This document discusses linking in the MS-DOS operating system. It describes how linking involves combining various pieces of code and data into a single file that can be loaded into memory and executed. The document outlines the role of linkers in automatically performing linking. It also provides details on the object module format and record types in MS-DOS, and describes how a linker would be designed for MS-DOS, including its invocation command format, linking and relocation processes, and use of data structures.

1. Linking In MS-DOS
Shubham Shah
Yashashwi Mahindrakar
Sagar Nadgauda

2. Linking In MS Dos System
 First of All lets see what is linking…
 Linking is the Process of collecting and combining various pieces of code
and data into single fie.
 Thus this file can be Loaded (Copied) into Main MEMORY and executed.
 Linking can be performed at compile time, when the source code is
translated into machine code, at load time, when the program is loaded
into memory and executed by the loader, and even at run time, by
application programs.

3. Linkers Intro.
 On early computer systems, linking was performed manually.
 On modern systems, linking is performed automatically by programs called
linkers.
 Linkers play a crucial role in software development because they enable
separate compilation.
 Instead of organizing a large application as one monolithic source file, we
can decompose it into smaller, more manageable modules that can be
modified and compiled separately.
 When we change one of these modules, we simply recompile it and relink
the application, without having to recompile the other files

4. Understanding Linkers will do???
 Understanding linkers will help you build large programs. Programmers
who build large programs often encounter linker errors caused by
missing modules, missing libraries, or incompatible library versions. Unless
you understand how a linker resolves references, what a library is, and
how a linker uses a library to resolve references, these kinds of errors will
be baffling and frustrating.
 Understanding linkers will help you avoid dangerous programming
errors. The decisions that Unix linkers make when they resolve symbol
references can silently affect the correctness of your programs.
Programs that incorrectly define multiple global variables pass through
the linker without any warnings in the default case. The resulting
programs can exhibit baffling run-time behavior and are extremely
difficult to debug.

5.  Understanding linking will help you understand other important systems
concepts. The executable object files produced by linkers play key
roles in important systems functions such as loading and running
programs, virtual memory., paging, and memory mapping.
 Understanding linking will enable you to exploit shared libraries. For
many years, linking was considered to be fairly straightforward and
uninteresting. However, with the increased importance of shared
libraries and dynamic linking in modern operating systems, linking is
a sophisticated process that provides the knowledgeable
programmer with significant power. For example, many software
products use shared libraries to upgrade shrink-wrapped binaries at
run time. Also, most Web servers rely on dynamic linking of shared
libraries to serve dynamic content.

6. ===== LinKing =====
 The Linker Diagram:-

7. More about Linking
 Static Linking
 all code modules are copied into a single executable file
the same shared module may exist in many files
 a location in this file implies the location in the memory image
 target address for cross-module reference can be determined before
run time
 Dynamic Linking
 needs help from OS ( that means the scheme varies depending on OS)
 library modules are usually linked dynamically
 inserts symbolic references in the executable file
 these symbols are resolved at run time

8. Object Model Format
 The Object Module of MS DOS differs from the intel specification in
some respects .We also make some simplification for the purpose of this
discussion. Details of the object module are as follows:
 “An Object module is a sequence of object records.”
 There are 14 types of object records, in which they contain 5 kinds of
information :-
 Binary Image , i.e the code and data generated by translator.
 External references.
 Public Definitions
 Debugging information such as line number in the source program.
 Miscellaneous information such as comments in the source program.

9. Object Records Of Intel 8088
Record Type Id(Hex) Description
THREADR 80 Translator header record
LNAMES 96 List of names record
SEGDEF 99 Segment definition record
EXTDEF 8C External names definition
PUBDEF 91 Public names definition record
LEDATA A1 Enumerated data(Binary Image)
LIDATA A3 Repeated data(binary Image)
FIXUPP 9D Fix up (i.e. relocation) record
MODEND 8B Module end record

10. Sample MS DOS assembly language
program
Sr.no Statement Offset
0001 NAME FIRST
0002 COMPUTE SEGMENT
0003 EXTERN
PHI:BYTE,PSI:WORD
0004 PUBLI APLHA, BETA
0007 ALPHA . . . . . . . 0015
. . .
. . .
. . .
0012 MOV AX, SEG PHI 0028
. . .
. . .
. . .
0029 BETA .. . . . . . . . . 0084
0036 COMPUTE ENDS

11. Design of Linker
 For linking in MS Dos system we will design a program named LINKER which
performs both linking and relocation of absolute segments and of re
locatable segments that cannot be combined with other re
locatable segments.
 Its output is a binary program which resembles a program with .COM
extension in MS DOS.
 This program is not relocated by the loader prior the execution .
 (Note:- the difference between the LINKER and the LINK program of MS DOS
:LINK produces a program with .EXE extension, which is relocated by the
loader prior to execution)

12. Specification
 The LINKER invocation command has the following format:
 LINKER <object module names> ,<executable file>,
<load origin>, <list of library files>
 The linker performs relocation and linking of all named object modules to
produce a binary program with the specified load origin.
 The program is stored in the file with the name <executable file>.If the
LINKER comes across an external symbol that is not defined in any of the
object modules named in th LINKER command, it locates ian object
module in one of the library files included in <list of library files>that contains
a public definitions.
 This method of resolving an external reference by automatically including
an object module form a library file is called “AUTOLINKING”.

13. Datastructures.
 Here the linker program has two pass organization .
 In first pass object modules are processed to collect information concering
segments and public definations into name table(NTAB)
 The second pass performs relocation and linking to produce a binary
program.

14. General Shortcut to remember of ms
dos linking
 pass 1:
allocates segments defined in SEGDEF
resolve external symbols
 pass 2:
prepare memory image
if needed, disk space is also used
expand LIDATA
relocations within segment
write .EXE file

15. General Difference between linux and
ms dos linker
 Linux linker GOT(Global Offset table ) & lazy modeling.
 Where as the ms dos linker does pass 1 & pass2 linking wise

16. Thank you
 Any questions