2. C++ is an object-oriented programming language
which allows code to be reused, lowering development
costs.
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an
extension to the C language.
C++ gives programmers a high level of control over
system resources and memory.
3. Object-Oriented Programming:
It allows the programmer to design applications like a communication
object rather than on a structured sequence of code.
Portability:
We can compile the same C++ code in almost any type of computer &
operating system without making any changes.
Modular Programming:
An application’s body in C++ can be made up of several source code
files that are compiled separately and then linked together saving time.
C Compatibility:
Any code written in C can easily be included in a C++ program without
making any changes.
4. Speed
The resulting code compilation is very efficient due to its duality
as high-level and low-level language.
Flexibility:
It is highly flexible language and versatility.
Wide range of library functions:
It has huge library functions; it reduces the code development
time and also reduces cost of software development.
System Software Development:
It can be used for developing System Software Viz., Operating
system, Compilers, Editors and Database.
5. The C++ program is written using a specific template structure. The
structure of the program written in C++ language is as follows:
6. This section comes first and is used to document the
logic of the program that the programmer going to
code.
It can be also used to write for purpose of the program.
Whatever written in the documentation section is the
comment and is not compiled by the compiler.
Documentation Section is optional since the program
can execute without them. Below is the snippet of the
same:
7.
8. The linking section contains two parts:
Header Files
Generally, a program includes various programming elements like built-in
functions, classes, keywords, constants, operators, etc. that are already
defined in the standard C++ library.
In order to use such pre-defined elements in a program, an appropriate
header must be included in the program.
Namespaces
A namespace permits grouping of various entities like classes, objects, functions, and
various C++ tokens, etc. under a single name.
9. Standard headers are specified in a program through
the preprocessor directive #include.
In Figure, the iostream header is used. When the compiler processes the
instruction #include<iostream>, it includes the contents of the stream in the
program. This enables the programmer to use standard input, output, and
error facilities that are provided only through the standard streams defined
in <iostream>
The standard streams defined in <iostream> are listed here.
10. Any user can create separate namespaces of its own and can use them in
any other program.
In the below snippets, namespace std contains declarations for cout,
cin, endl, etc. statements.
using namespace std;
Namespaces can be accessed in multiple ways:
◦ using namespace std;
◦ using std :: cout;
11. It is used to declare some constants and assign them some value.
In this section, anyone can define your own datatype using primitive data
types.
In #define is a compiler directive which tells the compiler whenever the
message is found to replace it with “Factorialn”.
typedef int INTEGER; this statement tells the compiler that whenever
you will encounter INTEGER replace it by int and as you have declared
INTEGER as datatype you cannot use it as an identifier.
12. Here, the variables and the class definitions which are
going to be used in the program are declared to make
them global.
The scope of the variable declared in this section lasts
until the entire program terminates.
These variables are accessible within the user-defined
functions also.
13. It contains all the functions which our main functions
need.
Usually, this section contains the User-defined
functions.
This part of the program can be written after the main
function but for this, write the function prototype in this
section for the function which for you are going to
write code after the main function.
14.
15. The main function tells the compiler where to start the
execution of the program. The execution of the
program starts with the main function.
All the statements that are to be executed are written in
the main function.
The compiler executes all the instructions which are
written in the curly braces {} which encloses the body
of the main function.
Once all instructions from the main function are
executed, control comes out of the main function and
the program terminates and no further execution occur.
16.
17. Editor:
The editor is where programmers write and edit source code files. It provides features such as
syntax highlighting, code completion, and indentation.
Preprocessor:
The preprocessor phase handles preprocessor directives, such as #include and #define. It
prepares the source code for compilation by replacing macros and including header files.
Compiler:
The compiler translates the preprocessed source code into machine-readable instructions, known
as object code or machine code.
Linker:
The linker combines object code files generated by the compiler and resolves external references
between them. It produces a single executable file.
Loader:
The loader loads the executable file into memory for execution. It also resolves any dynamic link
library (DLL) dependencies required by the program.
Execution:
Finally, the operating system executes the program by loading it into memory and following the
instructions encoded in the executable file. The program's output is displayed to the user.
18. The program execution process consists of the following steps
19. Computers execute binary instructions. These binary instructions are known as
machine instructions or machine code.
The program creation process consists of the following steps:
Step 1 – Write the program in a computer language humans
can read and understand (like C++),
Step 2 – Save the programs in text files. Programs can be a
few lines long and reside in one file or can consist of many
millions of lines of code and span thousands of files,
Step 3 – Run the source code files through a program called
a compiler to generate object code for the target computer,
Step 4 – Run the object files through a program called a
linker to produce an executable image.
