Enlightenment Society and Politics
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The document discusses several major Enlightenment philosophers and their political philosophies: - John Locke promoted natural rights like life, liberty, and property. He believed in a social contract and limited monarchical power. - Baron de Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers and checks and balances based on the British system. - Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed people could achieve moral freedom through a direct democracy with the general will of the people as the highest authority. - Voltaire was a defender of civil liberties like freedom of religion, speech, and trade, and criticized the church and state through his writings.
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The document outlines the timeline of major works and thinkers during the Enlightenment period from 1690 to 1795. It discusses how Enlightenment philosophers built upon the Scientific Revolution to apply reason to the study of human society and government. They criticized absolute monarchy and proposed reforms to promote individual freedom and rights. The two main views on government during this time came from Thomas Hobbes, who argued for a strong absolute ruler to maintain order, and John Locke, who believed people had natural rights to life, liberty and property and governments derived power from the consent of the governed.
The Enlightenment
The document outlines the timeline of major works and thinkers during the Enlightenment period from 1690 to 1795. It discusses how Enlightenment philosophers built upon the Scientific Revolution to apply reason to the study of human society and government. They criticized absolute monarchy and proposed reforms to promote individual freedom and rights. The two main views on government during this time came from Thomas Hobbes, who argued for a strong sovereign to maintain order, and John Locke, who believed people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property and governments derived power from the consent of the governed.
THOMABS HOBBES (1588 – 1679) (His Life)
These slides about the life of Thomas Hobbes. Personalities from him were impressed. Some of his books, Theories of Thomas Hobbes.
Enlightenment Philosophers
The Enlightenment period of the 17th and 18th centuries was characterized by a set of attitudes that questioned traditional institutions through rational criticism. Philosophers like Voltaire, Locke, and Rousseau promoted ideas of natural rights, consent of the governed, and religious tolerance through their writings. Their works influenced political reforms and inspired revolutions by promoting nationalism and the rights of individuals over absolute rule.
Similar to Enlightenment Society and Politics (20)
More from Jennifer Boyer-Switala
AP Between the Wars
The document discusses the rise of totalitarianism in interwar Europe through examining the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy. It describes how both leaders capitalized on economic hardship and political instability in their countries to consolidate power. Hitler rose to power through legal means by being appointed chancellor by Hindenburg in 1933, after which he eliminated political opposition and declared himself Führer and dictator in 1934. Mussolini founded the fascist movement in Italy and came to power in 1922 through a march on Rome, after which he established a dictatorship.
AP Impressionism
Impressionism was an art movement that began in France in the 1860s-1880s. Impressionist paintings depicted everyday subjects and the effects of light on scenes using visible brush strokes. Major Impressionist artists included Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Degas. They painted outdoor scenes of modern life. Post-Impressionism developed after the 1880s, rejecting naturalism and fleeting effects. Post-Impressionists like Seurat, Cézanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Toulouse-Lautrec emphasized expression, structure, and form.
AP La Belle Époque
The document provides an overview of France during the period known as La Belle Époque from 1870-1914. It summarizes key events such as the Franco-Prussian War, the establishment of the Third French Republic, and the Paris Commune revolt. The summary also describes the political instability of the Third Republic due to rivalry between monarchists and republicans. It highlights the significance of The Dreyfus Affair as a divisive issue that reflected tensions in French society between anti-clericals/intellectuals and those supporting the military/Catholics. Finally, it characterizes the bourgeois lifestyle during La Belle Époque and the bohemian counterculture that challenged mainstream values.
AP Victorian England
Victorian England was characterized by a constitutional monarchy under Queen Victoria from 1837-1901. This era saw the realignment of the two major political parties, with the Conservatives led by Benjamin Disraeli and the Liberals led by William Gladstone. A key issue was managing unrest in Ireland related to the Irish Potato Famine from 1845-1852 and calls for home rule. Victorian society emphasized moral standards and proper etiquette, especially for women, with Queen Victoria herself seen as representing virtue and domesticity.
AP 19th C Women and Jews
In late 19th century England, women had limited roles focused on family and homemaking. Some women advocated for greater social and political equality through the women's suffrage movement. Suffragettes like Emmeline Pankhurst used militant tactics like hunger strikes, arson, and chaining themselves to objects to draw attention to their cause. The Representation of the People Act of 1918 granted some women over 30 the right to vote, with all women over 21 gaining the right in 1928, achieving women's suffrage in Britain.
AP German & Italian Unification
The Crimean War (1853-1856) pitted Russia against an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. It arose from religious and territorial disputes in the Holy Land and the Balkans and Russia's desire for a warm water port. It was a war of firsts, introducing new technologies of warfare as well as journalism and photography. It ended with Russia's defeat in the Treaty of Paris, weakening Russian influence. The war destabilized Europe for 25 years by shattering the Concert of Europe.
AP Long 19th Century
The document provides an overview of political developments in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars and Congress of Vienna from 1814 to 1815. It discusses the goals of Klemens von Metternich to restore monarchies, contain France, and establish a balance of power. It then outlines several political revolts in the 1820s across Europe challenging this system. It also summarizes the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 that established constitutional monarchies and republican governments respectively. Finally, it introduces some of the major ideological movements ("isms") of the 19th century that emerged in response to industrialization and social changes.
Romanticism
This document provides a list of 44 works of art and architectural structures from the Romantic era along with their artists or architects. Students are instructed to match each work to characteristics of Romanticism and write their responses on a numbered sheet. They are also directed to an additional resource on Romantic literature that includes interactive fairy tales to read.
AP Enlightened Despotism
Enlightened despots applied Enlightenment concepts like rationalization of economic structures and liberation of thought to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, and private property rights. However, their reforms were often resisted and not fully implemented due to opposition from nobles. Three prominent enlightened despots discussed are Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia, who pursued various economic, social, and educational reforms with mixed success.
AP Women and the Enlightenment
During the Enlightenment period, some philosophers began supporting greater equality and rights for women, though views still largely emphasized women's inferiority and role as mothers and wives. Mary Wollstonecraft was a notable exception, arguing in her 1792 book A Vindication of the Rights of Women that women were equal to men in their rational capacities and deserved the same access to education, challenging views put forward by philosophers like Rousseau. However, most Enlightenment writings, like the Encyclopedia, continued emphasizing women's physical and intellectual weaknesses. Salons run by women provided an acceptable social space for women's education and participation in intellectual discussion.
AP Society During L'Ancien Régime
The document summarizes aspects of 18th century European society including agriculture, industry, demographics, family life, and the Enlightenment period. It describes:
1) Agricultural improvements like eliminating fallow fields, new scientific methods, and technological advances that increased food production.
2) The rise of rural industry as population growth led to more workers without land taking jobs in cottage industries and putting-out systems.
3) Key aspects of Enlightenment thought including applying reason to religion and society, tolerance of beliefs, and using education to spread ideas through a growing print culture and rise in literacy.
Timeline of the War of Austrian Succession
The War of Austrian Succession was sparked in 1740 when Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI as ruler of the Hapsburg empire, despite the Pragmatic Sanction that ensured her succession. Frederick II of Prussia invaded and took the wealthy territory of Silesia from Austria, starting the war. Over the following years, various European powers including France, Bavaria, Saxony, Britain, and eventually Russia allied with either Austria or Prussia and the borders of Central Europe were reshaped through several treaties. The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war by confirming Prussian control of Silesia and making it a new European power, while Austria maintained the Prag
AP Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution represented a major change in views of the physical universe that began in the 17th century. Prior medieval science was based on reasoning and tradition rather than experimentation. The Scientific Revolution established new principles of science based on questioning old assumptions, empirical evidence through experimentation and observation, and reason over religious dogma. Major developments included Copernicus establishing a heliocentric model of the solar system, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with the telescope, and Newton's formulation of universal gravitation and the laws of motion.
November 2011
This document is a November 2011 calendar for a history class that includes assignments, reading due dates, and topics of discussion for each date. Key events include:
- Projects due on the Mideast/Asia region on November 1st and a Salon Project on November 21st.
- No class on November 2nd, 3rd, 23rd, 24th, and 25th.
- Reading assignments and worksheets due on various dates from pages 302-322 about the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire.
- Topics of discussion include the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment politics, enlightened despotism, and the French Revolution.
AP French Absolutism_pt2
Le Château de Versailles is a massive palace located outside Paris that was home to the royal French court under King Louis XIV. The sprawling 2,000 acre grounds include 12 miles of roads and over 200,000 trees, with the palace itself containing over 700 rooms, 67 staircases, and housing thousands of paintings, sculptures, and other artworks and furnishings. Louis XIV moved the French royal court and government to Versailles in order to exert more control over the nobility and distance himself from the populace in Paris, requiring members of the nobility to reside at the palace for parts of the year and adhere to its strict rules of etiquette.
AP English Absolutism
The document discusses the transition from absolutism to constitutionalism in England. It describes how James I and Charles I ruled as absolute monarchs and clashed with Parliament over money and religion. This led to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious and established a Puritan republic. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored but tensions remained over succession and religion. This ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution and the arrival of the Protestant William and Mary, who agreed to a constitutional monarchy that limited royal power and affirmed rights like habeas corpus.
Baroque Art
Baroque art developed in the early 17th century in Rome as a reaction to the perceived perfection of Renaissance art. It later spread across Europe, with each country adding its own style. A key characteristic was the use of light and shadow to elicit an emotional response from viewers. Major patrons included wealthy individuals and merchants seeking art for their homes. The movement emphasized dynamism and emotion over rationality. The two main branches were Catholic Baroque in countries like Italy and Flanders, featuring huge religious works, and Protestant Baroque in Holland and England, which focused more on landscapes, still lifes and portraits with little religious content.
AP Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation through reforms initiated by Pope Paul III from 1534-1549. He appointed reform-minded clergy and established organizations like the Roman Inquisition to investigate heresy and enforce doctrine. The Council of Trent from 1545-1563 upheld traditional Catholic teachings while implementing reforms for clergy like requiring residence in their dioceses and suppressing pluralism. New religious orders like the Jesuits were founded and used education to spread Catholic messages and restore Catholicism throughout Europe and the world.
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Recently uploaded
Is Lucid Dreaming Dangerous? Risks and Benefits!
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
THE IMPORTANCE OF AWARENESS AND CONSCIOUSNESS
The subject of spiritualism fundamentally relates to two specific tenets, independent yet closely associated as one—awareness and consciousness.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptx
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
Esta lição é uma oportunidade para discutirmos um assunto multo mal interpretado no contexto cristão, que é o fato de algumas pessoas pensarem que o conhecer Jesus é ter a nossa vida mudada em todas as áreas, como se Deus tivesse o dever de transportar-nos deste mundo para um outro mundo onde muitas coisas maravilhosas que desejamos seriam reais. No entanto, a nossa fé não nos tira do mundo após nos convertermos; ao invés disso, permanecemos vivendo sob as mesmas circunstâncias. O propósito de Deus não é nos tirar do mundo, mas nos livrar das ações do maligno (Jo 17.15), Sendo assim, a vida eterna não significa estar fora da realidade deste mundo, mas conhecer o único Deus verdadeiro (Jo 17.3).
Tales of This and Another Life - Chapters.pdf
This book is one of the best of the translated ones, for it has a warning character for all those who find themselves in the experience of material life. Irmão X provides a shrewd way of describing the subtleties and weaknesses that can jeopardize our intentions, making us more attentive and vigilant by providing us with his wise pages, reminding us between the lines of the Master's words: "Pray and watch."
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
The Book of Revelation, filled with symbolic and apocalyptic imagery, presents one of its most striking visions in Revelation 9:3-12—the locust army. Understanding the significance of this locust army provides insight into the broader themes of divine judgment, protection, and the ultimate triumph of God’s will as depicted in Revelation.
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
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sanskrit yoga mantras chanting for yoga class
Introduction
Mantra Yoga is an exact science. "Mananat trayate iti mantrah- by the Manana (constant thinking or recollection) of which one is protected or is released from the round of births and deaths, is Mantra." That is called Mantra by the meditation (Manana) on which the Jiva or the individual soul attains freedom from sin, enjoyment in heaven and final liberation, and by the aid of which it attains in full the fourfold fruit (Chaturvarga), i.e., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. A Mantra is so called because it is achieved by the mental process.
The pervasiveness of Lying in today's World.pptx
In our interconnected world, lies weave through the fabric of society like hidden threads. We encounter them in politics, media, personal relationships, and even within ourselves. The prevalence of deception raises profound questions about truth, trust, and the human condition.
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Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Unleash your spiritual growth journey as a truth-seeker!
Learn More:
👉https://tkg.tf/4D
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Do you ever feel like your Bible highlighting isn't quite enough to ignite lasting spiritual growth? Have you struggled to retain key takeaways from your Bible study sessions?
Discover how living in 4D can transform your highlighting into a strategic tool for spiritual development.
Learn More:
👉https://tkg.tf/4D
In this video, you'll gain insights on:
How highlighting key verses and themes can enhance memory and retention of Scripture (we see a few key ones, here!)
Studies have shown that highlighting can significantly improve information recall. Highlighting key points visually reinforces them in your mind, leading to better long-term memory.
How to personalize your Bible study through strategic highlighting. Don't just highlight everything!
This video will teach you how to strategically highlight based on what resonates with you, focusing on central themes, recurring ideas, or connections between different passages.
Watch More:
👉https://tkg.tf/4D
How connecting highlighted passages can reveal deeper biblical truths. By highlighting these connections, you can see the bigger picture and uncover the underlying messages within Scripture.
By the end of this video, you'll be equipped to unlock the hidden potential within your highlighted Bible and embark on a transformative spiritual growth journey! Don't forget to like and subscribe for more inspiring content on deepening your faith.
Note: For Christians seeking to enrich their Bible study and deepen their faith, as well as any other spiritual seeker of truth and growth.
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Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptx
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptx
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
Powerful Magic Rings+27604255576 for Money Fame Job Promotions Gambling in So...
Powerful Magic Rings+27604255576 for Money Fame Job Promotions Gambling in So...
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Enlightenment Society and Politics
- 1. The Enlightenment Politics & Philosophy
- 2. Bell Ringer In your notebooks, answer: • What was the Enlightenment? • How did the SR impact the Enlightenment?
- 4. Three Themes in the Political Realm 1. Property o Central feature o Gives an individual a stake in society 2. Rights o Every individual is entitled to basic rights simply because they exist 3. Law o That which makes 1 & 2 work o Guarantees property & rights
- 6. John Locke 1632-1704 Most influential writing was “Two Treatises of Civil Government” written in 1690
- 7. Locke’s Philosophy • The individual must become a “rational creature” • Virtue can be learned & practiced • Human beings possess free will o They should be prepared for freedom o Obedience should be out of conviction, not fear
- 8. Locke’s Philosophy (cont.) • Legislators owe their power to a contract with the people • Neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained • There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings o Life, liberty, & property • Favored a republic
- 9. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) Most influential writing was “Spirit of the Laws” written in 1748 “Countries are well- cultivated, not as they are fertile, but as they are free.”
- 10. Montesquieu’s Philosophy • Used England’s government as a model for: • The separation of powers • Executive Power = King • Legislative Power = Parliament • Judicial Power = Courts • Checks & balances • Monarchs should be subject to constitutional limits on their power
- 11. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 Most influential writing was “The Social Contract” written in 1762
- 12. Rousseau’s Philosophy • Tabula Rasa (blank slate) • Best traits of human character are products of nature • Society corrupts people, therefore, we must fix society
- 13. Rousseau (cont.) • In The Social Contract: o The right kind of political order could make people truly moral & free o Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will”
- 14. Rousseau - Social Contract (cont.) o Individuals could do this by entering into a social contract - not with their rulers, but with each other o This social contract was derived from human nature -NOT from history, tradition, or the Bible o People = most free & moral under a republican form of government with a direct democracy
- 16. Marquis de Condorcet 1743-1794 Most influential writing: Progress of the Human Mind (1794)
- 17. Condorcet’s Philosophy • Expectation of universal happiness • Every individual guided by reason could enjoy true independence • Advocated: o Free & equal education o Constitutionalism o Equal rights for women
- 18. Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 Most influential work: Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
- 19. Kant’s Philosophy • Investigated the structure & limitations of reason • Believed he created a compromise between the empiricists and the rationalists (experience + reason = Enlightenment)
- 20. Denis Diderot 1713-1784 Most influential writing: The Encyclopedia (1751) (coauthor: Jean le Rond d’Alembert)
- 21. Diderot’s Encyclopédie • Complete cycle of knowledge that changed the general way of thinking • 28 volumes • Alphabetical, cross- referenced, illustrated
- 24. Voltaire 1694-1778 • François Marie Arouet • Most famous book: Candide (1759) • Known for sharp wit that was often critical of the church and state
- 25. Voltaire (cont.) • Wrote plays, novels, poetry, essays, & letters • Fierce defender of civil liberties, especially: o Religious freedom o Free trade o Freedom of speech • Spent time imprisoned in the
- 26. Voltaire (cont.) • Life (video) • Last words
- 27. Homework • Worksheet: Voltaire • Due next class period
Editor's Notes
- The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired through experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being included under pure reason
- Last words…surrounded by priests an others, he was asked to renounce the devil, to which Voltaire replied “Now is not the time to be making new enemies.” His last words were, “For God’s sake, let me die in peace!”