This paper presents the analysis, modeling and control of a grid connected photovoltaic generation system. The model contains a detailed representation of the solar array, grid side multilevel neutral point clamped voltage source inverter. Fuzzy logic controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system under variable temperature and insulation conditions is discussed. The PQ control approach has been presented for the multilevel inverter. One of the most common control strategies structures applied to decentralized power generator is based on power direct control employing a controller for the dc link voltage and a controller to regulate the injected current to the utility network. The proposed models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink.
Fuzzy logic based MPPT technique for a single phase Grid connected PV system ...THOKALA SOWMYA
In the proposed paper power generation from photovoltaic array is used to connect the grid. DFCM
Inverter control with PSPWM technique is used in order to control active and reactive power injected into grid. FLC
MPPT technique is proposed for maximum power point tracking and is compared with Constant voltage MPPT
technique. The simulation results of proposed system and Constant voltage MPPT technique are compared by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Comparison of P&O and fuzzy MPPT Methods for Photovoltaic SystemLOUKRIZ Abdelouadoud
This document compares the perturb and observe (P&O) method and fuzzy logic control method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic systems. It presents the mathematical modeling of solar panels and the MPPT system configuration including a PV array, boost converter, and MPPT controller. Both the P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT controllers are described and their simulation results are compared under varying irradiation and temperature conditions, showing that the fuzzy logic controller provides smoother power output and more stable operation at the maximum power point.
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
Development and Analysis of Fuzzy Control for MPPT Based Photovoltaic SystemIJERD Editor
This document presents a study on developing and analyzing a fuzzy control system for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a photovoltaic system. It proposes using a modified perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm with a fuzzy controller to track the maximum power point under varying conditions. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that the fuzzy controlled P&O method produces smoother output power with less fluctuation compared to the conventional P&O method.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
This document reviews various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic systems. It discusses 17 different MPPT techniques, comparing them based on their method (direct control, sampling, modulation), variables tracked (voltage, current), required circuitry (analog, digital), need for tuning, relative cost, and hardware complexity. The techniques range from simple hill-climbing methods like perturb and observe to more advanced intelligent techniques using fuzzy logic, neural networks, and particle swarm optimization. The document concludes that fuzzy logic and other hybrid/intelligent techniques provide good performance for rapidly changing temperature and irradiance conditions with fast response and less fluctuation, though they require more complex hardware.
This document summarizes a research paper on a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converter for thermoelectric generators (TEGs) based on open-circuit voltage measurement. The MPPT converter uses a microcontroller to measure the TEG's open-circuit voltage periodically and adjusts the duty cycle of a synchronous buck-boost converter to maximize power extraction. Experimental results show the converter can track power from TEGs with an average efficiency of 98.7% during steady-state and transient temperature conditions. The converter responds to step changes in open-circuit voltage within 8 milliseconds while achieving an overall tracking accuracy of 99.85%.
This paper presents a maximum power point (MPP) tracking method based on a hybrid combination between the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and the conventional Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) method. The proposed algorithm utilizes the FLC to initialize P&O algorithm with an initial duty cycle. MATLAB/Simulink models consisting of, the photovoltaic system, boost converter and controllers, are built to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. To accurately illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, comparisons with standalone FLC and P&O are carried out. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated difficult weather conditions including sudden changes and partial shading. The results showed that the proposed algorithm successfully reaches MPP in all scenarios.
Fuzzy logic based MPPT technique for a single phase Grid connected PV system ...THOKALA SOWMYA
In the proposed paper power generation from photovoltaic array is used to connect the grid. DFCM
Inverter control with PSPWM technique is used in order to control active and reactive power injected into grid. FLC
MPPT technique is proposed for maximum power point tracking and is compared with Constant voltage MPPT
technique. The simulation results of proposed system and Constant voltage MPPT technique are compared by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Comparison of P&O and fuzzy MPPT Methods for Photovoltaic SystemLOUKRIZ Abdelouadoud
This document compares the perturb and observe (P&O) method and fuzzy logic control method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic systems. It presents the mathematical modeling of solar panels and the MPPT system configuration including a PV array, boost converter, and MPPT controller. Both the P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT controllers are described and their simulation results are compared under varying irradiation and temperature conditions, showing that the fuzzy logic controller provides smoother power output and more stable operation at the maximum power point.
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
Development and Analysis of Fuzzy Control for MPPT Based Photovoltaic SystemIJERD Editor
This document presents a study on developing and analyzing a fuzzy control system for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a photovoltaic system. It proposes using a modified perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm with a fuzzy controller to track the maximum power point under varying conditions. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that the fuzzy controlled P&O method produces smoother output power with less fluctuation compared to the conventional P&O method.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
This document reviews various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic systems. It discusses 17 different MPPT techniques, comparing them based on their method (direct control, sampling, modulation), variables tracked (voltage, current), required circuitry (analog, digital), need for tuning, relative cost, and hardware complexity. The techniques range from simple hill-climbing methods like perturb and observe to more advanced intelligent techniques using fuzzy logic, neural networks, and particle swarm optimization. The document concludes that fuzzy logic and other hybrid/intelligent techniques provide good performance for rapidly changing temperature and irradiance conditions with fast response and less fluctuation, though they require more complex hardware.
This document summarizes a research paper on a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converter for thermoelectric generators (TEGs) based on open-circuit voltage measurement. The MPPT converter uses a microcontroller to measure the TEG's open-circuit voltage periodically and adjusts the duty cycle of a synchronous buck-boost converter to maximize power extraction. Experimental results show the converter can track power from TEGs with an average efficiency of 98.7% during steady-state and transient temperature conditions. The converter responds to step changes in open-circuit voltage within 8 milliseconds while achieving an overall tracking accuracy of 99.85%.
This paper presents a maximum power point (MPP) tracking method based on a hybrid combination between the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and the conventional Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) method. The proposed algorithm utilizes the FLC to initialize P&O algorithm with an initial duty cycle. MATLAB/Simulink models consisting of, the photovoltaic system, boost converter and controllers, are built to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. To accurately illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, comparisons with standalone FLC and P&O are carried out. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated difficult weather conditions including sudden changes and partial shading. The results showed that the proposed algorithm successfully reaches MPP in all scenarios.
This document discusses harnessing solar energy through an MPPT (maximum power point tracking) based control system using fuzzy logic. It begins with basics of solar photovoltaics including PV cells, modules, and arrays. It then covers MPPT techniques such as perturb and observe method and incremental conductance method. Finally, it discusses implementing fuzzy logic for MPPT control, including fuzzification, inference, and defuzzification steps. The goal is to use fuzzy logic's ability to handle imprecise inputs to provide a fast and accurate MPPT control system.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
This document discusses coordinated voltage-frequency (V-f) and active-reactive power (P-Q) control of photovoltaic (PV) generators with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and battery storage in microgrids. It describes the configuration of a PV system connected to a microgrid through an inverter, including an MPPT boost converter and a battery connected via a bi-directional DC-DC converter. The control system utilizes four loops - one for MPPT control, two for V-f control at the inverter, and one for battery power management. The control algorithms are demonstrated on a single PV generator but could be applied to coordinate multiple generators in future distribution systems.
This document analyzes the efficiency of photovoltaic systems with incremental conductance maximum power point tracking under nonlinear loading conditions. It proposes modifying the instantaneous conductance value based on the variable load conductance to improve energy utilization. The study models a PV array, buck-boost converter for MPPT, inverter, and nonlinear load in simulation. Experimental results show the improved technique provides up to 10 watt-hour higher energy saving and over 2% greater efficiency compared to conventional MPPT under the same conditions. This energy saving could reduce energy costs and make the system more cost-efficient.
Comparison between fuzzy and p&o control for mppt for photovoltaic system usi...Alexander Decker
The document compares two methods for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic systems: perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic control. P&O is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques due to its simplicity. The document simulates and analyzes both P&O and fuzzy logic control MPPT and finds that fuzzy logic control gives better and more reliable performance under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. It presents the modeling of solar panels and their current-voltage characteristics which depend on factors like irradiation level and temperature.
Simulation of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using c...eSAT Journals
Abstract PV Module Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a photovoltaic system that uses the photovoltaic array as a source of electrical power supply. Every photovoltaic (PV) array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point, which varies depending on cell temperature, the insulation level and array voltage. The function of MPPT is needed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. The design of a Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) is proposed utilizing a cuk converter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a MPPT, and the duty cycle of the cuk converter continuously adjusted to extract maximum power. The design consists of a PV array, DC-DC cuk converter and many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the Incremental Conductance method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPT’s. The general model was implemented on Mat lab, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic and P-V characteristic Index Terms: PV system; Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Incremental conductance (Inccond); digital signal processor (dsp)
This document provides a summary of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology for photovoltaic systems. It discusses modeling of solar cells and how their output is affected by irradiation and temperature. It also describes the basic operation of a boost converter used in MPPT systems. Several common MPPT algorithms are examined, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and other methods. Flow charts are provided to illustrate the perturb and observe and incremental conductance algorithms. The conclusion is that the incremental conductance method provides better performance than other methods under varying conditions.
Micro controller based mppt with pv chargerYmadhu Reddy
This project involves designing a solar panel charging system using various hardware components like a solar panel, boost converter, ADC converter, and 8051 microcontroller. The system efficiently charges a DC battery by using the microcontroller to vary the voltage across the solar panel to maintain the maximum power point. It monitors the battery voltage level and charges the battery using pulse width modulation. The boost converter increases the solar panel output voltage for use in the system. The project aims to provide an efficient way to harness and store solar energy in a battery.
The document describes a maximum power point tracking system that uses a microcontroller and buck converter to vary the duty cycle of a PWM signal input to match the impedance of a solar panel to the load, allowing the system to extract maximum power at each point in time. A model sun simulates daylight over 96 seconds to change the solar panel characteristics and maximum power point. The system was designed and tested to demonstrate how varying the duty cycle through the day allows the solar panel to continuously operate at its maximum power point for high efficiency.
Implementation of mppt algorithm on pv panel using pic16 f877 controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Most of the pathogenic organisms have antibiotic resistant strains hence there is a need to identify new drug targets to design new drugs to combat the disease.Subtractive genomics approach is one of the recently adopted methodologies to identify novel drug targets specific to the pathogen to avoid any cross reactivity and side effects.This methodology uses various tools and databases to find essential proteins that are indispensible for the survival or virulence of the organism andare absent in the host. A survey was done on the databases and tools generally usedby the researchers to carry out this work on different pathogenic organism. Databases like NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) genome database, DEG BlastP (Database of Essential Genes and Genomes), BlastP (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia for Genes and Genomes) database, Drug bank database are used in most of the studies. Tools and web servers such as CD HIT (Cluster database at high identity with tolerance) and CELLO are mostly used. Keywords: - NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information), DEG BlastP (Database of Essential Genes and Genomes), BlastP (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia for Genes and Genomes), CD HIT(Cluster database at high identity with tolerance), DEG-BlastP ( Database of essential Genes Protein Blast)
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
Energy Comparison of MPPT Techniques Using Cuk ConverterAM Publications
In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk
convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded.
MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
Pv power system based mppt z source inverter to supply bldc motorrenjithchandran2012
This document proposes a system using a photovoltaic array, maximum power point tracking, and a Z-source inverter to power a sensorless brushless DC motor. A PV array extracts solar energy and MPPT control maximizes the output power. A Z-source inverter can boost the PV voltage and supplies power to the BLDC motor. Simulation results show the system can successfully operate under different conditions and regulate motor speed while maximizing solar energy harvesting. The system has advantages of fewer power switches, smaller capacitors/inductors, and fast dynamic response compared to conventional PV systems.
Design Of Charge Controller Using MPPT AlgorithmIJRES Journal
Recently non-conventional sources are in huge demand than the conventional sources of energy. Solar energy, though it is in great demand but it has low efficiency. So, to increase the efficiency of the system, we need to find the exact MPP. For this we employ a tracker called MPPT. The main aim will be to track the maximum power from the photovoltaic and feed the extracted power to the load via buck-boost converter. The purpose of this converter is to maintain the required voltage magnitude necessary for the load. In this paper, I have used P&O Algorithm to get the maximum power point and for efficiently designing the charge controller.
Maximum power point tracking system for photovoltaic systemsPRIYADARSINIPUTCHAKA
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic systems. It describes:
1) MPPT is used to maximize the power extracted from solar panels by adjusting the operating voltage to match the maximum power point. This can increase efficiency by 20-30%.
2) The main MPPT techniques are offline (open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current), online (perturb and observe, incremental conductance), and intelligent (artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic).
3) Each technique has advantages - offline is simple but less accurate, online tracks changes better but with more complexity, and intelligent methods are very robust but complex to implement. The best choice depends on the application
This document summarizes a simulation study comparing the performance of three maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms - incremental conductance, perturb and observe, and fuzzy logic control - for a 100 kW photovoltaic system connected to the electrical grid. The system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under varying irradiance conditions. Graphs of solar irradiance, PV voltage, duty cycle, modulation index, DC link voltage, grid voltage, grid current, and output power are presented for each MPPT algorithm to analyze and compare their performance.
The document provides design details for a solar maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for use in an off-grid solar street lighting system. Key points:
1. The controller uses a flyback converter topology and MPPT algorithm to extract power from the solar panel at its maximum power point and regulate the output voltage to charge lead-acid batteries.
2. An evaluation shows the MPPT algorithm can track the solar panel's maximum power point with less than 5% error under changing lighting conditions, improving efficiency over a simple linear regulator.
3. A circuit description, layout, bill of materials, and performance test results are provided for a 30W prototype solar controller designed around an NCP1294 controller
[Codientu.org] design of a charge controller circuitMinh Phương
This document describes a thesis that aims to design and simulate a simple but effective charge controller with a maximum power point tracker for a photovoltaic system. It provides theoretical studies of photovoltaic systems, modeling techniques using equivalent electric circuits, and various MPPT algorithms and control methods. P-Spice and MATLAB simulations verify the design of a DC-DC converter and hardware implementation. The results validate that MPPT can significantly increase the efficiency and performance of PV systems.
1) The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a technique used to increase the efficiency of solar cells by up to 30%. MPPT works by operating solar panels at their maximum power point to extract more power.
2) Two common MPPT methods are described: perturb and observe and incremental conductance. Perturb and observe periodically changes the voltage to find the maximum power point, while incremental conductance uses voltage and current sensors to track changes in irradiance more accurately.
3) MPPT is typically implemented using a microcontroller to control sensors, interface with solar panels and batteries, and stop the panels at the voltage point that produces maximum power. This allows for more efficient use of solar energy
Perturb and observe maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic cellAlexander Decker
This document discusses perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic cells. It begins with an abstract that outlines P&O MPPT and its drawbacks, including oscillation around the maximum power point and confusion during rapidly changing conditions. The document then provides background on renewable energy sources like photovoltaics and the need for MPPT techniques. It describes the P&O MPPT algorithm and its implementation using MATLAB modeling of a PV array's I-V and P-V characteristics under varying irradiance and temperature conditions.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
This document discusses harnessing solar energy through an MPPT (maximum power point tracking) based control system using fuzzy logic. It begins with basics of solar photovoltaics including PV cells, modules, and arrays. It then covers MPPT techniques such as perturb and observe method and incremental conductance method. Finally, it discusses implementing fuzzy logic for MPPT control, including fuzzification, inference, and defuzzification steps. The goal is to use fuzzy logic's ability to handle imprecise inputs to provide a fast and accurate MPPT control system.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
This document discusses coordinated voltage-frequency (V-f) and active-reactive power (P-Q) control of photovoltaic (PV) generators with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and battery storage in microgrids. It describes the configuration of a PV system connected to a microgrid through an inverter, including an MPPT boost converter and a battery connected via a bi-directional DC-DC converter. The control system utilizes four loops - one for MPPT control, two for V-f control at the inverter, and one for battery power management. The control algorithms are demonstrated on a single PV generator but could be applied to coordinate multiple generators in future distribution systems.
This document analyzes the efficiency of photovoltaic systems with incremental conductance maximum power point tracking under nonlinear loading conditions. It proposes modifying the instantaneous conductance value based on the variable load conductance to improve energy utilization. The study models a PV array, buck-boost converter for MPPT, inverter, and nonlinear load in simulation. Experimental results show the improved technique provides up to 10 watt-hour higher energy saving and over 2% greater efficiency compared to conventional MPPT under the same conditions. This energy saving could reduce energy costs and make the system more cost-efficient.
Comparison between fuzzy and p&o control for mppt for photovoltaic system usi...Alexander Decker
The document compares two methods for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic systems: perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic control. P&O is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques due to its simplicity. The document simulates and analyzes both P&O and fuzzy logic control MPPT and finds that fuzzy logic control gives better and more reliable performance under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. It presents the modeling of solar panels and their current-voltage characteristics which depend on factors like irradiation level and temperature.
Simulation of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using c...eSAT Journals
Abstract PV Module Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a photovoltaic system that uses the photovoltaic array as a source of electrical power supply. Every photovoltaic (PV) array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point, which varies depending on cell temperature, the insulation level and array voltage. The function of MPPT is needed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. The design of a Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) is proposed utilizing a cuk converter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a MPPT, and the duty cycle of the cuk converter continuously adjusted to extract maximum power. The design consists of a PV array, DC-DC cuk converter and many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the Incremental Conductance method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPT’s. The general model was implemented on Mat lab, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic and P-V characteristic Index Terms: PV system; Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Incremental conductance (Inccond); digital signal processor (dsp)
This document provides a summary of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology for photovoltaic systems. It discusses modeling of solar cells and how their output is affected by irradiation and temperature. It also describes the basic operation of a boost converter used in MPPT systems. Several common MPPT algorithms are examined, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and other methods. Flow charts are provided to illustrate the perturb and observe and incremental conductance algorithms. The conclusion is that the incremental conductance method provides better performance than other methods under varying conditions.
Micro controller based mppt with pv chargerYmadhu Reddy
This project involves designing a solar panel charging system using various hardware components like a solar panel, boost converter, ADC converter, and 8051 microcontroller. The system efficiently charges a DC battery by using the microcontroller to vary the voltage across the solar panel to maintain the maximum power point. It monitors the battery voltage level and charges the battery using pulse width modulation. The boost converter increases the solar panel output voltage for use in the system. The project aims to provide an efficient way to harness and store solar energy in a battery.
The document describes a maximum power point tracking system that uses a microcontroller and buck converter to vary the duty cycle of a PWM signal input to match the impedance of a solar panel to the load, allowing the system to extract maximum power at each point in time. A model sun simulates daylight over 96 seconds to change the solar panel characteristics and maximum power point. The system was designed and tested to demonstrate how varying the duty cycle through the day allows the solar panel to continuously operate at its maximum power point for high efficiency.
Implementation of mppt algorithm on pv panel using pic16 f877 controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Most of the pathogenic organisms have antibiotic resistant strains hence there is a need to identify new drug targets to design new drugs to combat the disease.Subtractive genomics approach is one of the recently adopted methodologies to identify novel drug targets specific to the pathogen to avoid any cross reactivity and side effects.This methodology uses various tools and databases to find essential proteins that are indispensible for the survival or virulence of the organism andare absent in the host. A survey was done on the databases and tools generally usedby the researchers to carry out this work on different pathogenic organism. Databases like NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) genome database, DEG BlastP (Database of Essential Genes and Genomes), BlastP (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia for Genes and Genomes) database, Drug bank database are used in most of the studies. Tools and web servers such as CD HIT (Cluster database at high identity with tolerance) and CELLO are mostly used. Keywords: - NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information), DEG BlastP (Database of Essential Genes and Genomes), BlastP (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia for Genes and Genomes), CD HIT(Cluster database at high identity with tolerance), DEG-BlastP ( Database of essential Genes Protein Blast)
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
Energy Comparison of MPPT Techniques Using Cuk ConverterAM Publications
In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk
convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded.
MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
Pv power system based mppt z source inverter to supply bldc motorrenjithchandran2012
This document proposes a system using a photovoltaic array, maximum power point tracking, and a Z-source inverter to power a sensorless brushless DC motor. A PV array extracts solar energy and MPPT control maximizes the output power. A Z-source inverter can boost the PV voltage and supplies power to the BLDC motor. Simulation results show the system can successfully operate under different conditions and regulate motor speed while maximizing solar energy harvesting. The system has advantages of fewer power switches, smaller capacitors/inductors, and fast dynamic response compared to conventional PV systems.
Design Of Charge Controller Using MPPT AlgorithmIJRES Journal
Recently non-conventional sources are in huge demand than the conventional sources of energy. Solar energy, though it is in great demand but it has low efficiency. So, to increase the efficiency of the system, we need to find the exact MPP. For this we employ a tracker called MPPT. The main aim will be to track the maximum power from the photovoltaic and feed the extracted power to the load via buck-boost converter. The purpose of this converter is to maintain the required voltage magnitude necessary for the load. In this paper, I have used P&O Algorithm to get the maximum power point and for efficiently designing the charge controller.
Maximum power point tracking system for photovoltaic systemsPRIYADARSINIPUTCHAKA
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic systems. It describes:
1) MPPT is used to maximize the power extracted from solar panels by adjusting the operating voltage to match the maximum power point. This can increase efficiency by 20-30%.
2) The main MPPT techniques are offline (open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current), online (perturb and observe, incremental conductance), and intelligent (artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic).
3) Each technique has advantages - offline is simple but less accurate, online tracks changes better but with more complexity, and intelligent methods are very robust but complex to implement. The best choice depends on the application
This document summarizes a simulation study comparing the performance of three maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms - incremental conductance, perturb and observe, and fuzzy logic control - for a 100 kW photovoltaic system connected to the electrical grid. The system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under varying irradiance conditions. Graphs of solar irradiance, PV voltage, duty cycle, modulation index, DC link voltage, grid voltage, grid current, and output power are presented for each MPPT algorithm to analyze and compare their performance.
The document provides design details for a solar maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for use in an off-grid solar street lighting system. Key points:
1. The controller uses a flyback converter topology and MPPT algorithm to extract power from the solar panel at its maximum power point and regulate the output voltage to charge lead-acid batteries.
2. An evaluation shows the MPPT algorithm can track the solar panel's maximum power point with less than 5% error under changing lighting conditions, improving efficiency over a simple linear regulator.
3. A circuit description, layout, bill of materials, and performance test results are provided for a 30W prototype solar controller designed around an NCP1294 controller
[Codientu.org] design of a charge controller circuitMinh Phương
This document describes a thesis that aims to design and simulate a simple but effective charge controller with a maximum power point tracker for a photovoltaic system. It provides theoretical studies of photovoltaic systems, modeling techniques using equivalent electric circuits, and various MPPT algorithms and control methods. P-Spice and MATLAB simulations verify the design of a DC-DC converter and hardware implementation. The results validate that MPPT can significantly increase the efficiency and performance of PV systems.
1) The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a technique used to increase the efficiency of solar cells by up to 30%. MPPT works by operating solar panels at their maximum power point to extract more power.
2) Two common MPPT methods are described: perturb and observe and incremental conductance. Perturb and observe periodically changes the voltage to find the maximum power point, while incremental conductance uses voltage and current sensors to track changes in irradiance more accurately.
3) MPPT is typically implemented using a microcontroller to control sensors, interface with solar panels and batteries, and stop the panels at the voltage point that produces maximum power. This allows for more efficient use of solar energy
Perturb and observe maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic cellAlexander Decker
This document discusses perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic cells. It begins with an abstract that outlines P&O MPPT and its drawbacks, including oscillation around the maximum power point and confusion during rapidly changing conditions. The document then provides background on renewable energy sources like photovoltaics and the need for MPPT techniques. It describes the P&O MPPT algorithm and its implementation using MATLAB modeling of a PV array's I-V and P-V characteristics under varying irradiance and temperature conditions.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
IRJET- A Review on Solar based Multilevel Inverter with Three Phase Grid SupplyIRJET Journal
- The document discusses solar-powered multilevel inverters that can supply three-phase grid power. Multilevel inverters have advantages over single-level inverters like lower harmonic distortion, reduced electromagnetic interference, and the ability to operate at several voltage levels.
- The literature review covers prior research on different multilevel inverter topologies for photovoltaic systems, including the flying capacitor, neutral point clamped, and cascaded H-bridge inverters. It also discusses control methods like maximum power point tracking and modulation techniques.
- The goal is to develop a multilevel inverter powered by PV panels that can supply three-phase grid power with minimum harmonic distortion and reduced component requirements compared to
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Single Buck Boost Converter for Solar PV CellIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper deals with solar power production controlled by Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and Single Input Buck-Boost (SIBB) converter. Since the solar energy is continuously varying, according to the irradiation the FLC generates control pulses to switch on the MOSFET device. To analyze the real time feasibility of this method, the system is simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink 2010a. A simulation model of the system is developed with solar Photovoltaic (PV) cell, FLC and SIBB in contradiction of the real world conditions. The results are presented and discussed in this paper.
Solar Photovoltaic System using FLC MPPT TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a solar photovoltaic system using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. It describes the design of the 1.8KW solar PV system in MATLAB/Simulink, including the solar PV module, DC-DC boost converter, and FLC-MPPT control algorithm. The FLC-MPPT technique aims to optimally control the boost converter duty cycle to extract maximum power from the solar PV module under varying operating conditions and loads. Simulation results demonstrate that the FLC-MPPT controller is able to effectively track the maximum power point and regulate the output power with different resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads
Drive Applications of Fuzzy Logic Controlled Interleaved Boost Converter for ...EECJOURNAL
This document presents a proposed interleaved boost converter controlled by a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking in solar photovoltaic systems. The interleaved boost converter is used to extract power from the solar panel with reduced ripple losses and greater efficiency, obtaining maximum power output. The fuzzy logic controller controls the converter operation to minimize power losses. Mathematical modeling of the solar panel, interleaved boost converter, and fuzzy logic controller is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides constant, high voltage output while eliminating ripples and increasing efficiency compared to conventional methods. This enables extraction of maximum power from the solar panel under varying conditions.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes an operating strategy for a grid-connected hybrid power system consisting of a photovoltaic array and proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The strategy determines the control mode (unit power control or feeder flow control) and reference power values. In unit power control mode, the reference power is set such that the PV array operates at maximum power and the fuel cell operates within its high efficiency band. The reference power is increased incrementally as PV output increases beyond certain thresholds to maintain these constraints. The strategy aims to improve system performance and stability while minimizing the number of control mode changes.
IRJET - Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Controller with Proposed...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on modeling and simulation of a fuzzy logic based controller with a proposed DC-DC converter for a photovoltaic module. The study aims to increase tracking efficiency and solve drawbacks of conventional maximum power point tracking algorithms. A Cuk converter is proposed and its performance is compared to a boost converter. An optimized fuzzy logic controller is designed using Mamdani fuzzy inference. Simulation results show that the Cuk converter produces higher output voltages and better efficiency than the boost converter under changing irradiance and temperature conditions.
Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Fuzzy Logic C...paperpublications3
Abstract: The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a process which tracks maximum power point from array input, varying the ratio between the voltage and current delivered to get the most power it can. This paper proposes Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic system using Fuzzy Logic Algorithm. For efficient utilization of solar energy, the PV panel should track the maximum power point (MPP) under various weather conditions. Boost converter increases output voltage of the solar panel and converter output voltage depends upon the duty cycle of the MOSFET present in the boost converter. The change in the duty cycle is done by Fuzzy logic controller by sensing the power output of the solar panel. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) provides an adaptive nature, fast response, good performance and ability to handle non-linear characteristics. The proposed controller is aimed at adjusting the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter switch to track the maximum power of a solar cell array. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to develop and design the PV array system equipped with the proposed MPPT controller using fuzzy logic.
Performance of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm based Photovoltaic Arra...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates a hybrid microgrid system interconnected with a photovoltaic array and utility grid. It uses a DC-DC boost converter controlled by an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking algorithm connected to the photovoltaic panels. A three-phase three-level inverter with IGBT switches is used to convert the DC power to AC power that is synchronized to the utility grid using a phase locked loop control algorithm. The system is simulated under varying sunlight conditions and the desired results are obtained, demonstrating effective maximum power point tracking and grid integration of solar power.
Comparative Study of Three Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter Using P...IJPEDS-IAES
A comparative study of three phase grid connected photovoltaic (PV)
inverter using Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy logic controller
(FLC) is presented in this paper. Proposed three phase inverter with single DC
source employing three phase transformer for grid connected PV system
controlled by using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique.
PI and FLC are used as current controller for regulating the current. Perturb and
observe maximum power point technique (MPPT) is used for tracking of
maximum power from the PV panel. Finally total harmonic distortion (THD)
comparison made between two controllers for validation of results.
Furthermore swithing losses of inverter are also presented. The simulation
results are obtained using MATLAB simulink.
This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic system with reduced number of rules instead of conventional 25 rules to make the system lighter which will improve the tracking speed and reduce the static error, engendering a global performance improvements. in this work the proposed system use the power variation and current variation as inputs to simplify the calculation, the introduced controller is connected to a conventional grid and simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results shows a promising indication to adopt the introduced controller as an a good alternative to traditional MPPT system for further practical applications.
Grid-Connected Pv-Fc Hybrid System Power Control Using Mppt And Boost ConverterIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a method for operating a grid connected hybrid system. This system composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered. As the variations occur in temperature and irradiation during power delivery to load, Photo voltaic (PV) system becomes uncontrollable. In coordination with PEMFC, the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Two operation modes are the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode, can be applied to the hybrid system. All MPPT methods follow the same goal that is maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. Maximum power point tracking technique (Incremental conductance) for photovoltaic systems was introduced to maximize the produced energy. The coordination of two control modes, coordination of the PV array and the PEMFC in the hybrid system, and determination of reference parameters are presented. The proposed operating strategy systems with a flexible operation mode change always operate the PV array at maximum output power and the PEMFC in its high efficiency performance band. Also thus improving the performance of system operation, enhancing system stability, and reducing the number of operating mode changes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
1. The document presents a method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using an adaptive fuzzy logic controller for a grid-connected photovoltaic system.
2. It describes a simulation of the complete system using Simulink, including the PV array, boost converter, and fuzzy controller.
3. The fuzzy logic controller operates in two modes (coarse and fine) to coordinate the PV array and converter in order to extract maximum power from the PV module.
Maximum PowerPoint Tracking of PV System Based on a SEPIC Converter Using Fuz...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) operation of PV (Photovoltaic) system based
on a SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inverter Converter) converter using fuzzy logic controller. MPPT method
such as Incremental conductance base on FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) is used to extract maximum output
power of the PV system. PV energy is the most essential energy resources since it is pollution free, clean and
endless. The FLC proposed scheme is interface with the MPPT to generate the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
for the SEPIC controller for maximum power point tracking operation.FLChas used Mamdani’s method for
convergent and divergent of membership function. FLC is used for more efficient performance under the
variation in different atmosphere. The fuzzy logic controller with SEPIC for MPPT scheme extract the
maximum power point tracking without any change in the voltage at the inverter at different load condition. The
behavior of the converter and controller tested in simulation at different operating conditions. Proposed scheme
is used for accurately tracking maximum point and also send the smooth, error free signal to the inverter.
Maximum PowerPoint Tracking of PV System Based on a SEPIC Converter Using Fuz...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) operation of PV (Photovoltaic) system based
on a SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inverter Converter) converter using fuzzy logic controller. MPPT method
such as Incremental conductance base on FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) is used to extract maximum output
power of the PV system. PV energy is the most essential energy resources since it is pollution free, clean and
endless. The FLC proposed scheme is interface with the MPPT to generate the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
for the SEPIC controller for maximum power point tracking operation.FLChas used Mamdani’s method for
convergent and divergent of membership function. FLC is used for more efficient performance under the
variation in different atmosphere. The fuzzy logic controller with SEPIC for MPPT scheme extract the
maximum power point tracking without any change in the voltage at the inverter at different load condition. The
behavior of the converter and controller tested in simulation at different operating conditions. Proposed scheme
is used for accurately tracking maximum point and also send the smooth, error free signal to the inverter
Fuzzy based Modular Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel PV Inverter with Distributed...IJMTST Journal
The inverters are categorized according to the configuration of the PV system, the configuration of the conversion stages within the inverter and whether they use transformers. After the introduction of the state of the art of inverters for PV systems with and without transformers, the paper focuses on some known problems and challenges for transformer less inverters. Topologies without transformers have big advantages like low weight, volume and cost. In addition they often reach higher efficiencies than topologies with transformers. Eliminating the leakage current is one of the most important issues for transformer less inverters in grid-connected photovoltaic system applications, where the technical challenge is how to keep the system common-mode voltage constant to reduce the leakage current. To realize better utilization of PV modules and maximize the solar energy extraction, a distributed maximum power point tracking control scheme is applied to both single- and three-phase multilevel inverters, which allows independent control of each dc-link voltage. For three-phase grid-connected applications, PV mismatches may introduce unbalanced supplied power, leading to unbalanced grid current.
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In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
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Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracker in Photovoltaic Cell
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
www.ijsr.net
Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracker
in Photovoltaic Cell
Kiruthika K1
, Jyoti P Koujalagi2
1
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University of Visveswaraya Technological, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology,
Bangalore, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
Abstract: This paper presents the analysis, modeling and control of a grid connected photovoltaic generation system. The model
contains a detailed representation of the solar array, grid side multilevel neutral point clamped voltage source inverter. Fuzzy logic
controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system under variable temperature and insulation conditions is
discussed. The PQ control approach has been presented for the multilevel inverter. One of the most common control strategies structures
applied to decentralized power generator is based on power direct control employing a controller for the dc link voltage and a controller
to regulate the injected current to the utility network. The proposed models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink.
Keywords: Power, Fuzzy Logic, Inverter, MPPT
1. Introduction
In recent years, the efforts to spread the use of renewable
energy resources instead of pollutant fossil fuels and other
forms have increased. Photovoltaic systems offer the
possibility of converting sunlight into electricity. The
transformation of electricity through photovoltaic provides
case of installation, maintenance and become more
affordable. One of the most common control strategies
structures applied to decentralized power generator is based
on power direct control employing a controller for the dc
link voltage and a controller to regulate the injected current
to the utility network. The system components and power
control scheme are modeled in terms of dynamic behaviors.
An improved MPPT converter with current compensation
method for small-scaled PV-applications is presented in [1].
He proposed method implements maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) by variable reference current which is
continuously changed during one sampling period. Lot of
research has been done on maximum power point tracking
of Photovoltaic cell. He introduced a new maximum power
point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic arrays is proposed
in [2]. The algorithm detects the maximum power point of
the PV. The computed maximum power is used as a
reference value of the control system. The proposed MPPT
has several advantages: simplicity, high convergence speed,
and independent on PV array characteristics. The many
different techniques for maximum power point tracking of
photovoltaic (PV) arrays are discussed in [3]. Paper should
serve as a convenient reference for future work in PV power
generation in [4].
An improved perturbation and observation maximum power
point tracking algorithm for PV arrays. Improved
perturbation and observation method of Maximum Power
Point Tracking control for photovoltaic power systems in
[5]. He explained about the perturbation observation
method. Maximum photovoltaic power tracking an
algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions
explained in [6]. Evaluation of maximum power point
tracking methods for grid connected photovoltaic systems
discussed in [7]. In the maximum power point tracking
method so many methods are available but he used the
suitable tracker. The fuzzy inference is carried out by using
Sugeno’s method in [8]. So this is Sugeno, or Takagi-
Sugeno-Kang, method of fuzzy inference. Introduced in
1985[9], it is similar to the Mamdani method in many
respects. Hardware Implementation of Fuzzy Logic based
Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller for PV System
explained in [9]. The electric power supplied by a
photovoltaic power generation systems depends on the solar
irradiation and temperature. A Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic
Controller for a PWM Inverter in Photo-voltaic Energy
Conversion Scheme discussed in [10]. The modeling and
simulation of the electric part of a grid connected
photovoltaic generation system explained in [11]. This work
proposed a fuzzy logic based controller to track MPPT in
photovoltaic cell. A diode clamped multilevel inverter is
used to reduce the harmonics.
2. Constructional Features
The photovoltaic with multilevel inverter is connected to
load. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of photovoltaic with
multilevel inverter.
Figure 1: Block diagram of photovoltaic with multilevel
Inverter
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2.1 Multilevel Inverter
The multilevel inverters have drawn tremendous interest in
the power industry they present a new set of features that are
well suited for use in reactive power compensation it is
easier to produce a high power, high voltage inverter with
the multilevel structure. As the number of voltage level
increases the harmonics content of the output voltage
waveform decreases significantly. The three-level neutral
point-clamped voltage source inverter is shown in figure 1.
It contains 12 unidirectional active switches and 6 neutral
point clamping diodes. The middle point of the two
capacitors “n” can be defined as the neutral point. The major
benefit of this configuration is each switch must block only
one-half of the dc link voltage (Vdc/2). In order to produce
three levels, only two of the four switches in each phase leg
should be turned on at any time. The dc-bus voltage is split
into three levels by two series-connected bulk capacitors, Ca
and Cb, they are same in rating. The diodes are all same type
to provide equal voltage sharing and to clamp the same
voltage level across the switch, when the switch is in off
condition. Hence this structure provides less voltage stress
across the switch.
2.2 Photovoltaic Cell
Photovoltaic cells are only one way of generating
electricity from solar energy. PV cells are made of silicon,
similar to that used in computer "chips". A number of
photovoltaic cells will be connected together in a
"Module", and usually encapsulated in glass held a frame
which can then be mounted as required. In most cases, a
number of panels (modules) will be connected together to
form an "Array". Panels of a similar type may be connected
in series to give a higher voltage. Usually a number of
panels will be connected in parallel to give an increased
current.
3. Fuzzy Based MPPT
Model-based approaches use the model of the solar cell from
to accurately calculate and set the maximum power point. A
model-based approach is presented in [4] which use
manufacturer-supplied data in addition to measurements of
the solar irradiation and cell temperature.
Several different types of optimization of the algorithm such
as varying the perturbation size [5] or varying the
perturbation and sampling speed [3] are trivial to implement
as they only require software changes in the control system.
Many researchers have been focused on various MPP
control algorithm to lead the operating point of the PV panel
to optimum point [3]. The two FLC input variables are the
error e (k) and change of error e (k-1) at sampled times k
defined by:
e�k� �
Pph�k� � Pph�k � 1�
Vph�k� � Vph�k � 1�
Δe(k) = e(k) – e(k-1) ……(21)
Where Pph (k) is the instantaneous power of the
photovoltaic generator and Vph (k) is the voltage of the PV.
The input e (k) shows if the load operation point at the
instant k is located on the left or on the right of the
maximum power point on the PV characteristic, while the
input e (k-1) expresses the moving direction of this point.
The fuzzy inference is carried out by using Sugeno’s
method. So this is Sugeno, or Takagi-Sugeno-Kang, method
of fuzzy inference. Introduced in 1985[9]. The main
difference between Mamdani and Sugeno is that the Sugeno
output membership functions are either linear or constant.
Figure 2 shows general block diagram of a fuzzy controller.
Basically FLC has three parts namely Fuzzification,
Inference Engine and Defuzzification.
Figure 2: General diagram of a fuzzy controller
a) Fuzzification
The fuzzification is the process of converting the crisp set
into linguistic fuzzy sets using fuzzy membership function.
The membership function is a curvature that describes each
point of membership value in the input space [12]. Variables
are assigned as int1mf1, int1mf2, int1mf3, int1mf4, int1mf5,
int1mf6, int1mf7. The inputs of fuzzification are the error
and change in error. The value of input error e(k) and
change in error e(k-1) are normalized by an input scaling
factor. The input scaling factor has been designed such that
input values are between -0.5 and 18. Membership function
has many structures; among those bell shape memberships
function is used because for any particular input there is
only one dominant fuzzy subset. Fuzzy rule base is the basic
function of fuzzification.
b) Inference Engine
Fuzzy inference engine is an operating method that
formulates a logical decision based on the fuzzy rule setting
and transforms the fuzzy rule base into fuzzy linguistic
output [10]. Fuzzy linguistic descriptions are formal
representations of systems made through fuzzy IF-THEN
rules. They encode knowledge about a system in statements
of the form: IF (a set of conditions) are satisfied THEN (a
set of consequents) can be inferred.
c) Defuzzification
The last step in the FLC process is the defuzzification. These
will have a number of rules that transform a number of
variables into a fuzzy result, that is, the result is described in
terms of membership in fuzzy sets. The Centre of Gravity
defuzzification method is used [11].
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Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
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4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Simulation Model and Results
Figure 3: Simulink model of multilevel inverter with load
4.2 Simulation Results
Figure 4: Career signal together with modulation Signal
Figure 5: Gate pulse for A1 Switch
Figure 6: Gate pulse for A1’ Switch
Figure 4 shows the waveform of sine-triangle intersection.
And two carriers together with modulation signal have been
used to obtain SPWM control. Figure 5, 6 shows the gate
pulses for A1, A1’ Switches.
Figure 7: Harmonics of MLI with PQ control
Figure 8: Harmonics of MLI without control
Figure 9: MLI output line to line voltage Vab waveform of
without filter
Figure 10: MLI output line to line voltage Vab waveform of
filter
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Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
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4.3 Hardware Circuit
Figure 11: Block diagram of hardware circuit
Single phase AC supply is given to bridge rectifier. It
converts AC into DC. The transformer can raise or lower the
voltage in the circuit, but with a corresponding decrease or
increase in current. The function of driver circuit is to
amplify the voltage generated in the microcontroller. The
microcontroller generates 2v to 5v. This voltage is not
sufficient for driving the MOSFET. Therefore this voltage is
amplified and using in the driver circuit. The external code
memory and data memory connected to the 8051 chip.
Variants of the chip will allow a lot more memory devices
and I/O devices to be accommodate within the chip but such
enhanced features will not be considered right now.
4.4 Hardware Results
Experimental results and Observations
Figure 12: Output voltage with R Load
Figure 12 shows the output voltage with R Load. The output
voltage is 12.5V and the peak to peak value is 25V.And it
have the duty ratio 0.5 at 50Hz, V=5V.
Figure 13: Pulse Generated by the Microcontroller
Figure 13 shows pulse generated by the microcontroller
and it have the duty ratio 0.34 at 50Hz, V=5V
Figure 14: Optocoupler Input
Figure 14 shows the optocoupler input at V= 5V.
Figure 15: Optocoupler Output
Figure 15 shows the opto coupler output at V=5V.
Figure 16: Driver Output
Figure 16 shows the driver circuit output. And the duty
ratio 0.33 at 50Hz, V=5V.
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Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
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5. Conclusion
This paper we have studied an approach of modeling and
control of photovoltaic system. In this work, the aim was to
control the voltage of the solar panel in order to obtain the
maximum power possible from a PV generator, whatever the
solar insulation and temperature conditions. The results
obtained with this solution confirm the good performances
of the proposed solution. The results obtained are full of
promises to use the inverter in high voltage and great power
applications as electrical power applied to decentralized
power generator is based on Power direct control. In PV
system the maximum power point tracked by fuzzy logic
method. It is more efficient method and no mathematical
equations are there. The topology is simulated using
MATLAB and analyzed. The harmonics was reduced in the
output waveform of the diode clamped multilevel inverter.
The hardware circuit is built and the experiments are carried
out to test the performance of the circuit.
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Author Profile
Kiruthika K was born in 1983. She received B.E (I &
C).degree from Madras University, 2004, M.Tech.
(Power Electronics) degree from Visveswaraya
Technological University in 2013. Presently studying
M.Tech (Power Electronics) in the department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dr. Ambedkar Institute of
Technology, Bangalore. She has published one paper in National
conference proceedings. Her areas of interest power system
protection and control, fuzzy logic, electrical and electronics
measurement and instruments analysis and renewable energy
systems.
Jyoti Koujalagi is presently Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg; Dr
AIT, Bangalore. Her teaching and research stints span
over 25 years at AIT. She has two books and number
of research publications to her credit. Her current
research interests are in motor control, power electronics, modeling
and simulation.
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