Dyplast Products’ new article in LNG Industry Magazine titled "Logical Thinking" is an examination of the complexities surrounding insulant performance at cryogenic temperatures.
Physical properties of a particular insulant are often measured only at ambient temperatures. This article aims to use logical thinking to examine the performance of insulants at LNG (cryogenic) temperatures.
Fortunately, standards such as ASTM and CINI increasingly require physical properties to be measured at cryogenic temperatures, so that in the future such logical extrapolations may be less necessary.
In this project, experimentation is done on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
[VCRS] as the COP is high for this system and it is the present trend of the HVAC in the
domestic industry. This study presents investigation of best suited refrigerant and
insulation combination for gas pipeline and liquid pipeline of a split air conditioning
system. Analysis are performed for R22-Chlorodiflouromethane, a HydroChloroFlouro
Carbon refrigerant, which has been using in the present world that cause both global
warming and ozone layer depletion and R410a, mixture of di-flouromethane and
pentaflouroethane, a Hydroflouro carbon refrigerant, which is future of HVAC which
reduces the effect of ozone layer depletion [ODP] and Global Warming Potential
[GWP].For these two refrigerants, we had found out the best insulation suitable as
insulation also affects the COP of air conditioner, which has been observed from the
literature. Minimizing the temperature of refrigerant in suction line helps condensing unit
work more effectively intern the system performance increases. This reduces the overall
power required for working of air conditioner, thereby reducing the maintenance cost of
system. Also, it helps the manufacturer to provide best type of insulation for the system at
reduced cost thereby reducing overall cost of VCRS.To perform the experimental
comparison, 16 tests were carried out for 5 times with each refrigerant Insulation
combination. From analysis it is observed that, COPA for NRF+AF gives highest value
for R22 and R410awhen compared to various insulation materials. Power required for
VCRS is greater while using R410a than R22. So In this work the main energy parameters
such as COP and work required for compressor are analysed and discussed.
Airtightness of Large Buildings - Where We're At and Where We're GoingLorne Ricketts
Whole building airtightness performance and testing standards are gaining traction throughout North America with various jurisdictions now including them as part of the energy codes and standards. This presentation looks at the state of the industry with respect to airtightness based on a database of over 500 airtightness tests, and provides information on industry trends.
Weldability Study of AISI 1035 Steel Using Hydrated E6013 Electrode in Wet Tr...Yuga Lendistanu
DISCLAIMER. This document was presented in International Conference on Design & Application of Engineering Materials (ICDAEM) and Seminar Nasional Metalurgi dan Material (SeNaMM) in Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2018. This document and all the contents are free for educational use with attribution to the authors. Complete bibliography is listed on https://drive.google.com/file/d/1inX2ufF9M9XLDuX0pmTuniQMCNSkC5nx/view?usp=sharing .Some of them was not uploaded on the presentation unintendedly.
ABSTRACT. In wet tropical climate regions, ambient water vapor tends to be rapidly picked up by welding electrode flux. Arc contaminated by hydrogen derived from the damp flux will increase risk of defects in welded joint, especially hydrogen cracking. In this work, weldability of AISI 1035 steel is studied based on modified Welding Institute of Canada (WIC) Test and variation of moisture picked-up by AWS A5.1 E6013 electrode in a conditioned atmosphere. On the third day after welding, surface crack was examined using dye penetrant technique. In consequence of no preheat implemented, solidification cracking occurred along 37% of the weld length although the flux was dried with 0% absorbed moisture relative to the flux weight, whereas more severe crack was found 48% on the sample welded using damp electrode with 7% absorbed moisture due to solidification and diffusible hydrogen. Preheat at 150°C reduced the risk of cracking which did not present on the sample welded by electrode containing 0% and 1.42% absorbed moisture, but 3% crack still appeared on the sample welded using electrode having 1.83% absorbed moisture because of hydrogen contribution. As the one of analysis result, preheating at 150°C and 1.42% maximum absorbed moisture in the flux is recommended for the E6013 electrode.
In this project, experimentation is done on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
[VCRS] as the COP is high for this system and it is the present trend of the HVAC in the
domestic industry. This study presents investigation of best suited refrigerant and
insulation combination for gas pipeline and liquid pipeline of a split air conditioning
system. Analysis are performed for R22-Chlorodiflouromethane, a HydroChloroFlouro
Carbon refrigerant, which has been using in the present world that cause both global
warming and ozone layer depletion and R410a, mixture of di-flouromethane and
pentaflouroethane, a Hydroflouro carbon refrigerant, which is future of HVAC which
reduces the effect of ozone layer depletion [ODP] and Global Warming Potential
[GWP].For these two refrigerants, we had found out the best insulation suitable as
insulation also affects the COP of air conditioner, which has been observed from the
literature. Minimizing the temperature of refrigerant in suction line helps condensing unit
work more effectively intern the system performance increases. This reduces the overall
power required for working of air conditioner, thereby reducing the maintenance cost of
system. Also, it helps the manufacturer to provide best type of insulation for the system at
reduced cost thereby reducing overall cost of VCRS.To perform the experimental
comparison, 16 tests were carried out for 5 times with each refrigerant Insulation
combination. From analysis it is observed that, COPA for NRF+AF gives highest value
for R22 and R410awhen compared to various insulation materials. Power required for
VCRS is greater while using R410a than R22. So In this work the main energy parameters
such as COP and work required for compressor are analysed and discussed.
Airtightness of Large Buildings - Where We're At and Where We're GoingLorne Ricketts
Whole building airtightness performance and testing standards are gaining traction throughout North America with various jurisdictions now including them as part of the energy codes and standards. This presentation looks at the state of the industry with respect to airtightness based on a database of over 500 airtightness tests, and provides information on industry trends.
Weldability Study of AISI 1035 Steel Using Hydrated E6013 Electrode in Wet Tr...Yuga Lendistanu
DISCLAIMER. This document was presented in International Conference on Design & Application of Engineering Materials (ICDAEM) and Seminar Nasional Metalurgi dan Material (SeNaMM) in Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2018. This document and all the contents are free for educational use with attribution to the authors. Complete bibliography is listed on https://drive.google.com/file/d/1inX2ufF9M9XLDuX0pmTuniQMCNSkC5nx/view?usp=sharing .Some of them was not uploaded on the presentation unintendedly.
ABSTRACT. In wet tropical climate regions, ambient water vapor tends to be rapidly picked up by welding electrode flux. Arc contaminated by hydrogen derived from the damp flux will increase risk of defects in welded joint, especially hydrogen cracking. In this work, weldability of AISI 1035 steel is studied based on modified Welding Institute of Canada (WIC) Test and variation of moisture picked-up by AWS A5.1 E6013 electrode in a conditioned atmosphere. On the third day after welding, surface crack was examined using dye penetrant technique. In consequence of no preheat implemented, solidification cracking occurred along 37% of the weld length although the flux was dried with 0% absorbed moisture relative to the flux weight, whereas more severe crack was found 48% on the sample welded using damp electrode with 7% absorbed moisture due to solidification and diffusible hydrogen. Preheat at 150°C reduced the risk of cracking which did not present on the sample welded by electrode containing 0% and 1.42% absorbed moisture, but 3% crack still appeared on the sample welded using electrode having 1.83% absorbed moisture because of hydrogen contribution. As the one of analysis result, preheating at 150°C and 1.42% maximum absorbed moisture in the flux is recommended for the E6013 electrode.
IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY IN THE WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY THROUGH THE USE OF AN ADVANCED SENSOR SYSTEM , presented at SAMPE-Europe Conference 2017,
Stuttgart, November 15th 2017
Busan WG2 decisions
– Changed from standard to technical specification.
– TITLE: TEST METHODS FOR DETECTION OF POTENTIAL-‐INDUCED DEGRADATION OF
CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Dyplast Products
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
State of the Art of Multi-Unit Residential Building Airtightness: Test Procedures, Performance, and Industry Involvement
Outline:
- Airtightness Test Procedures & Equipment
- Worldwide Regulatory Requirements & Targets for Airtightness
- Airtightness of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Air Barrier Systems
- Industry Preparedness for Airtightness Testing
Solutions to Address Osmosis and the Blistering of Liquid-Applied Waterproofi...RDH Building Science
Waterproofing membranes are widely used in the building industry as a barrier for water entry into a building enclosure. Over the past two decades, waterproofing system failure due to osmotic blistering has occurred in some protected membrane/inverted roofing assemblies. Not all waterproofing membrane assemblies are at risk for this process and the authors have developed a test protocol to establish the relative risk level of waterproofing membranes to osmosis. Using this protocol, the osmotic flow rate of SBS, hot rubberized asphalt, PMMA, EPDM, TPO, HDPE, polyurea, asphalt emulsion, asphalt-modified polyurethane, and various other 2-component cold applied membranes was measured to determine a threshold osmotic flow rate for low risk waterproofing membrane systems.
In this research, a wide range of osmotic flow rates were obtained for the various membrane types. Most asphalt-modified polyurethane membranes consistently exhibit osmotic flow rates significantly higher than the low-risk threshold of ~0.0 g/m²/day (typically 1.4 to over 20 g/m²/day) after data corrections, which results in osmotic blistering and premature membrane failures. Some polyurea and asphalt emulsion membranes have flow rates above 2.0 g/m²/day with unknown long-term performance, while most other membranes that were tested have flow rates around 0.0 g/m²/day after data corrections from control samples. To reduce the potential for osmotic blistering over concrete, it is recommended that waterproofing membranes used in inverted roofing assemblies should have an osmotic flow rate near 0.0 g/m²/day when tested using the methodology herein, an inverted wet cup vapour permeance less than that of the substrate (i.e. <0.1 US Perms on a concrete substrate), and minimal long-term water absorption.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
NBEC 2014 - Flow Exponent Values and Implications for Air Leakage TestingRDH Building Science
- Introduction to air leakage testing
- Relationship between flow and pressure
- Case study building
- Abnormal flow exponents
- Data extrapolation to operating pressures
- Conclusions/Implications
- Further study
Why is CBS Isothermal -190C Air Storage LN2 Freezer preferred?
Temperature Uniformity. CBS Isothermal provides excellent temperature control throughout the freezer, from -190C at the bottom of the freezer to the top, right below the lid.
Safety. Storage in liquid nitrogen can make vials shrink. This may cause liquid nitrogen to seep into the vials, which on re-warming, expand and subsequently explode as nitrogen vaporizes inside the vials. Dry storage eliminates this possibility. Also, the Isothermal design provides added user safety by eliminating contact with or splashing of liquid nitrogen.
Cross Contamination. Studies have shown that viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens can survive after suspension in liquid nitrogen. Infected samples can cross contaminate other samples in the same liquid nitrogen tank. Dry storage eliminates the possibility of cross contamination.
State of the Art Review of Unvented Sloped Wood-Framed Roofs in Cold ClimatesRDH Building Science
Typical residential house construction in North America has long had vented attics above living space with the insulation and air control layer at the ceiling plane of the living space. Except for documented wintertime condensation issues in cold climates, such vented attics generally perform quite well, provided that they are ventilated adequately and air leakage from the interior is prevented. However, architects and designers are moving away from empty attics by using the attic space as conditioned storage or bonus rooms, or by designing larger interior volumes with cathedral ceilings. The practical challenges of ventilating cathedralized attics and cathedral ceilings have been significant, both because of increased geometrical complexity and because of the number of penetrations typically required for services.
Spray foam has been used successfully in tens of thousands of unvented roof assemblies throughout North America but some concerns remain in the building industry that these assemblies are inferior to ventilated roof assemblies. The National Building Code of Canada, in particular, makes it difficult for designers to use unvented roof assemblies, even using designs that are approved in similar building codes in the United States and have been proven to be durable, high-performing options. Over the past decade, the authors have been directly involved with studies of both 0.5 pcf (8 kg/m3) open cell spray foam, and 2.0 pcf (32 kg/m3) closed cell spray foam in unvented roof assemblies in various climates with continuous monitoring of temperature and moisture conditions. This paper provides a literature review of research that has been conducted on wood-framed sloped unvented roof assemblies, but will focus on results from a field monitoring study of sloped unvented wood roofs in partnership with the University of Waterloo, as well as a field survey that opened roofs and removed samples from aged unvented roof assemblies.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Water-chilling systems for concrete production article in The Concrete Producer magazine, by Don Talend, brand storytelling, content management and demand generation expert. Construction industry
• Identifying the reasons for temperature rise in primary movement from technical documents.
• Identifying the reasons for temperature rise by observing loading/unloading of vehicles, monitoring vehicle movement and source of heat leakages in vehicle.
• Designing questionnaires to understand standards and practices followed by Third party logistics, Insulated reefer box manufacturers and at loading/unloading points.
• Conducting telephonic survey of Cold Chain Logistics and Insulated reefer box manufacturers.
• Meeting industrial experts to discuss factors recognized during the survey.
• Mitigation plan to resolve temperature issues.
• Feasibility study of recommendations.
IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY IN THE WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY THROUGH THE USE OF AN ADVANCED SENSOR SYSTEM , presented at SAMPE-Europe Conference 2017,
Stuttgart, November 15th 2017
Busan WG2 decisions
– Changed from standard to technical specification.
– TITLE: TEST METHODS FOR DETECTION OF POTENTIAL-‐INDUCED DEGRADATION OF
CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Dyplast Products
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
State of the Art of Multi-Unit Residential Building Airtightness: Test Procedures, Performance, and Industry Involvement
Outline:
- Airtightness Test Procedures & Equipment
- Worldwide Regulatory Requirements & Targets for Airtightness
- Airtightness of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Air Barrier Systems
- Industry Preparedness for Airtightness Testing
Solutions to Address Osmosis and the Blistering of Liquid-Applied Waterproofi...RDH Building Science
Waterproofing membranes are widely used in the building industry as a barrier for water entry into a building enclosure. Over the past two decades, waterproofing system failure due to osmotic blistering has occurred in some protected membrane/inverted roofing assemblies. Not all waterproofing membrane assemblies are at risk for this process and the authors have developed a test protocol to establish the relative risk level of waterproofing membranes to osmosis. Using this protocol, the osmotic flow rate of SBS, hot rubberized asphalt, PMMA, EPDM, TPO, HDPE, polyurea, asphalt emulsion, asphalt-modified polyurethane, and various other 2-component cold applied membranes was measured to determine a threshold osmotic flow rate for low risk waterproofing membrane systems.
In this research, a wide range of osmotic flow rates were obtained for the various membrane types. Most asphalt-modified polyurethane membranes consistently exhibit osmotic flow rates significantly higher than the low-risk threshold of ~0.0 g/m²/day (typically 1.4 to over 20 g/m²/day) after data corrections, which results in osmotic blistering and premature membrane failures. Some polyurea and asphalt emulsion membranes have flow rates above 2.0 g/m²/day with unknown long-term performance, while most other membranes that were tested have flow rates around 0.0 g/m²/day after data corrections from control samples. To reduce the potential for osmotic blistering over concrete, it is recommended that waterproofing membranes used in inverted roofing assemblies should have an osmotic flow rate near 0.0 g/m²/day when tested using the methodology herein, an inverted wet cup vapour permeance less than that of the substrate (i.e. <0.1 US Perms on a concrete substrate), and minimal long-term water absorption.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
NBEC 2014 - Flow Exponent Values and Implications for Air Leakage TestingRDH Building Science
- Introduction to air leakage testing
- Relationship between flow and pressure
- Case study building
- Abnormal flow exponents
- Data extrapolation to operating pressures
- Conclusions/Implications
- Further study
Why is CBS Isothermal -190C Air Storage LN2 Freezer preferred?
Temperature Uniformity. CBS Isothermal provides excellent temperature control throughout the freezer, from -190C at the bottom of the freezer to the top, right below the lid.
Safety. Storage in liquid nitrogen can make vials shrink. This may cause liquid nitrogen to seep into the vials, which on re-warming, expand and subsequently explode as nitrogen vaporizes inside the vials. Dry storage eliminates this possibility. Also, the Isothermal design provides added user safety by eliminating contact with or splashing of liquid nitrogen.
Cross Contamination. Studies have shown that viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens can survive after suspension in liquid nitrogen. Infected samples can cross contaminate other samples in the same liquid nitrogen tank. Dry storage eliminates the possibility of cross contamination.
State of the Art Review of Unvented Sloped Wood-Framed Roofs in Cold ClimatesRDH Building Science
Typical residential house construction in North America has long had vented attics above living space with the insulation and air control layer at the ceiling plane of the living space. Except for documented wintertime condensation issues in cold climates, such vented attics generally perform quite well, provided that they are ventilated adequately and air leakage from the interior is prevented. However, architects and designers are moving away from empty attics by using the attic space as conditioned storage or bonus rooms, or by designing larger interior volumes with cathedral ceilings. The practical challenges of ventilating cathedralized attics and cathedral ceilings have been significant, both because of increased geometrical complexity and because of the number of penetrations typically required for services.
Spray foam has been used successfully in tens of thousands of unvented roof assemblies throughout North America but some concerns remain in the building industry that these assemblies are inferior to ventilated roof assemblies. The National Building Code of Canada, in particular, makes it difficult for designers to use unvented roof assemblies, even using designs that are approved in similar building codes in the United States and have been proven to be durable, high-performing options. Over the past decade, the authors have been directly involved with studies of both 0.5 pcf (8 kg/m3) open cell spray foam, and 2.0 pcf (32 kg/m3) closed cell spray foam in unvented roof assemblies in various climates with continuous monitoring of temperature and moisture conditions. This paper provides a literature review of research that has been conducted on wood-framed sloped unvented roof assemblies, but will focus on results from a field monitoring study of sloped unvented wood roofs in partnership with the University of Waterloo, as well as a field survey that opened roofs and removed samples from aged unvented roof assemblies.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Water-chilling systems for concrete production article in The Concrete Producer magazine, by Don Talend, brand storytelling, content management and demand generation expert. Construction industry
• Identifying the reasons for temperature rise in primary movement from technical documents.
• Identifying the reasons for temperature rise by observing loading/unloading of vehicles, monitoring vehicle movement and source of heat leakages in vehicle.
• Designing questionnaires to understand standards and practices followed by Third party logistics, Insulated reefer box manufacturers and at loading/unloading points.
• Conducting telephonic survey of Cold Chain Logistics and Insulated reefer box manufacturers.
• Meeting industrial experts to discuss factors recognized during the survey.
• Mitigation plan to resolve temperature issues.
• Feasibility study of recommendations.
Toda empresa peruana con empleados, desde la empresa más grande hasta la más pequeña, toma una serie de decisiones para gestionar sus recursos humanos. En esta charla, Daniel Robles brindó algunas recomendaciones para un mejor manejo de la gestión laboral, incluyendo cómo disminuir costos laborales desde una perspectiva empresarial; cuáles son los límites del poder que tiene el empleador para sancionar; y cómo usar herramientas para llevar un adecuado saneamiento laboral y evitar incurrir en contingencias laborales.
Sachitra ratna-darana
See my 5 blogs: P.V.Radhakrishna (parakri)cell:9966455872 -:
శ్రీ మేథా దక్షిణామూర్తి జ్యోతిష నిలయం : http://medhadakshinamurtyjyotishanilayam.blogspot.in/,
సాధన ఆరాధన : http://parakrijaya-parakri.blogspot.in/,
పరాక్రి పదనిసలు : http://jayaparakri.blogspot.in
తెలుగు పండిత దర్శిని : http://teluguteachers-parakri.blogspot.in/
See my Astrology Website:- http://telugujatakam.webs.com/
Medha Dakshinamurty Matrimony - బ్రాహ్మణ వివాహ సంబంధాలు - స్వయంవర వేదిక: http://medhadakshinamurtymatrimony.blogspot.in/
Tradelink is a car auction website exclusively for the Motor Trade. Dealerships can Double trade car profit This Month and dispose of trade vehicles within 3 days by listing them on our auction website
LNG Industry Magazine (Risk Mitigation Standards) July 2016Joe Hughes
Experience has demonstrated that insulation systems within LNG facilities are often ‘under-designed’ when compared to other mechanical systems. Decades of lessons learned from
under-designing other mechanical systems, such as piping materials, welding, compressors, relief valves, etc., have led to a keen awareness among LNG engineers regarding impacts on safety, plant reliability, process efficiency, energy loss, and
environmental compliance.
The purpose of this article is to offer a macro-level discussion
of the following:The role of standards in mitigating insulation risks. Which standards are becoming dominant for LNG insulation. Where standards must be supplemented with broader risk mitigation.
LNG Industry Magazine (Risk Mitigation Standards) July 2016Dyplast Products
Experience has demonstrated that insulation systems within LNG facilities are often ‘under-designed’ when compared to other mechanical systems. Decades of lessons learned from
under-designing other mechanical systems, such as piping materials, welding, compressors, relief valves, etc., have led to a keen awareness among LNG engineers regarding impacts on safety, plant reliability, process efficiency, energy loss, and
environmental compliance.
The purpose of this article is to offer a macro-level discussion
of the following:The role of standards in mitigating insulation risks. Which standards are becoming dominant for LNG insulation. Where standards must be supplemented with broader risk mitigation.
Technical Bulletin 1128A Mechanical Insulation In Typical Refrigeration Appli...Joe Hughes
As operating temperatures of mechanical equipment and piping systems drop, increased diligence must be exercised to optimize the insulation system’s performance and mitigate risks of future deterioration. When specifying and installing an insulation system for pipes or equipment operating at refrigerant temperatures (e.g. -70°F to 32°F) cutting corners or rationalizing compromises is imprudent since the operating costs and risks far outweigh any reduced capital costs; and it is important to note that the best systems are typically not the most expensive systems.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Joe Hughes
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Customer Bulletin 0511 Questions You Should Ask When Selecting Mechanical Ins...Joe Hughes
Too often the specifying and selection processes relating to mechanical insulation are jeopardized either due to confusing information or the absence of important information. “What‟s not being said” is sometimes more important than “what‟s being said”! The objective of this document is to itemize key questions that should be asked during discussions with insulant suppliers. Failure to receive a credible response on any question may be an indication that full disclosure is being withheld.
Technical Bulletin 0418 Polyiso vs. XPS Pipe Insulation SystemsDyplast Products
Dyplast’s 0214 Technical Bulletin was focused primarily on examining the cost of insulation systems versus energy savings and long-term performance of polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulants in low-temperature applications such as refrigeration and chilled water applications. It’s no surprise that polyisocyanurate was the hands-down selection based purely on physical properties, cost, and demonstrated thermal efficiencies in practice.
Technical Bulletin 0418 Polyiso vs. XPS Pipe Insulation SystemsJoe Hughes
Dyplast’s 0214 Technical Bulletin was focused primarily on examining the cost of insulation systems versus energy savings and long-term performance of polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulants in low-temperature applications such as refrigeration and chilled water applications. It’s no surprise that polyisocyanurate was the hands-down selection based purely on physical properties, cost, and demonstrated thermal efficiencies in practice.
Technical Bulletin 0213 Polyisocyanurate vs. Cellular Glass InsulationJoe Hughes
This Technical Bulletin is another in our series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, specifiers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on our products and those of our competitors. This Bulletin focuses on a comparison of the physical properties of closed cell2 polyisocyanurate3 (polyiso or PIR) rigid foam insulation products with those of cellular glass insulation products for demanding below-ambient applications such as cryogenic, refrigerant, and chilled water where energy efficiency, moisture intrusion, and condensation are issues.
Customer Bulletin 0511 Questions You Should Ask When Selecting Mechanical Ins...Dyplast Products
Too often the specifying and selection processes relating to mechanical insulation are jeopardized either due to confusing information or the absence of important information. “What‟s not being said” is sometimes more important than “what‟s being said”! The objective of this document is to itemize key questions that should be asked during discussions with insulant suppliers. Failure to receive a credible response on any question may be an indication that full disclosure is being withheld.
A Comparison Study Between Two Hydrogen Sensorsijtsrd
In this research work, a comparison study has been carried out between Palladium Pd coated PMMA Poly Methyl Meth acryl ate optical sensor and Palladium thin films sensor that have been prepared on glass substrates. PMMA were sputter coated with Palladium using a sputter coating facility offered by the He riot Watt University, during sputter coating the target palladium is showered with argon gas such that atoms from the target are ejected by the ionized gas and then deposited on the PMMA substrate. Palladium thin films have been prepared on glass substrates by vaporization deposition technique with annealing temperature is around 600 C. Relative inertness of the sensors to relative humidity makes it specific to detect hydrogen at low concentration. Target environments for the proposed sensors are fuel cell cabinets, industrial process plants, submarines, nuclear fuel power generation and decommissioning plants. Results showed that optical characteristics of the prepared sensors are highly sensitive, but their properties considerably vary when the measurements conducted in vacuum or in air. In the two sensors the response-recovery time of Pd materials to hydrogen gas characterized to be extremely short. Dr. Albashir Zomrawi "A Comparison Study Between Two Hydrogen Sensors" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18443.pdf
Technical Bulletin 0213 Polyisocyanurate vs. Cellular Glass InsulationDyplast Products
This Technical Bulletin is another in our series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, specifiers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on our products and those of our competitors. This Bulletin focuses on a comparison of the physical properties of closed cell2 polyisocyanurate3 (polyiso or PIR) rigid foam insulation products with those of cellular glass insulation products for demanding below-ambient applications such as cryogenic, refrigerant, and chilled water where energy efficiency, moisture intrusion, and condensation are issues.
Similar to LNG Industry Magazine (Logical Thinking) Feb 2016 (20)
Qwik-Guide PIR vs XPS Pipe Insulation 0518Joe Hughes
Dyplast’s 0214 Technical Bulletin was focused primarily on examining the cost of insulation systems versus energy savings and long-term performance of polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulants in lowtemperature applications such as refrigeration and chilled water applications. It’s no surprise that polyisocyanurate was the handsdown selection based purely on physical properties, cost, and demonstrated thermal efficiencies in practice.
Dyplast has over fifty years of development and manufacturing experience with its GeoFoam product line and applications. Dyplast GeoFoam is produced as a large expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid foam block, typically used as a light-weight/high-strength structural replacement for soil in geo-technical projects or as structural alternatives in applications such as stadium seating and swimming pool foundations in hi-rise hotels. Just a few examples include:
Customer Bulletin 0717 ISO C1® Polyisocyanurate Insulation Flame Spread and S...Joe Hughes
This Customer Bulletin is another in a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive products and on items that affect our industry. Marketing literature for insulation products on the internet and in printed media often address the flame spread index (FSI) and smoke developed index (SDI) as measured in accordance with ASTM E84 or comparable standards. This Customer Bulletin provides factual, clarifying information concerning ISO-C1’s FSI and SDI as well as other important points relating to the combustion properties of polyisocyanurate foam.
LNG Industry Magazine (Commercial Quality Control The Missing Link) Jan 2017Joe Hughes
Dyplast Products has published its latest article in LNG Magazine titled “Commercial Quality Control: The Missing Link”. In an era with disparate pricing, a multiplicity of owners/stakeholders, long-term price volatility, multiple concurrent plant constructions, a shortage of skilled personnel, and increasingly complex technologies, owners/stakeholders in LNG projects increasingly face new risks.
This article introduces commercial quality control as an approach to move more impact factors to the controllable side of the ledger, and also as a way of better identifying and mitigating risks across the project lifecycle – beginning at project inception, but encompassing development, financing, construction and operations.
Dyplast Products is proud to announce we will be attending the 2015 Polyurethanes Technical Conference October 5-7, 2015 at the Gaylord Palms Resort and Convention Center in Kissimmee, Florida.
May 6-8 2015
Baltimore, Maryland
Dyplast will be attending the Eastern States Insulation Contractors Association Conference at the Four Seasons Hotel in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland.
ESICA represents both small and large mechanical, commercial, industrial and asbestos abatement contractors as well as various suppliers and distributors of products and services to the industry.
Dyplast has been supporting ESICA over many years, and is eager to again be part of this valuable Conference.
SWICAs EXPO 2015 has expanded and Dyplast will be exhibiting as one of 55 other companies with a table top display featuring Dyplast’s ISO-C1® family of products in the exhibit hall. SWICA Ninth Industrial Insulation Craft Competition will also be held at the EXPO and will have two insulators per model and have refined the removable blanket competition with single or dual optional competitors and added a commercial competition. This is an expensive and timely event that the Craft Education Committee has spent endless hours preparing exams, building models and setting standards long before the actual execution of such an event. The Expo and competition turns out virtually everyone in the industrial insulation industry. This is an opportunity to show support and help the Education Committee set new education and safety standards for our industry.
We look forward to seeing you in this one-day educational and information packed exposition, white papers and craft competitions.
11:00 AM – 6:00 PM Tuesday, February 3, 2015
Marriott Westchase Houston, TX
Be sure to drop by our booth #38 in the exhibit hall and discuss our product range with our staff!
Customer Bulletin 05-15 A Comparison of ISO-C1 and HT-300 Polyisocyanurate In...Joe Hughes
This Customer Bulletin is part of a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive products. Marketing literature on the internet and in printed media address the physical and performance characteristics of competing polyisocyanurate rigid foam insulations fabricated from bunstock. As is often the case, some literature can be misleading and/or in some cases there may not be sufficient information to credibly compare products. This Customer Bulletin provides factual, clarifying information which should allow for an objective comparison of Dyplast’s ISO-C1® with HiTherm’s HT-300 (each 2 lb/ft3 density).
Customer Bulletin 0610 Polyisocyanurate vs. Cellular Glass InsulationJoe Hughes
This Customer Bulletin is another in our series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on our products and those of our competitors. This Bulletin focuses on a comparison of the physical properties of closed cell polyisocyanurate (PIR or polyiso) rigid foam insulation with those of cellular glass insulation for below ambient applications such as chilled water through cryogenic application where moisture intrusion or condensation can be an issue.
Customer Bulletin 0510 Polyisocyanurate vs Polyurethane InsulationJoe Hughes
This Customer Bulletin is one in a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on our products and those of our competitors. A surprisingly large number of potential buyers of polyurethane (PUR) insulation are unaware of the advantages or even the existence of polyisocyanurate (PIR). Some may even think they're the same thing. The fact is that the differences are considerable.
Customer Bulletin 0410 A Comparison of ISO-C1 and HT-300Joe Hughes
This Customer Bulletin is part of a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive products. Marketing literature on the internet and in printed media address the physical and performance characteristics of competing polyisocyanurate rigid foam insulations fabricated from bunstock. As is often the case, some literature can be misleading and/or in some cases there may not be sufficient information to credibly compare products. This Customer Bulletin provides factual, clarifying information which should allow for an objective comparison of Dyplast’s ISO-C1® with HiTherm’s HT-300 (each 2 lb/ft3 density).
Customer Bulletin 0310 A Comparison of ISO-C1 Polyisocyanurate Insulation to ...Joe Hughes
This Customer Bulletin is another in a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients,
engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive
products. Marketing literature on the internet and in printed media address the physical and
performance characteristics of polyisocyanurate rigid foam (ISO) and extruded polystyrene
insulation (XPS). As is often the case, some literature can be misleading and/or in some cases
there may not be sufficient information to credibly compare products. This Customer Bulletin
provides factual, clarifying information which should allow for an objective comparison of
Dyplast’s ISO-C1® with the competing XPS Billet product.
Customer Bulletin 0109 ISO-C1 PolyIsocyanurate Insulation UL and FM TestingJoe Hughes
This Customer Bulletin is the first in a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive products. Dyplast Products, LLC has announced industry-leading results regarding its ASTM E84 flame spread/smoke development tests conducted by UL and FM; and adds clarity to often misunderstood claims regarding flame/smoke properties of alternative insulations.
Case Study: Philadelphia Mail Processing and DistributionJoe Hughes
Architectural Insulating Panel Systems utilize
lightweight, insulating foam cores with steel or
aluminum faces integrally bonded to each side.
Architectural Insulating Panels form a high-strength
structural building unit for walls, ceilings, or floors
that can be readily attached to a standard steel
frame construction grid. These composite building
units can be designed to meet the most demanding
specifications for strength, flexibility, and thermal
control (up to R48) - - while providing a broad array
of architectural colors and textures.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
LNG Industry Magazine (Logical Thinking) Feb 2016
1. S
pecifying insulation is not like specifying
stainless steel, wherein performance
expectations are essentially defined by the
elemental content of iron, chromium, molybdenum,
manganese, etc. On the contrary, the evaluation
of alternative insulants using elemental analysis
is neither realistic nor helpful, and even the
comparison of published physical properties can be
challenging for multiple reasons.
The objective of this article is to logically
examine the complex issues that surround insulant
performance at cryogenic temperatures. It aims to
consider the consequences that correlate to the
performance of LNG insulants that are often
examined only within ambient conditions without
considering actual in-situ performance, and
sometimes selected with old prejudices in mind.
Fortunately, this practice is gradually being replaced
with more comprehensive due diligence by
engineers and specifiers.
Logical
thinkingTed Berglund and Joe Hughes, Dyplast, USA,
examine the complexity surrounding insulant
performance at cryogenic temperatures.
2. LNGINDUSTRY REPRINTED FROM FEBRUARY 2016
Physical properties are often influenced by the following:
Different standards and test protocols (e.g. different
ASTM, CINI, EN, DIN, etc.).
Different measurement temperatures.
Other test environments that are not representative of the
application.
Manufacturers sometimes offering less-than-full
disclosure.
Data or performance claims that are often not validated
by independent third parties, and are rarely audited.
Due diligence
The aforementioned due diligence is indeed part of the
solution, since a thorough understanding of each standard
and test protocol better enables an engineer to make credible
comparisons. A case in point is the considerable difference
in test methods used in measuring water absorption (WA) in
alternative insulants. There are at least four different ASTM
standards for the four different insulants referenced herein,
with varied preparation, durations, temperatures, immersion
depths, post-immersion processing, and/or measurement per
volume vs weight. The CINI-2014 requires ≤5.0% measured
per ASTM D2842, while ASTM C591-2015 requires ≤1.0%
measured per C272 in order to be compliant. Furthermore,
the physics of WA at cryogenic temperatures should also be
considered.
This case in point is not atypical, which brings to the
forefront the use of empirical evidence as a good place to
start in the logical thinking process. For instance, the vast
majority of LNG facilities in the world have utilised either
cellular glass or polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulants, or a
combination thereof. Other insulants have played minor roles.
Recently, aerogel sheet insulant has been marketed as a
better alternative – ostensibly as a replacement for cellular
glass and PIR. Similarly, elastomeric suppliers have
increasingly marketed their product for cryogenic
applications.
Differences between PIR and
cellular glass
While PIR and cellular glass are similar to the extent that
they are both classified as rigid and closed cell, they each
have quite different physical properties – namely, thermal
conductivity, dimensions (without gluing), moisture
resistance, density, strength, and so forth. Aerogel and
elastomeric insulants are quite different from PIR and cellular
glass, as well as from each other. Each is advertised as
‘flexible’ down to cryogenic temperatures.
Datasheets with properties at
ambient temperatures?
Traditionally, datasheets portray physical properties
measured at or near ambient temperatures. Whilst physical
properties of insulants at cryogenic temperatures may be
different than under ambient conditions, certain questions
need to be asked, including: which ones; by how much; and
why should we care?
Ideally, ASTM, EN, CINI, ISO, DIN and other standards
would establish minimum/maximum values for all physical
properties for all insulants across the range of temperatures.
Although this is not the case, international standards appear
to increasingly require that physical properties be measured
across a temperature range that includes cryogenic. For
instance, ASTM C591-15 (applicable to PIR) requires thermal
conductivities to be measured for select temperatures from
200°F to -200°F (93°C to -129°C). CINI-2014 similarly requires
certain physical properties to be measured at -165°C.Since
LNG facility designers depend on either or both, it can be
stated that failure of an insulant supplier to comply with the
new reporting would mean exclusion from bidding. While not
yet a prerequisite of either ASTM or CINI, engineers/specifiers
may also consider being proactive in assessing to what extent
third party auditing of the product/process additionally
reduces risk exposure by ensuring that the product delivered
is the same as the product referenced in datasheets. Figure 1,
for instance, depicts the thermal conductivity of ISO-C1/2.5 (a
PIR) compared to the CINI specification, demonstrating that
this ISO-C1/2.5 meets or exceeds the CINI standards (note:
lower is better). The physical properties of this particular PIR
are independently verified and audited.
A complication: the
temperature gradient
Any insulant in contact with a pipe or vessel containing LNG
at -165°C (-265°F) can be assumed to be at that cryogenic
temperature within at least a few millimeters (possibly a
few centimeters) of the inner surface of the insulant. So,
assuming that the insulant manufacturer has used ASTM or
Figure 1. PIR vs CINI standards.
Figure 2. CB&I double-wall LNG tank.
3. REPRINTED FROM FEBRUARY 2016 LNGINDUSTRY
CINI tests to determine certain physical properties at -165°C,
and additionally at 24°C, there may be some certainty about
the insulant’s inner-most and the outer-most segments of the
insulation system. However, in between, there is inevitably a
significant temperature gradient spanning roughly 190°C.
How does one determine the in-situ temperature at each
layer of insulant in between, and then consequently average
(or integrate, or interpolate) the net physical properties of the
insulation system? One logical conclusion is that you can not;
another is that you do not need to, since there are decades of
empirical evidence for the performance of the dominant LNG
insulants. Additionally, with respect to PIR, CINI established
the cryogenic thermal stress resistance factor to ensure
sufficient margins of error, with respect to stresses potentially
resulting from the temperature gradient.
Another ‘plus’ is that some engineering organisations
have modelled the most important physical property –
thermal conductivity (lambda value ƛ) – for multiple insulants
across multiple temperatures and environments, or have
adopted internet-based models, such as 3E-Plus, as
sufficiently credible. Engineers and specifiers can, therefore,
design the entire insulation system using proven software.
Lambda
Fortunately, for the vast majority of cryogenic applications,
the issues come down to lifecycle lambdas – assuming
parameters, such as strength, dimensional stability, etc. meet
the minimum standards set by code authorities or the system
design engineers. Moreover, thermal conductivity of all
common LNG insulants improves (i.e. the lambda decreases)
as temperature decreases, but not at the same rate. Each
insulant begins its improvements by starting at a different
ambient lambda.
Both PIR and aerogel insulants achieve excellent
lambdas, based on internet-accessible datasheets from
leading manufacturers.
PIR achieves its higher thermal efficiencies via the
low-lambda blowing agents incorporated within a trimerised
rigid cell structure. ‘Ageing’ parameters are often posed as a
point of debate within the selection criteria. Thinking through
the issues logically, one must consider the rationale applied
by ASTM and other standards organisations striving to ‘level
the playing field’ amongst insulants under evaluation.
Consideration must also be given to the fact that, for decades,
engineers/specifiers have calculated a thickness for PIR on
LNG pipe based on aged lambdas. Any ageing beyond
predictions by ASTM protocols would have been clear, since
failure would have otherwise resulted – the absence of which
appears to validate the premise that material ageing does not
occur after installation in an LNG system.
Aged k-factors
ASTM has designed a testing protocol (C591) that ‘ages’ the
target insulant for 180 days at approximately 24°C prior to
measuring lambda. CINI specifies ageing measurements per
ASTM C591. Since PIR has been successfully demonstrated in
LNG applications for several decades, the aged lambdas can
be assumed to be representative of the average performance
of the insulant over the life of the insulation system.
An important nuance is that lambda values for PIR listed
at, for instance, -165°C were measured at -165°C from
samples aged 180 days at 24°C. Therefore, one may ask, ‘to
what extent does PIR age at lower temperatures?’ and/or
‘does a vapour barrier slow ageing?’ Regarding vapour
barriers and jackets, they will slow the ageing process.
Indeed, thick insulant or multiple layers of insulant on an LNG
pipe will slow the ageing of the inner layers.
Regarding lower temperatures, the ageing process slows
dramatically, and can be considered as nil at cryogenic
temperatures. In other words, in theory, if initial (i.e. prior to
ageing) PIR is promptly installed on cryogenic pipe, the inner
layers of the insulant nearer the pipe may not age, and layers
operating at less than ambient temperatures will age more
slowly than they would at ambient temperatures.
Of course, this cannot be measured or guaranteed, since
factors, such as outages, cycling up to ambient temperatures,
etc., would result in the insulant being above cryogenic
temperatures.
WA/WVT
High WA and water vapour transmission (WVT) have
each historically been associated with poorer thermal
efficiencies. Critical thinking is particularly important when
considering WA and WVT. Conventional wisdom is that
WA/WVT concerns originated from failures with primarily
fibreglass, fibrous, and/or cellulose-based insulant systems
in less-than-ambient temperature applications under humid
conditions. A root cause of many of the problems has
typically been either the lack of incorporation of an adequate
Figure 3. PIR two-layer insulant system on an LNG pipe.
Figure 4. Elba Island LNG expansion project near completion.
4. LNGINDUSTRY REPRINTED FROM FEBRUARY 2016
vapour retarder, or the selection a vapour retarder when there
should have been a zero-perm vapour barrier. However, an
additional lesson learned is that a fibrous and/or open-cell
insulant offers no second line of defense, thus increasing
the risks for the engineer that may have specified, or the
contractor that may have installed.
Note that there is no predictable, quantitative correlation
between WA or WVT and lambda in a given insulant, and this
will vary for each insulant.
From another perspective, governing authorities, such as
ASTM, CINI, ISO, DIN, etc., often set standards for compliance.
In other words, an insulant that does not meet the applicable
standard should not be utilised in LNG applications. CINI-2014,
for instance, establishes a maximum WA of ≤5% by volume
for PIR (tested with no vapour retarder/barrier installed). The
maximum WVT is 0.8 g/m2
.h similarly tested with no vapour
retarder or barrier.
Unfortunately, the standards (e.g. ASTM, CINI, etc.) may
have different WVT/WA maximums based on the type of
insulant. Stakeholders must conduct appropriate due diligence
to parse the differences. Additionally, one can debate the
extent to which stakeholders receive value for measurements
that are better than minimum requirements.
Strengths at cryogenic
temperatures
Logically, many will surmise that compressive, tensile, and
likely other strengths increase as temperature decreases,
which is generally a good thing. From an engineer’s
perspective – worried about margins of error – such margins
relating to strengths should only improve. For example,
measurements of PIR (density 40 kg/m3
) yield a compressive
strength at 23°C of 295 kPa, which increases to 495 kPa
at -165°C. Similarly, tensile strength increases, albeit less
dramatically, from 410 kPa to 484 kPa. The properties
of adhesives, mastics, cappings, etc. can influence the
performance of the insulant, and brittleness of any insulant at
cryogenic temperatures must also be considered.
Expansion/contraction
One may also logically consider ‘shrinkage’ as temperatures
decrease. Coefficients of linear expansion (CLE), as well
as dimensional stability, represent different aspects
of this concern. The CLEs of cellular glass and PIR are
very low, 6.6 and ~60 x 10-6
m/m.°K, respectively. Put
into perspective, if 10 m of insulated pipe went from an
operational temperature of -165°C to an ambient 23°C,
then the PIR would expand linearly by 0.059 m (2.3 in.).
While cellular glass will expand less, the fact is that
expansion joints within the insulation system compensate
for such expansion/contraction. Cellular glass should
require fewer expansion joints.
While CLE represents the elastic side of the equation,
dimensional stability represents the inelastic perspectives.
Again, ASTM and CINI, among others, have established
limiting criteria for dimensional stability – for which,
cellular glass and PIR both comply.
Conclusion
Even though there may not be a perfect world, with
respect to predicting performance of insulants at cryogenic
temperatures, there should indeed be optimism within
the ranks of informed LNG engineers, specifiers, and
end-users, because of the following:
Insulant technologies are advancing while
incorporating more sustainable chemicals and
strategies.
Lifecycle optimisation (operations, finance, and
sustainability) is replacing CAPEX as the primary
determinant.
Standards organisations are increasingly addressing
cryogenic applications.
Old prejudices are being replaced by an expectation of
current, third party verified data on the products.
Conventional wisdom is being supplemented by
proactive due diligence.
While the complexities of insulation system design,
fabrication, and installation make it difficult to hold
insulant manufacturers accountable, it is important that
end-users apply more due diligence in the selection of
insulants.