Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
Assemblers Elements of Assembly Language Programming, Design of the Assembler, Assembler Design Criteria, Types of Assemblers, Two-Pass Assemblers, One-Pass Assemblers, Single pass Assembler for Intel x86 , Algorithm of Single Pass Assembler, Multi-Pass Assemblers, Advanced Assembly Process, Variants of Assemblers Design of two pass assembler
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
Assemblers Elements of Assembly Language Programming, Design of the Assembler, Assembler Design Criteria, Types of Assemblers, Two-Pass Assemblers, One-Pass Assemblers, Single pass Assembler for Intel x86 , Algorithm of Single Pass Assembler, Multi-Pass Assemblers, Advanced Assembly Process, Variants of Assemblers Design of two pass assembler
A macro processor is a system software. Macro is that the Section of code that the programmer writes (defines) once, and then can use or invokes many times.
Introduction, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities, Design Of a Macro Preprocessor, Design of a Macro Assembler, Functions of a Macro Processor, Basic Tasks of a Macro Processor, Design Issues of Macro Processors, Features, Macro Processor Design Options, Two-Pass Macro Processors, One-Pass Macro Processors
Introduction
Difference between System software and Application software
Difference between System and Application programming
Elements of programming environment
Assembler
Loader and Linker
Macro preprocessor
Compiler
Editor
Debugger
Device Drivers
Operating System
A macro processor is a system software. Macro is that the Section of code that the programmer writes (defines) once, and then can use or invokes many times.
Introduction, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities, Design Of a Macro Preprocessor, Design of a Macro Assembler, Functions of a Macro Processor, Basic Tasks of a Macro Processor, Design Issues of Macro Processors, Features, Macro Processor Design Options, Two-Pass Macro Processors, One-Pass Macro Processors
Introduction
Difference between System software and Application software
Difference between System and Application programming
Elements of programming environment
Assembler
Loader and Linker
Macro preprocessor
Compiler
Editor
Debugger
Device Drivers
Operating System
DLL Tutor
Typically, a DLL provides one or more particular functions and a program accesses the functions by creating either a static or dynamic link to the DLL.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. Translation Hierarchy
Compiler : Translates high-level language program
into
assembly language.
Assembler: Converts assembly language programs
into
object files.
Object files contain a combination of machine
instructions, data, and information needed to place
instructions properly in memory.
6. Explanation to Linker
Definition: Tool that merges the object files produced by
separate compilation or assembly and creates an
executable file.
Three tasks done by LINKER:
Searches the program to find library routines used by
program, e.g. printf(),sqrt(),strcat() and various other.
Determines the memory locations that code from each
module will occupy and relocates its instructions by
adjusting absolute references.
7. Explanation to Linker
Relocation, which modifies the object program so
that it can be loaded at an address different from the
location originally specified.
It combines two or more separate object programs and
supplies the information needed to allow references
between them .
8. Linking Concepts
Computer programs typically comprise several parts or modules; all these
parts/modules need not be contained within a single object file, and in such
case refer to each other by means of symbols. Typically, an object file can
contain three kinds of symbols:
Publicly defined symbols, which allow it to be called by other modules , also
called as public definition .
Externally defined symbols(undefined symbols), which calls the other
modules where these symbols are defined, also called as external reference.
Local symbols, used internally within the object file to facilitate relocation.
9. Static Linking
Static linking occurs when a calling program is linked to a
called program in a single executable module. When the
program is loaded, the operating system places into
memory a single file that contains the executable code
and data.
The result of statically linking programs is an .EXE file or
dynamic link library (DLL) subprogram that contains the
executable code for multiple programs. This file includes
both the calling program and the called program.
10. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
The advantage of static linking is that you can create self-
contained, independent programs. In other words, the
executable program consists of one part (the .EXE file)
that you need to keep track of.
Disadvantages:
You cannot change the behavior of executable files
without re-linking them.
External called programs cannot be shared, requiring that
duplicate copies of programs be loaded in memory if
more than one calling program needs to access them.
11. Dynamic linking
Many operating system environments allow dynamic
linking, that is the postponing of the resolving of some
undefined symbols until a program is run.
That means that the executable code still contains
undefined symbols, plus a list of objects or libraries
that will provide definitions for these. Loading the
program will load these objects/libraries as well, and
perform a final linking.
12. Advantages
Advantages :
Often-used libraries (for example the standard system
libraries) need to be stored in only one location, not
duplicated in every single binary.
If an error in a library function is corrected by
replacing the library, all programs using it dynamically
will benefit from the correction after restarting them.
Programs that included this function by static linking
would have to be re-linked first.
13. Disadvantages
Disadvantages:
Known on the Windows platform as "DLL Hell", an
incompatible updated DLL will break executables that
depended on the behavior of the previous DLL.
A program, together with the libraries it uses, might be
certified (e.g. as to correctness, documentation
requirements, or performance) as a package, but not
if components can be replaced.
14. Definition of Loader
Loader is utility program which takes object code as
input prepares it for execution and loads the
executable code into the memory. Thus loader is
actually responsible for initiating the execution
process.
It is a SYSTEM PROGRAM that brings an executable
file residing on disk into memory and starts it running.
15. Functions of Loader
The loader is responsible for the activities such as allocation, linking ,
relocation and loading:
1) It allocates the space for program in the memory, by calculating the
size of the program. This activity is called allocation.
2) It resolves the symbolic references (code/data) between the object
modules by assigning all the user subroutine and library subroutine
addresses. This activity is called linking.
3) There are some address dependent locations in the program, such
address constants must be adjusted according to allocated space, such
activity done by loader is called relocation.
16. Functions of Loader
4) Finally it places all the machine instructions and data of corresponding programs and
subroutines into the memory. Thus program now becomes ready for execution, this
activity is called loading.
Steps:
1. Read executable file’s header to determine the size of text and data segments.
2. Create a new address space for the program. Copies instructions and data into
address space. Copies arguments passed to the program on the stack. Initializes
the machine registers including the stack pointer.
3. Jumps to a startup routine that copies the program’s arguments from the stack to
registers and calls the program’s main routine.
17. Types of Loaders
Compile/Assemble and Go loader: In compile and go loader is a link
editor/program loader in which the assembler itself places the assembled
instruction directly into the designated memory locations for execution.
General Scheme Loader: In this loader scheme, the source program is
converted to object program by some translator (assembler). The loader
accepts these object modules and puts machine instruction and data in
an executable form at their assigned memory. The loader occupies some
portion of main memory.
18. Types of Loaders
Absolute Loader: An absolute loader is simple loader which performs loading process
and need not to perform linking and program relocation processes.
Relocating Loader : When a single subroutine is changed then all the subroutines
need to be reassembled. The task of allocation and linking must be carried out once again.
To avoid this rework a new class of loaders is introduced which is called relocating loader.
Direct Linking Loader: A Direct linking loader is a general relocating loader and
is the most popular loading scheme presently used. This scheme has an
advantage that it allows the programmer to use multiple procedure and multiple
data segments.