nations to have recourse to divine intervention and
credit the gods with their own wisdom, . . . (p37).

32. Don Felipe thanks you for listening!