The document discusses the history and concept of local governance in the Philippines. It outlines the different systems of local government that have existed from the pre-Spanish period to the present. Key points include: local governments evolving from small barangays pre-Spanish contact, to municipalities under Spanish rule; the Malolos Constitution recognizing local autonomy; and the current system established by the 1991 Local Government Code, which decentralized power to provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. The document provides context on the shifts between unitary and federal systems over Philippine history and how this impacted local governance.

1. JOY B. MAYION, MPA STUDENT

2. Overviewof Chapter1
Concept of the Local
Governance
Introduction
Rationale of the Local
Government
Ecology of the Local
Government
Local Autonomy and
Decentralization
Autonomous Region Administrative Region Urban Body
Sub National
Structures:
Regionalization
Autonomous
Governments

3. Local Government
Refers to specific institutions and entities created by:
• National Constitutions
• State Constitution
• Ordinary legislation of a higher level central government
• Provincial or state legislation
• Executive Order

4. National
Constitutions
State
Constitution
Ordinary
legislation of
a higher level
central
government
Provincial or
state
legislation
Executive
Order
Philippines
Brazil
Denmark
France
India
Italy
Japan
Sweden
Australia
United States
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Canada
Pakistan
China

5.  The Governments are either unitary or federal.
Unitary government- central government is ultimately supreme
Federal government – both an overriding national federal
government and autonomous local government.
 The Philippines is currently under a unitary form of government.
 Democratic republic with an executive, legislative and judicial
branch.
CONCEPT

6. CONCEPT
 The 1987 constitution calls LGUs as an integral parts of a
country below the central government.
 The local government in the Philippines is divided into four
levels:
 Autonomous regions;
Provinces and cities independent from a province;
Component cities and municipalities
Barangays

7. CONCEPT

8. What do we mean by local government?
 Officially, Local government in the Philippines, often
called Local Government Units or LGUs.
 Local governments are subordinate entities to
national governments that enjoy the legal authority to
exercise political power over a fixed territory
INTRODUCTION

9.  According to the Constitution of the Philippines, the local
governments shall enjoy local autonomy and in which the
Philippine President exercises general provision.
 Congress enacted the local Government Code of the
Philippines in 1991 to provide for more responsive and
accountable local government structure instituted through
a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of
recall, initiative and referendum.

10.  Also, to allocate among the different local government
units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and
provide for the qualification, election, appointment and
removal term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of
local officials, and all other matters relating to the
organization and operation of local units.

11.  Strategy of national government for dividing or delegating
power by area or level
 Vehicle of local democracy, providing services responsive to
local need and conditions
 Constitute local branch of the national government and
executing state policies in key areas
RATIONALE

12. E
C
O
L
O
G
Y

13. Pre- Spanish
Period,
Before 1521
barangay
Spanish
Period,
1965 - 1898
Pueblos
Cabildos
Provincias
The 1st
Philippine
Republic
1898 - 1902
Malolos
Constitutio
n
Pre-colonial
culture
Rich-indo culture
influenced by
China, Inda,
Arabia and Japan

14. The
Commonwealth
Period
1935-1946
Transfer of central
supervision from
Executive Bureau to
the Department of
Interior
The Second
Republic: Japanese
Philippine
Occupation
1943-1945
Declaring RP and upon their
surrender in 1945
reestablishing the
Commonwealth of the
Philippines
The American
Period
1898-1935
Organic Acts

15. The Fourth Republic
1987 to present
The Third Republic
1946-1986
Ministry of Local
Government to invigorate
provincial, municipal and
barangay governments
Local Government Code
1991 (RA 7160)

16. Pre- Spanish Period,
Before 1521

17. Pre-Colonial Culture
 Borneon datus founded a political
configuration and wrote legal codes

18. Pre- Spanish Period,
Before 1521
The Barangays
 The pre-Spanish were the first political and
social organizations of the Philippines. A
barangay was a settlement of some 30 to
100 families and a government unit in itself

19. Spanish Period,
1565 -1898
Spanish Conquest and Centralism
 The datus were shorn of their powers. The Spaniards organized
pueblos (municipalities), cabildos (cities), and provincias
(provinces).
 The provinces were established “for convenience of administration
and constituted the immediate agencies through which the central
government could extend its authority on numerous villages”.
 In place of barangays, barrios were established, and the datus were
made into cabezas de barangay whose only remaining function was
the collection of taxes for the Spanish government.

20. The 1st Philippine Republic
1899-1902
Local Government during the First Philippine Republic
 The importance of local governments was recognized by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini in their program of government for the
First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Constitution
 Establishment of democratic, republican government with three branches-
the executive, legislative and the judicial branches.
 The Malolos Constitution provided a separate article on Local government
(Title XI, Article 82).Local autonomy was made explicit in the introductory
portion which stipulated that “the organization and powers of the
provincial and municipal assemblies shall be governed by their respective
laws”

21. The American Period
1898-1935
 Philippine Organic Act of 1902
 Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
 These laws served as constitution of the
Philippines from 1902-1935

22. The Commonwealth Period
1935-1946
The Commonwealth and Centralism
 Transfer of Central supervision from the Executive Bureau
to the Department of Interior and the creation of more
chartered cities
 President Quezon, the central figure of the government
during this period, even argued against autonomy in the
cities, hinting that under the unitary system of government
which exist in the Philippines, the national chief executive
does and should control all local offices.

23. The Second Republic: Japanese
Philippine Occupation
1943-1945
 The second republic is acknowledged as the government headed by
President Jose P. Laurel which was established during the Japanese
occupation of the Philippines.
 Puppet government
 1945, Sep 2 – Japanese surrender to Allied Forces, reestablishing the
Commonwealth of the Philippines

24. The Third Republic
1966-1986
The Presidents of the Third Republic
Manuel Roxas
1946-1948
Elpidio Quirino
1948-1953
Ramon Magsaysay
1954-1957
Diosdado Macapagal
1962-1965
Ferdinand Marcos
1966-1986

25.  The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. It
marked the culmination of the peaceful campaign for Philippine
Independence.
 The national government was supreme and local governments were
merely its political and administrative subdivisions. Most of the formal
and real powers are vested and exercised by the national government.
Local units, however, possessed a certain degree of autonomy.
The Third Republic
1946-1986

26.  During Marcos’s authoritarian, a Ministry of Local
Government, was instituted to invigorate provincial,
municipal, and Barangay governments. But, Marcos’s real
purpose was establish lines of authority that by passed
provincial governments and ran straight to Malacanang. All
local officials were beholden to Marcos, who could appoint or
remove any provincial governor or town mayor
The Third Republic
1946-1986

27. The Fourth Republic
1987 to present
Local Governments at present
 Pimentel named officers in charge of local governments all across
the nation. Local officials elected in 1988 were to serve until June
1992, under the transitory clauses of the new constitution.
Thereafter, terms of office were to be three years, with a three-
term limit.
 On October 10, 1991, the Local Government Code 1991 (RA 7160)
was signed into law. This code ordained an authentic and workable
local autonomy through the devolution of certain powers from the
national government to the local governments.

28. Local Governance
is a broader concept which defined as the
formulation and execution of collective
actions in the local levels. Thus it encompasses
the direct and indirect roles

29. REFERENCES
https://kami.com.ph/2492-federalism-philippines-explained.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_government
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/RodmieColene23/the-Philippine-3rd-republic
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/jobitonio/local-governace-in-the-philippines
http://www.teaforeducation.org/the-Philippine-government-a-well-written-essay-example
https://pia.gov.ph/branches-of-govt
Local Governance in the Philippines Leadership, Structure and process and Political System by Dr. Eusebio F.
Miclat, Jr.