1. Strain gauges measure strain by detecting changes in electrical resistance when force is applied. They are commonly used to measure stress and deformation in structures like bridges and buildings.
2. Strain gauges were attached to a simply supported beam to measure strain produced under different loads. The results were used to calculate stress, strain, and Young's modulus.
3. Strain gauges can be used to monitor bridges over time. They help detect structural problems early and prevent accidents by alerting authorities. Regular monitoring with strain gauges verifies design parameters and construction quality.
All About Electrical Connections of Force TransducersTacuna Systems
The document discusses the electrical connections of force transducers, specifically strain gauge load cells. It explains that strain gauge load cells use a Wheatstone bridge circuit to convert variations in electrical resistance caused by applied force into proportional voltage signals. A four-wire system connects power and output signals, while a six-wire system adds sense wires to compensate for voltage drops in long connecting cables. Key electrical specifications for load cells include excitation voltage, full-scale output, input/output resistance, and temperature effects. Proper electrical connections and signal conditioning are required to accurately measure force with load cells.
Here we go over if you can use a single load cell to measure constant weight, different types of load cells, the different designs of load cells and a lot more.
Strain gauge load cells work by measuring the strain on an object using electrical resistance strain gauges. When force is applied, the strain gauges experience a change in resistance which is measured by a Wheatstone bridge circuit to produce an electrical output signal proportional to the applied load. The most common type of load cell uses a full Wheatstone bridge configuration with four strain gauges to maximize sensitivity. Proper design considers uniform strain distribution and protection of the gauges. Sources of error include loading errors and environmental effects, which can be compensated for in the design and signal conditioning.
This document describes a strain gauge measurement experiment conducted by a student. It includes:
1) An explanation of how a 1/4 Wheatstone bridge circuit operates to measure axial or bending strain using a single active strain gauge element.
2) Details of the measurement installation using a bonded metallic strain gauge on a steel beam, and cyanoacrylate glue.
3) How to scale the 1mV/V output to relative strain when the gauge factor is 2.
4) A short explanation that the goal was to familiarize with data acquisition, learn strain gauge principles, measure stress in a beam, and measure free vibration using a 1/4 bridge configuration.
The document discusses the design of lattice towers, specifically high voltage transmission towers. It outlines the common structural design problems for towers, including establishing load requirements and ensuring consistency between loads, overall design, and structural detailing. The document then focuses on the specific design of high voltage transmission towers, describing their functional requirements, typical loads, overall truss configurations, structural analysis approaches, and considerations for joint detailing.
Strain gauges measure deformation or strain in materials and structures caused by applied forces. There are different types of strain including axial, bending, shear, and torsional. Strain gauges work by measuring changes in electrical resistance caused by physical deformation. Common types include semiconductor, thin-film, and bonded resistance strain gauges. Strain gauges are widely used to monitor structures like bridges, buildings, and aircraft to detect deformation and prevent failures or accidents. They provide important safety and monitoring functions across many industries.
A load cell is an electric transducer that converts force or weight into an electrical signal. It contains a strain gauge, which measures the strain (deformation) on a load cell when a force is applied. The strain gauge uses the piezoresistive effect - where electrical resistance changes with mechanical strain - to convert the strain into a change in electrical resistance. This resistance change is then measured with a Wheatstone bridge circuit and amplified to produce an output voltage proportional to the applied force. Load cells are commonly used to measure weights, forces, pressures and loads in various applications.
All About Electrical Connections of Force TransducersTacuna Systems
The document discusses the electrical connections of force transducers, specifically strain gauge load cells. It explains that strain gauge load cells use a Wheatstone bridge circuit to convert variations in electrical resistance caused by applied force into proportional voltage signals. A four-wire system connects power and output signals, while a six-wire system adds sense wires to compensate for voltage drops in long connecting cables. Key electrical specifications for load cells include excitation voltage, full-scale output, input/output resistance, and temperature effects. Proper electrical connections and signal conditioning are required to accurately measure force with load cells.
Here we go over if you can use a single load cell to measure constant weight, different types of load cells, the different designs of load cells and a lot more.
Strain gauge load cells work by measuring the strain on an object using electrical resistance strain gauges. When force is applied, the strain gauges experience a change in resistance which is measured by a Wheatstone bridge circuit to produce an electrical output signal proportional to the applied load. The most common type of load cell uses a full Wheatstone bridge configuration with four strain gauges to maximize sensitivity. Proper design considers uniform strain distribution and protection of the gauges. Sources of error include loading errors and environmental effects, which can be compensated for in the design and signal conditioning.
This document describes a strain gauge measurement experiment conducted by a student. It includes:
1) An explanation of how a 1/4 Wheatstone bridge circuit operates to measure axial or bending strain using a single active strain gauge element.
2) Details of the measurement installation using a bonded metallic strain gauge on a steel beam, and cyanoacrylate glue.
3) How to scale the 1mV/V output to relative strain when the gauge factor is 2.
4) A short explanation that the goal was to familiarize with data acquisition, learn strain gauge principles, measure stress in a beam, and measure free vibration using a 1/4 bridge configuration.
The document discusses the design of lattice towers, specifically high voltage transmission towers. It outlines the common structural design problems for towers, including establishing load requirements and ensuring consistency between loads, overall design, and structural detailing. The document then focuses on the specific design of high voltage transmission towers, describing their functional requirements, typical loads, overall truss configurations, structural analysis approaches, and considerations for joint detailing.
Strain gauges measure deformation or strain in materials and structures caused by applied forces. There are different types of strain including axial, bending, shear, and torsional. Strain gauges work by measuring changes in electrical resistance caused by physical deformation. Common types include semiconductor, thin-film, and bonded resistance strain gauges. Strain gauges are widely used to monitor structures like bridges, buildings, and aircraft to detect deformation and prevent failures or accidents. They provide important safety and monitoring functions across many industries.
A load cell is an electric transducer that converts force or weight into an electrical signal. It contains a strain gauge, which measures the strain (deformation) on a load cell when a force is applied. The strain gauge uses the piezoresistive effect - where electrical resistance changes with mechanical strain - to convert the strain into a change in electrical resistance. This resistance change is then measured with a Wheatstone bridge circuit and amplified to produce an output voltage proportional to the applied force. Load cells are commonly used to measure weights, forces, pressures and loads in various applications.
Strain gauges are devices used to measure dimensional changes on structural members. They work by converting mechanical strain into electrical resistance changes. There are three main types - mechanical, optical, and electrical. Electrical strain gauges are most common and work by bonding a patterned metal foil to the test surface. Any strain causes a resistance change measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit. Proper selection, bonding, and calibration allow accurate static and dynamic strain measurement in various applications.
Strain gauges measure strain, which is the deformation of a material under stress. Strain gauges use the piezoresistive property of materials to change electrical resistance proportional to strain. Common types are foil and wire strain gauges, with foil being more prevalent. Choice of strain gauge depends on factors like anticipated strain level, temperature, and specimen material. Strain is calculated from the change in electrical resistance measured by a Wheatstone bridge circuit, using the gauge factor.
This experiment aims to determine the modulus of rigidity of a mild steel or cast iron specimen through a torsion test. The torsion test will be conducted using a torsion testing machine and angle of twist measuring attachment. Observations of the maximum twisting torque and angle of twist will be recorded. These values along with the specimen's length and polar moment of inertia will be used in the torsion equation to calculate the modulus of rigidity. Precautions such as ensuring the specimen remains within its elastic limit will be followed to obtain accurate results.
This document provides an overview of sensors and instrumentation. It discusses key concepts like measurement, instruments, transducers, sensors, and different types of sensors like pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and strain gauges. Measurement involves quantitatively comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Instruments are devices that measure physical quantities and can be mechanical, electrical or electronic. Transducers convert one form of energy to another while sensors measure energy levels and output electrical signals.
The document summarizes tests conducted on wheel-rail interaction loads at Beijing Jiaotong University. It describes tests to measure:
1) Impact and quasi-static vertical loads, using shear and bending moment methods to measure forces on the rail.
2) Lateral and longitudinal horizontal forces, again using strain gauges and bridge circuits.
3) Stresses and displacements on track components like rails, sleepers, and ballast, employing strain gauges, displacement sensors, and earth pressure cells.
4) Track vibration levels and how they relate to track damage, with discussion of sensor selection and installation for vibration testing.
This document discusses strain measurement techniques. It introduces strain gauges as the most common method to measure strain. Strain gauges work by changing electrical resistance proportionally to the amount of strain. To accurately measure small resistance changes from strain, a Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to convert it to a voltage output. The document covers the basic principles of how strain gauges work and are used to measure static, transient, and dynamic strain through small changes in resistance.
This document discusses resistive sensors and their applications. It begins by defining resistive sensors as transducers that convert mechanical changes into electrical signals by changing resistance. Common resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, thermocouples, photoresistors and thermistors. The document then covers the theory of how resistance changes based on length, area, composition and temperature. It provides examples of specific resistive sensors and their typical applications, such as using light dependent resistors for light switches and strain gauges for sensors in electronic balances. In closing, it discusses how the resistance of sensors varies with changes in factors like temperature, strain or light intensity.
This presentation content various types of strain gauges, derivation of gauge factor.
Various course having subject as instrumentation, measuring devices, contenting strain measurement as a topic so introduction to strain gauge can help to understand the topic.
This document discusses various mechanical properties that are important for selecting materials for structural components. It describes different types of mechanical tests like tension, compression, torsion, bending, impact and fatigue tests that are conducted on metal specimens to determine properties like strength, ductility and toughness. Specifically, it outlines the process for a uniaxial tension test including the equipment used, steps to conduct the test, and how to analyze the stress-strain diagram produced. It also discusses factors that influence mechanical properties like temperature, notches, grain size and hardness tests.
Basic civil mechanical Engineering lab manual according to JNTU annathapur sy...MOKSHIT TECH
The document provides details about an experiment to determine the modulus of elasticity of a cantilever beam material using electrical resistance strain gauges. The experiment involves measuring the strain in the beam through resistance strain gauges connected to a digital strain indicator. The strain gauges measure the change in electrical resistance when the beam is loaded, allowing calculation of the modulus of elasticity from the recorded strains. Precautions such as accurate dimension measurement and resistance readings are required to obtain valid results.
This document provides an overview of strain and stress measurement techniques. It discusses tensile testing and how axial stress results in both axial and lateral strains. It also covers biaxial stress states, 3D stress-strain relationships, and the use of strain gages to measure stress. Strain gages operate on the principle of variable resistance, where an applied strain causes a change in electrical resistance. Signal conditioning circuits like the Wheatstone bridge are used to detect small resistance changes indicating strain. Multiple strain gages can be arranged in rosettes and oriented to measure stresses in different directions. Proper calibration is important for accurate strain measurement.
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
This document provides an overview of tensile testing. It discusses tensile specimens, testing machines, stress-strain curves, and key mechanical properties measured by tensile tests such as strength, ductility, and elastic modulus. Tensile tests are used to select materials, ensure quality, compare new materials/processes, and predict behavior under other loads. Stress-strain curves are generated by applying tension to a specimen and recording the resulting force and elongation. Important aspects of the curves, like yield strength and plastic deformation, are defined.
A strain gauge is a sensor that measures strain or deformation on a structure through changes in electrical resistance. It was invented in 1938 and is commonly used to monitor strain in dams, buildings, and other structures. When force is applied, it causes deformation that alters the gauge's resistance in proportion to the strain. Strain gauges exist in various types including wire wound, foil, semiconductor, and capacitive varieties, and they provide precise, long-term strain measurements through electrical signals.
The document discusses using strain gauges integrated with Arduino to determine Young's modulus of materials. It includes an introduction, literature review on strain gauges and properties of materials like mild steel and aluminum. It describes the working principle of strain gauges and how they measure strain based on changes in resistance when a material deforms under load. Different types of strain gauge circuits like quarter, half and full bridge are explained. Applications of strain gauges include aerospace, rail, measuring circuit board stress. Advantages include sensitivity and cost effectiveness while limitations are sensitivity to surface finish and environmental factors. An experiment is outlined to determine Young's modulus of mild steel using strain gauges.
Strain gauges measure strain or deformation of materials and structures. They operate using the piezoresistive effect where a gauge's electrical resistance changes proportionally to the amount of strain. Common applications include measuring stress in bridges, buildings, aircraft components, and other load-bearing structures. Strain gauges provide accurate, robust measurements and are widely used for long-term structural health monitoring.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Strain gauges are devices used to measure dimensional changes on structural members. They work by converting mechanical strain into electrical resistance changes. There are three main types - mechanical, optical, and electrical. Electrical strain gauges are most common and work by bonding a patterned metal foil to the test surface. Any strain causes a resistance change measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit. Proper selection, bonding, and calibration allow accurate static and dynamic strain measurement in various applications.
Strain gauges measure strain, which is the deformation of a material under stress. Strain gauges use the piezoresistive property of materials to change electrical resistance proportional to strain. Common types are foil and wire strain gauges, with foil being more prevalent. Choice of strain gauge depends on factors like anticipated strain level, temperature, and specimen material. Strain is calculated from the change in electrical resistance measured by a Wheatstone bridge circuit, using the gauge factor.
This experiment aims to determine the modulus of rigidity of a mild steel or cast iron specimen through a torsion test. The torsion test will be conducted using a torsion testing machine and angle of twist measuring attachment. Observations of the maximum twisting torque and angle of twist will be recorded. These values along with the specimen's length and polar moment of inertia will be used in the torsion equation to calculate the modulus of rigidity. Precautions such as ensuring the specimen remains within its elastic limit will be followed to obtain accurate results.
This document provides an overview of sensors and instrumentation. It discusses key concepts like measurement, instruments, transducers, sensors, and different types of sensors like pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and strain gauges. Measurement involves quantitatively comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Instruments are devices that measure physical quantities and can be mechanical, electrical or electronic. Transducers convert one form of energy to another while sensors measure energy levels and output electrical signals.
The document summarizes tests conducted on wheel-rail interaction loads at Beijing Jiaotong University. It describes tests to measure:
1) Impact and quasi-static vertical loads, using shear and bending moment methods to measure forces on the rail.
2) Lateral and longitudinal horizontal forces, again using strain gauges and bridge circuits.
3) Stresses and displacements on track components like rails, sleepers, and ballast, employing strain gauges, displacement sensors, and earth pressure cells.
4) Track vibration levels and how they relate to track damage, with discussion of sensor selection and installation for vibration testing.
This document discusses strain measurement techniques. It introduces strain gauges as the most common method to measure strain. Strain gauges work by changing electrical resistance proportionally to the amount of strain. To accurately measure small resistance changes from strain, a Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to convert it to a voltage output. The document covers the basic principles of how strain gauges work and are used to measure static, transient, and dynamic strain through small changes in resistance.
This document discusses resistive sensors and their applications. It begins by defining resistive sensors as transducers that convert mechanical changes into electrical signals by changing resistance. Common resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, thermocouples, photoresistors and thermistors. The document then covers the theory of how resistance changes based on length, area, composition and temperature. It provides examples of specific resistive sensors and their typical applications, such as using light dependent resistors for light switches and strain gauges for sensors in electronic balances. In closing, it discusses how the resistance of sensors varies with changes in factors like temperature, strain or light intensity.
This presentation content various types of strain gauges, derivation of gauge factor.
Various course having subject as instrumentation, measuring devices, contenting strain measurement as a topic so introduction to strain gauge can help to understand the topic.
This document discusses various mechanical properties that are important for selecting materials for structural components. It describes different types of mechanical tests like tension, compression, torsion, bending, impact and fatigue tests that are conducted on metal specimens to determine properties like strength, ductility and toughness. Specifically, it outlines the process for a uniaxial tension test including the equipment used, steps to conduct the test, and how to analyze the stress-strain diagram produced. It also discusses factors that influence mechanical properties like temperature, notches, grain size and hardness tests.
Basic civil mechanical Engineering lab manual according to JNTU annathapur sy...MOKSHIT TECH
The document provides details about an experiment to determine the modulus of elasticity of a cantilever beam material using electrical resistance strain gauges. The experiment involves measuring the strain in the beam through resistance strain gauges connected to a digital strain indicator. The strain gauges measure the change in electrical resistance when the beam is loaded, allowing calculation of the modulus of elasticity from the recorded strains. Precautions such as accurate dimension measurement and resistance readings are required to obtain valid results.
This document provides an overview of strain and stress measurement techniques. It discusses tensile testing and how axial stress results in both axial and lateral strains. It also covers biaxial stress states, 3D stress-strain relationships, and the use of strain gages to measure stress. Strain gages operate on the principle of variable resistance, where an applied strain causes a change in electrical resistance. Signal conditioning circuits like the Wheatstone bridge are used to detect small resistance changes indicating strain. Multiple strain gages can be arranged in rosettes and oriented to measure stresses in different directions. Proper calibration is important for accurate strain measurement.
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
This document provides an overview of tensile testing. It discusses tensile specimens, testing machines, stress-strain curves, and key mechanical properties measured by tensile tests such as strength, ductility, and elastic modulus. Tensile tests are used to select materials, ensure quality, compare new materials/processes, and predict behavior under other loads. Stress-strain curves are generated by applying tension to a specimen and recording the resulting force and elongation. Important aspects of the curves, like yield strength and plastic deformation, are defined.
A strain gauge is a sensor that measures strain or deformation on a structure through changes in electrical resistance. It was invented in 1938 and is commonly used to monitor strain in dams, buildings, and other structures. When force is applied, it causes deformation that alters the gauge's resistance in proportion to the strain. Strain gauges exist in various types including wire wound, foil, semiconductor, and capacitive varieties, and they provide precise, long-term strain measurements through electrical signals.
The document discusses using strain gauges integrated with Arduino to determine Young's modulus of materials. It includes an introduction, literature review on strain gauges and properties of materials like mild steel and aluminum. It describes the working principle of strain gauges and how they measure strain based on changes in resistance when a material deforms under load. Different types of strain gauge circuits like quarter, half and full bridge are explained. Applications of strain gauges include aerospace, rail, measuring circuit board stress. Advantages include sensitivity and cost effectiveness while limitations are sensitivity to surface finish and environmental factors. An experiment is outlined to determine Young's modulus of mild steel using strain gauges.
Strain gauges measure strain or deformation of materials and structures. They operate using the piezoresistive effect where a gauge's electrical resistance changes proportionally to the amount of strain. Common applications include measuring stress in bridges, buildings, aircraft components, and other load-bearing structures. Strain gauges provide accurate, robust measurements and are widely used for long-term structural health monitoring.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
1. 1. Strain Gauges:
Strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance changes with the applied force. It convert
force, pressure, tension, weight, etc., into a change in the electrical resistance
which can be measured.
When external force is applied on a stationary object, stress and strain are the
results. Stress is defined as the object's internal resistive force, and strain is
defined as the deformation that occur in an object on the application of loading.
The strain gauge is one of the most momentous sensor of the electrical
measurement technique used for the measurement of mechanical quantities. As the
name indicates, they are used for measuring strain. Strain gauges can be used to
pick up expansion (tensile strain) as well as contraction (compressive strain).
Fig. 1 Strain gauge description Fig. 2 Change in length due to tensile stress
1.1 Gauge Factor:
A fundamental parameter of the strain gage is its sensitivity to strain, quantatively
express as gauge factor (GF). Its the ratio of the fractional change in electrical
resistance to the strain:
In order to drive this equation consider a material whose length is L and area is
termed as A. Then, resistance R is given by:
𝑅 =
𝜌𝐿
𝐴
2. Upon tensile loading, strain produced will be as follow:
∆𝐿
𝐿
=
𝐿2 − 𝐿1
𝐿
Resistivity ( ) is a constant value and suppose A≈0,
then,
𝑅 ∝ 𝐿
Then,
R L
R L
We know:
∆𝐿
𝐿
∝ 𝜀
Where ɛ = Strain produced in the object
1.2 Types:
Metallic wire-type strain gauge
Semiconductor Strain Gauges
Thin-film Strain Gauges
Diffused Semiconductor Strain Gauges
45°-Rosette (3 measuring directions)
90°-Rosette (2 measuring directions)
Bonded Resistance Gauges Etc.,
While selecting strain gauge we consider its operating temperature, nature of the
strain to be measured and stability requirements.
1.3 Applications:
Strain gauge technology has unlimited uses in numerous fields. It can be used to
test vehicles, ship hulls, dams, and oil drilling platforms. A simple application
of strain gauge technology in civil engineering is to install strain gauges on
3. structural components in a bridge structure or in a building to measure stress and
compare them with analytical models and calculations. Field-testing requirements
differ from laboratory testing requirements because of multiplex shapes, geometry
and environment. In many cases, new testing devices have to be designed and they
are manufactured to match the criteria of required application. For example, for
measuring changes in soil pressure near an oil-drilling requires custom strain
gauge technology to effectively capture the subtle changes in the pressure
distribution. Furthermore, field usage requires that sensors should be portable, that
the power be available, and the measurements be repeatable.
Strain gauges has numerous applications in aerospace technology, in rail
monitoring etc., .It is mostly found in power plants, ships, refineries,
automobiles and industry at large. Strain gauges may be used in smart bridge
technology to detect structural problems early.
1.4 Advantages:
The strain gauge is accurate, robust and low cost instrument. Strain-gauge based
sensors have advantage of long-term stability. They are operational during the
whole lifetime of the bridge made of stainless steel and it’s not possible to stop
monitoring for recalibration. Timely taken actions can avoid accidents and loss of
life. After installation, the measuring point is covered in order to prevent
damage and electromagnetic interference (EMI).
2. Measuring Strain produced in a simply supported beam by using
strain gauge
In order to calculate the strain produce in steel strain gauge is used. The setup
used in this experiment is composed of three major sections; the simply
supported beam apparatus, instrumentation amplifier and lastly the half arm
Wheatstone bridge. On top and the bottom of the beam two strain gauges are
located. Strain gauge resistance changes by small amounts when it is stretched or
compressed by the deflecting beam on the application of load. Voltage source
powers the gauges, the voltage difference before and during the loading is
measured.
4. An operational amplifier is used to amplify the output voltage signal from the half
arm Wheatstone bridge so that it can be easily read from table top DMM. These
voltages are the voltages during loading and before loading. To calculate the stress
and strain known masses are attached to the beam and the voltage before and
during the loading would be recorded. Stress and Strain can be found by using
following formula:
In the first eq. M is the applied moment, y is the distance from the centroid to the
top or the bottom fibers and I is the moment of inertia of the cross section.
In second eq. the δEo is the difference in loaded voltage. The Vin is the voltage
supplied to the Wheatstone bridge and GF is the gauge factor supplied by the
manufacturer. Lastly the G is the gain of operational amplifier.
Young’s Modulus of beam material can also be find within elastic limit by
following formula:
𝐸 =
𝜎
𝜀
There might be error in final results and the problem usually lies in the Op.
Amplifier because the voltage readings don’t stop fluctuating by significant
amounts.
2.1 Procedure:
Place a load of 2lb. in order to remove the wrinkles in the wire. Then with the help
of strain gauge, determine resistance of the wire. Now, place 5lb. load and note
5. readings. Repeat above experiment and note more readings. After doing that
unload loading carefully and note unloading values as well.
3. Measuring Elongation of a wire when tensile loading is applied by
strain gauge:
Elongation produce in a metallic wire upon tensile loading can be measured by
using strain gauges.
3.1 Setup:
In this application the instrument is adhered to the round metallic wire to measure
the stress in the direction of loading. This set up ensures that the maximum stress
concentration (and the maximal uniformity of this) is on the center portion.
3.2 Procedure:
Firstly, measure width and thickness of the wire and record it.
Calculate maximum allowable load depend on estimated proportional limit of
the metallic wire.
Determine the accuracy. Note the difference in weights between scale reading
and the actual weight and adjust all the future weight loadings by this
difference.
Next, measure the applied forces. Make sure that the forces are less than the
previously calculated maximum allowable load.
Now, set up a strain indicator by using Quarter Bridge for both strain gauges
and check all the dimensions, balance the reading before the test and apply load
while recording gauge data for each load.
By this given method stress and strain can be calculated. Hook’s law can also be
verified by the measurements taken with the help of strain gauge.
6. General formula for calculating strain is
𝜀 =
∆𝑠 − ∆𝑠′
∆𝑠
Where ∆𝑠′
is change in length of a wire and ∆𝑠 is original length of the wire.
4. Bridge Structure:
A bridge is a structure that is built to span a physical hurdle, such as a body of
water, valley, or a road, without closing the way underneath. It is constructed to
provide a passage over the obstacle that can disturb and slow normal working of
life.
4.1 Parts of a bridge:
Abutment(support at both end of a bridge)
Pile(generally needed when upper soil layer is loose)
Pier(compression member)
Girder(Just like beam)
Deck(Fundamental part of a bridge, bed)
Rail Track(passage; for railway bridges)
7. 4.2 Types of Bridges:
Truss bridge
Arch bridge
Suspension Bridge
Slab bridge
Box Girder bridge
Cable stayed bridge and etc.
4.3 Footbridge:
Footbridges are required where a separate pathway has to be provided to cross the
traffic flows or some physical obstacle in the way, such as a river. The loads they
bear are quite modest as compared to highway or railway bridges, and in most of
the cases a fairly light structure is required. However, they are frequently required
to give a long span and stiffness.
In the given project we are going to choose Truss footbridge because it’s a strong
and reliable structure.
4.3.1 Truss Bridge:
Trusses offer a light but strong and economical form of construction, especially
when the span is large. Members of a truss can be quite slender which naturally
leads to the use of structural hollow sections. Hollow sections have been used for
the construction of footbridges for over 50 years and some professionals have
specialized in this form of construction to develop techniques and details which
they will utilize to the best advantage.
8. Trusses for footbridges are normally scheduled with a deck at the level of bottom
chord, either in through or half-through construction. Half-through construction is
normally used for the spans small in length, where the required depth is less than
the clearance height for the people to walk through. For large spans, through
construction is used.
The type of truss usually practiced is either Warren truss or modified Warren truss.
Warren trusses are the simplest type of truss, with all the load being carried as
axial load in the members and minimum of the members meeting at joints.
However, the loads which are transfer to the bottom chords from the passageway
floor can lead to significant bending in these members when the panels are large
enough. A modified Warren truss lessens the span of the chord members, though
additional vertical members, enumerate complexity to the fabrication.
9. 5. Strain gauge use in bridges:
Bridges are generally thought of as static structures. But in fact they act more like
dynamic. They constantly vary, responding to different loads, weather patterns etc.
Due to excessive loading, stress and strains are produced in bridge structure which
badly affect the structure and eventually destroy the bridge structure. In order to
prevent this instrumentation of bridges is done to verify the design parameters, to
evaluate the functioning of new technologies used, to verify and control the
construction process and for regular performance monitoring. Well-instrumented
bridges can alert responsible authorities about approaching failure so as to instigate
preventive measures.
In bridge structure strain gauges have been used which are attached directly to
the structural members of the bridge or as a sensing element in the force sensors.
The gauge position will be adjusted in such a manner that the gauge wires are
aligned across the direction of the strain to be measured.
5.1 Working:
When force is applied on the wire, there occurs a strain (consider tensile, within
elastic limit) that increases the length and in turn decreases its area. Thus, the
resistance of the wire varies. This change in resistance is proportional to the strain
produced and measured using a Wheatstone bridge. Stress is measured indirectly
and its variation with time, quantitatively. Change in stress is determined by
multiplying the strain measured by the modulus of elasticity.
10. 6. Given problem:
We are given with a footbridge under working for which we have to choose
suitable material for construction such that upon loading it will undergo a
deflection whose value should not exceed 0.1m.
Given Data:
Length of span L= (500+47)/10m=54.7m
Max. Allowable deflection= 0.1m
Average weight of a person= 70kg
Assumptions:
Assume that concerete is the constructing material as it is strong and durable
and ensures strength and safety.
Youngs Modulus E =32 × 109
Pa and Density 𝜌 = 2300kg/𝑚3
Width w =1.5m
Height h =4.5m
Analysis and Calculations:
Then Moment of inertia of cross sectional area:
𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ3
/12
11. 𝐼 =
1
12
× 1.5 × (4.5)3
𝐼 = 11.4𝑚4
As Mass is
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑚 = 𝜌(𝐿 × 𝑤 × ℎ)
𝑚 = 2300 × 54.7 × 1.5 × 4.5
𝑚 = 85 × 104
kg
Now, to find weight of the beam we will apply a fundamental formula:
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑊 = 56.6 × 104
kg × 9.81m/𝑠−2
𝑊 = 8.33 × 106
N
Now,
𝐸 = (𝑊
𝛿𝑐
⁄ ) (𝐿3
48𝐼
⁄ )
𝛿𝑐 =
𝑊𝐿3
𝐸48𝐼
𝛿𝑐 =
8.33 × 106
× (54.7)3
32 × 109 × 48 × 11.4
𝛿𝑐 =
1.36 × 1012
1.75 × 1013
𝛿𝑐 = 0.077𝑚 (Less than 𝛿 = 0.1𝑚)
As
𝛿𝑐 < 𝛿
Hence proved the assumption we made are feasible.
Analysis and Calculations:
12. We are given with average weight of a person. To find out effective load on the
beam we will use following relation:
Type equation here.
𝐸 = (𝑊
𝛿𝑐
⁄ ) (𝐿3
48𝐼
⁄ )
𝑊 =
48𝐼𝛿𝑐𝐸
𝐿3
𝑊 =
48 × 0.1 × 200 × 106
54.73