This document discusses the importance of selecting an optimal insulation system for LNG facilities to mitigate investment risks and optimize lifecycle performance. Key factors to consider in insulation selection include thermal conductivity at various temperatures, water vapor transmission, weight, cost, and third-party validation of physical properties. A case study of the Elba Island LNG facility highlights how selection of a specific polyisocyanurate insulation allowed for thinner insulation, easier handling and shipping, and schedule savings compared to alternatives. The article emphasizes that full disclosure of insulation properties and compliance with evolving standards is critical for stakeholders to make informed decisions.
Technical Bulletin 1128A Mechanical Insulation In Typical Refrigeration Appli...Dyplast Products
The document discusses key considerations for selecting insulation materials for refrigeration applications. It states that thermal conductivity (k-factor) and water vapor transmission (WVT) are the most important properties to consider, as they significantly impact energy costs and system performance over the life of the insulation. Polyisocyanurate insulation has the best combination of k-factor and WVT compared to other common insulants like extruded polystyrene and fiberglass. While capital costs are a factor, prioritizing k-factor and WVT will reduce operating costs and risks of failure in the long run.
A life cycle approach to corrosion management and asset integrityOkeme Esegine PMP
The document discusses corrosion management and asset integrity through a lifecycle approach. It outlines 5 key phases: 1) Design, emphasizing avoiding design flaws that could compromise integrity. 2) Material selection, choosing materials suited for each process. 3) Construction, using proper welding techniques. 4) Operations, adhering to operating parameters. 5) Asset management, using inspection, integrity and reliability assessments to extend asset life through proper maintenance and shutdowns. The author advocates a lifecycle approach and interdisciplinary expertise to reliably manage assets.
This document discusses compact heat exchangers, including their types (plate and frame, brazed plate, welded plate, spiral, plate fin, printed-circuit, shell-and-tube), advantages of higher efficiency and lower cost/volume, limitations of fouling and lack of awareness, and design considerations like materials and operating limits. Compact heat exchangers can replace conventional heat exchangers due to their benefits. Security, environmental, and cost aspects are also covered.
This white paper demonstrates how the parallel prototyping of two materials, Aluminum Nitride (AlN) and Alumina (Al2O3), in a heating component design for low- to medium-volume production contributed to this success. It also addresses the verification, validation, form and fit testing relative to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval process.
The document discusses how improving instrumentation and level control in steam generation and condensate recovery systems can increase efficiency and reduce costs for industries that rely heavily on steam. Key areas that better level measurement can optimize include the boiler/steam drum, deaerator, feedwater heaters, blowdown flash tank, condensate receiver tanks, and heat exchangers. Technologies like guided wave radar that are unaffected by process conditions can provide more accurate level measurement and eliminate sources of error compared to differential pressure, buoyancy, or other inferential methods. This allows tighter control of levels throughout the steam cycle for maximum heat transfer, less blowdown waste, and recovery of more condensate for fuel and water savings.
This document discusses maintaining components of chilled water cooling systems beyond just the chiller. It outlines key components like pumps, cooling towers, coils, and controls and discusses common maintenance issues for each. These include checking pump alignments, fan motors, coil cleaning, and software updates. The document emphasizes that properly maintaining all system components is important for efficient operation, minimizing downtime, and protecting equipment investments.
An Introduction to Oil Field Metallurgy and Corrosion ControlRobert Heidersbach
Robert Heidersbach, author of "Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production" includes an excerpt from his book in this presentation. Readers will learn about corrosion and its affects on the oil industry and environment. You can purchase Robert Heidersbach's book on Amazon here: http://amzn.to/2vq9rA3
This document provides guidelines for connecting new or renovated buildings to the centralized campus chilled water plants. Buildings can connect directly to the primary chilled water loop or indirectly via a plate and frame heat exchanger. For direct connections, the chilled water supply is 42°F with a 16°F delta T and the system pressure is set at 80 PSIG. Indirect connections are required if a building's static pressure exceeds this. Guidelines are provided for pumps, valves, meters, and other components as well as testing, balancing, and commissioning requirements to ensure building systems interface properly with the central plants.
Technical Bulletin 1128A Mechanical Insulation In Typical Refrigeration Appli...Dyplast Products
The document discusses key considerations for selecting insulation materials for refrigeration applications. It states that thermal conductivity (k-factor) and water vapor transmission (WVT) are the most important properties to consider, as they significantly impact energy costs and system performance over the life of the insulation. Polyisocyanurate insulation has the best combination of k-factor and WVT compared to other common insulants like extruded polystyrene and fiberglass. While capital costs are a factor, prioritizing k-factor and WVT will reduce operating costs and risks of failure in the long run.
A life cycle approach to corrosion management and asset integrityOkeme Esegine PMP
The document discusses corrosion management and asset integrity through a lifecycle approach. It outlines 5 key phases: 1) Design, emphasizing avoiding design flaws that could compromise integrity. 2) Material selection, choosing materials suited for each process. 3) Construction, using proper welding techniques. 4) Operations, adhering to operating parameters. 5) Asset management, using inspection, integrity and reliability assessments to extend asset life through proper maintenance and shutdowns. The author advocates a lifecycle approach and interdisciplinary expertise to reliably manage assets.
This document discusses compact heat exchangers, including their types (plate and frame, brazed plate, welded plate, spiral, plate fin, printed-circuit, shell-and-tube), advantages of higher efficiency and lower cost/volume, limitations of fouling and lack of awareness, and design considerations like materials and operating limits. Compact heat exchangers can replace conventional heat exchangers due to their benefits. Security, environmental, and cost aspects are also covered.
This white paper demonstrates how the parallel prototyping of two materials, Aluminum Nitride (AlN) and Alumina (Al2O3), in a heating component design for low- to medium-volume production contributed to this success. It also addresses the verification, validation, form and fit testing relative to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval process.
The document discusses how improving instrumentation and level control in steam generation and condensate recovery systems can increase efficiency and reduce costs for industries that rely heavily on steam. Key areas that better level measurement can optimize include the boiler/steam drum, deaerator, feedwater heaters, blowdown flash tank, condensate receiver tanks, and heat exchangers. Technologies like guided wave radar that are unaffected by process conditions can provide more accurate level measurement and eliminate sources of error compared to differential pressure, buoyancy, or other inferential methods. This allows tighter control of levels throughout the steam cycle for maximum heat transfer, less blowdown waste, and recovery of more condensate for fuel and water savings.
This document discusses maintaining components of chilled water cooling systems beyond just the chiller. It outlines key components like pumps, cooling towers, coils, and controls and discusses common maintenance issues for each. These include checking pump alignments, fan motors, coil cleaning, and software updates. The document emphasizes that properly maintaining all system components is important for efficient operation, minimizing downtime, and protecting equipment investments.
An Introduction to Oil Field Metallurgy and Corrosion ControlRobert Heidersbach
Robert Heidersbach, author of "Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production" includes an excerpt from his book in this presentation. Readers will learn about corrosion and its affects on the oil industry and environment. You can purchase Robert Heidersbach's book on Amazon here: http://amzn.to/2vq9rA3
This document provides guidelines for connecting new or renovated buildings to the centralized campus chilled water plants. Buildings can connect directly to the primary chilled water loop or indirectly via a plate and frame heat exchanger. For direct connections, the chilled water supply is 42°F with a 16°F delta T and the system pressure is set at 80 PSIG. Indirect connections are required if a building's static pressure exceeds this. Guidelines are provided for pumps, valves, meters, and other components as well as testing, balancing, and commissioning requirements to ensure building systems interface properly with the central plants.
This document summarizes environmental and climate change policies and how to minimize liability for businesses. It discusses increased enforcement of environmental regulations and closure obligations. It recommends conducting thorough environmental due diligence when acquiring property, which includes Phase I and Phase II environmental site assessments. It also discusses new considerations like vapor intrusion assessments and evaluating potential impacts of operational changes. Finally, it outlines new proposed greenhouse gas reporting requirements and potential regulation and litigation related to climate change that businesses should be aware of.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Split Refrigeration System with Indoor & Ou...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that analyzed the performance of a refrigeration system with indoor and outdoor condenser units. Two cases were considered: case 1 with both units inside the room, and case 2 with one unit outside the room. The results found that case 2 had a 1.9% lower average room temperature and a 15.9% lower evaporator temperature compared to case 1. The minimum evaporator temperature was similar between the two cases. In conclusion, having one condenser unit outside the room improved the refrigeration system's performance by lowering temperatures. Future work could explore using alternative refrigerants and accounting for pressure losses.
In this project, experimentation is done on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
[VCRS] as the COP is high for this system and it is the present trend of the HVAC in the
domestic industry. This study presents investigation of best suited refrigerant and
insulation combination for gas pipeline and liquid pipeline of a split air conditioning
system. Analysis are performed for R22-Chlorodiflouromethane, a HydroChloroFlouro
Carbon refrigerant, which has been using in the present world that cause both global
warming and ozone layer depletion and R410a, mixture of di-flouromethane and
pentaflouroethane, a Hydroflouro carbon refrigerant, which is future of HVAC which
reduces the effect of ozone layer depletion [ODP] and Global Warming Potential
[GWP].For these two refrigerants, we had found out the best insulation suitable as
insulation also affects the COP of air conditioner, which has been observed from the
literature. Minimizing the temperature of refrigerant in suction line helps condensing unit
work more effectively intern the system performance increases. This reduces the overall
power required for working of air conditioner, thereby reducing the maintenance cost of
system. Also, it helps the manufacturer to provide best type of insulation for the system at
reduced cost thereby reducing overall cost of VCRS.To perform the experimental
comparison, 16 tests were carried out for 5 times with each refrigerant Insulation
combination. From analysis it is observed that, COPA for NRF+AF gives highest value
for R22 and R410awhen compared to various insulation materials. Power required for
VCRS is greater while using R410a than R22. So In this work the main energy parameters
such as COP and work required for compressor are analysed and discussed.
A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON STORAGE TANK MANAGEMENT. REGULATIONS HELP MITIGATE RISK TO THE PUBLIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THESE RISKS ALSO HAVE A HEFTY FINANCIAL PENALTY ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. HOW SHOULD RISK MITIGATION BE PRIORITIZED?
PRESENTED AT THE 2014 NEW ENGLAND UST & SHOP-FABRICATED STORAGE TANK CONFERENCE WORCESTER, MA, DECEMBER 4, 2014
This document provides guidelines for selecting corrosion resistant alloys for use in the oil and gas industry. It summarizes key environmental parameters that influence alloy corrosion properties, such as temperature, chloride concentration, and partial pressures of CO2 and H2S. Graphs show safe operating ranges for various alloys based on these parameters. The document updates selection guidelines originally published in 1998, expanding the ranges for some alloys based on new field and laboratory test data. It aims to help users preliminarily select candidate alloys for testing or economic analysis for a given application.
Inspection of liquid carbon di oxide tank and refrigeration systemlpgbnhgastank
Liquid carbon dioxide tanks can store CO2 for various applications like welding, dry ice manufacturing, and transporting frozen foods. These tanks range in capacity from 5m3 to 500m3 depending on customer needs. BNH Gas Tanks designs, fabricates, tests, and commissions liquid CO2 tanks and transport tanks along with all necessary refrigeration, piping, safety systems, and civil works to specification. They carry out mechanical calculations and drawings which are certified by international inspection agencies for quality assurance.
Cornfield point, old saybrook ct powerpointburkesu
This document mentions enjoying the beach at Cornfield Point in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. It also references Meagan, Jeanne, Susan, the grandchildren, and the great grandchildren Kendall and Austin.
Este documento presenta las actividades de aprendizaje para la fase de inducción de un proyecto de asesores en ventas de productos y servicios a microempresas en el municipio de Zarzal. Entre las actividades se encuentran la conformación de grupos para consultar sobre la historia, misión, visión, principios y valores del SENA, indagar sobre el sistema educativo colombiano y explicar el significado del logotipo del SENA. También incluye leer el himno del SENA y diseñar un crucigrama sobre los derechos y deberes del
Ucapan selamat datang Timbalan Perdana Menteri ke acara perasmian IPG Sukan. Beliau menekankan pentingnya transformasi pendidikan guru untuk meningkatkan kualiti modal insan dan daya saing negara, serta menjadikan IPG Sukan sebagai institusi pendidikan guru terulung.
The convergence of high energy prices,
global warming potential, general environmental
pollution, home-grown energy imperatives,
and green energy possibilities has
created opportunities that far-sighted companies
can capture and the public expects.
The document discusses Microsoft PowerPoint 2013 presentation software. PowerPoint allows users to create dynamic slideshows incorporating animation, narration, images, and videos. When first opened, PowerPoint displays a Start Screen where users can create new presentations or access recently edited ones. The document then explains various interface elements like the Quick Access Toolbar, Ribbon, ruler, slide pane, and navigation pane which allow viewing and editing slides. It provides instructions on adjusting the slide view and describes scroll bars and zoom controls for panning and zooming the slide view.
El documento presenta el Proyecto de Norma Internacional de Información Financiera para Pequeñas y Medianas Entidades (NIIF para las PyME). Se aceptan comentarios sobre el proyecto de norma hasta el 1 de octubre de 2007. El proyecto de norma establece principios y requisitos de presentación y revelación de información financiera para entidades que no tienen obligación pública de rendir cuentas y publicar sus estados financieros. El objetivo es desarrollar una norma simplificada pero de alta calidad para entidades pequeñas y median
This document discusses how to test Rails applications using different types of tests. It recommends starting with feature specs to test user flows which are slow but test the full stack. It also recommends using model specs to test models in isolation which are fast. Controller specs test controller actions and should avoid duplicating feature tests. View specs test view logic. Test doubles, stubs, and spies can be used to isolate parts of the app for faster testing.
Arizona Future Educators Association 2014 State Officer Training Rachael Mann
This document outlines the agenda and expectations for the 2014 Arizona FEA State Officer Training. Over the course of several days, officers will learn about proper dress codes, public speaking skills, leadership development, and their specific roles and responsibilities. They will practice skills like giving classroom presentations and networking speeches. By the end, officers will have their state positions announced and be prepared for their duties over the coming year.
The document discusses the Projet Espace OSM Francophone (EOF) which aims to support the growth of local, autonomous OSM communities in Africa. It does this through outreach, training, community building and mapping activities. The goal is to establish voluntary OSM associations in countries while improving OSM data quality and density. It also hopes to partner with local governments, humanitarian groups, and academics to replicate the project elsewhere. The EOF is funded by HOT and aims to be agile, low cost, and fit the local context of poverty and voluntary involvement.
Here is a one minute summary:
We learned about different types of small dishes served at the beginning of meals internationally, such as antipasti, tapas, dim sum, and mezze. These can be hot or cold hors d'oeuvres and appetizers. Specifically, we focused on elements of canapés - which have a base, adhesive spread, body, and garnish. We designed our own canapé concept and discussed how jalapeño poppers are a hot hors d'oeuvre. Comparing poppers to bacon wrapped stuffed jalapeños, the poppers have a lighter flavor and crunchier texture while the stuffed version is richer. In summary, we gained understanding of starter courses
The document provides guidance on writing an effective curriculum vitae or resume, noting that the goal is to convey the major points that make the applicant employable and get them an interview, and the CV should be targeted to the specific job being applied for by emphasizing the relevant skills, experience, and qualifications. It offers tips on the typical sections to include in a CV like work experience, education, skills, and references, as well as formatting and presentation best practices to make the CV brief and visually impactful.
This document provides an overview of an undergraduate subject guide on human resource management. It introduces the guide's aims, learning outcomes, and syllabus. The guide is divided into chapters covering key HR topics like recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, and psychological contracts. It provides essential and further readings and examines advice for students taking the related examination. The subject guide aims to equip students with knowledge of HR theories, models, policies and practices.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para buscar información efectivamente en Google, incluyendo usar frases exactas, restricciones de palabras, rangos numéricos, buscar definiciones, diferentes tipos de archivos, sitios específicos y gubernamentales, e imágenes. Recomienda el uso de comillas, múltiples palabras clave, el prefijo "filetype:" y separadores como puntos y comas para optimizar los resultados de búsqueda.
This document summarizes environmental and climate change policies and how to minimize liability for businesses. It discusses increased enforcement of environmental regulations and closure obligations. It recommends conducting thorough environmental due diligence when acquiring property, which includes Phase I and Phase II environmental site assessments. It also discusses new considerations like vapor intrusion assessments and evaluating potential impacts of operational changes. Finally, it outlines new proposed greenhouse gas reporting requirements and potential regulation and litigation related to climate change that businesses should be aware of.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Split Refrigeration System with Indoor & Ou...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that analyzed the performance of a refrigeration system with indoor and outdoor condenser units. Two cases were considered: case 1 with both units inside the room, and case 2 with one unit outside the room. The results found that case 2 had a 1.9% lower average room temperature and a 15.9% lower evaporator temperature compared to case 1. The minimum evaporator temperature was similar between the two cases. In conclusion, having one condenser unit outside the room improved the refrigeration system's performance by lowering temperatures. Future work could explore using alternative refrigerants and accounting for pressure losses.
In this project, experimentation is done on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
[VCRS] as the COP is high for this system and it is the present trend of the HVAC in the
domestic industry. This study presents investigation of best suited refrigerant and
insulation combination for gas pipeline and liquid pipeline of a split air conditioning
system. Analysis are performed for R22-Chlorodiflouromethane, a HydroChloroFlouro
Carbon refrigerant, which has been using in the present world that cause both global
warming and ozone layer depletion and R410a, mixture of di-flouromethane and
pentaflouroethane, a Hydroflouro carbon refrigerant, which is future of HVAC which
reduces the effect of ozone layer depletion [ODP] and Global Warming Potential
[GWP].For these two refrigerants, we had found out the best insulation suitable as
insulation also affects the COP of air conditioner, which has been observed from the
literature. Minimizing the temperature of refrigerant in suction line helps condensing unit
work more effectively intern the system performance increases. This reduces the overall
power required for working of air conditioner, thereby reducing the maintenance cost of
system. Also, it helps the manufacturer to provide best type of insulation for the system at
reduced cost thereby reducing overall cost of VCRS.To perform the experimental
comparison, 16 tests were carried out for 5 times with each refrigerant Insulation
combination. From analysis it is observed that, COPA for NRF+AF gives highest value
for R22 and R410awhen compared to various insulation materials. Power required for
VCRS is greater while using R410a than R22. So In this work the main energy parameters
such as COP and work required for compressor are analysed and discussed.
A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON STORAGE TANK MANAGEMENT. REGULATIONS HELP MITIGATE RISK TO THE PUBLIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THESE RISKS ALSO HAVE A HEFTY FINANCIAL PENALTY ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. HOW SHOULD RISK MITIGATION BE PRIORITIZED?
PRESENTED AT THE 2014 NEW ENGLAND UST & SHOP-FABRICATED STORAGE TANK CONFERENCE WORCESTER, MA, DECEMBER 4, 2014
This document provides guidelines for selecting corrosion resistant alloys for use in the oil and gas industry. It summarizes key environmental parameters that influence alloy corrosion properties, such as temperature, chloride concentration, and partial pressures of CO2 and H2S. Graphs show safe operating ranges for various alloys based on these parameters. The document updates selection guidelines originally published in 1998, expanding the ranges for some alloys based on new field and laboratory test data. It aims to help users preliminarily select candidate alloys for testing or economic analysis for a given application.
Inspection of liquid carbon di oxide tank and refrigeration systemlpgbnhgastank
Liquid carbon dioxide tanks can store CO2 for various applications like welding, dry ice manufacturing, and transporting frozen foods. These tanks range in capacity from 5m3 to 500m3 depending on customer needs. BNH Gas Tanks designs, fabricates, tests, and commissions liquid CO2 tanks and transport tanks along with all necessary refrigeration, piping, safety systems, and civil works to specification. They carry out mechanical calculations and drawings which are certified by international inspection agencies for quality assurance.
Cornfield point, old saybrook ct powerpointburkesu
This document mentions enjoying the beach at Cornfield Point in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. It also references Meagan, Jeanne, Susan, the grandchildren, and the great grandchildren Kendall and Austin.
Este documento presenta las actividades de aprendizaje para la fase de inducción de un proyecto de asesores en ventas de productos y servicios a microempresas en el municipio de Zarzal. Entre las actividades se encuentran la conformación de grupos para consultar sobre la historia, misión, visión, principios y valores del SENA, indagar sobre el sistema educativo colombiano y explicar el significado del logotipo del SENA. También incluye leer el himno del SENA y diseñar un crucigrama sobre los derechos y deberes del
Ucapan selamat datang Timbalan Perdana Menteri ke acara perasmian IPG Sukan. Beliau menekankan pentingnya transformasi pendidikan guru untuk meningkatkan kualiti modal insan dan daya saing negara, serta menjadikan IPG Sukan sebagai institusi pendidikan guru terulung.
The convergence of high energy prices,
global warming potential, general environmental
pollution, home-grown energy imperatives,
and green energy possibilities has
created opportunities that far-sighted companies
can capture and the public expects.
The document discusses Microsoft PowerPoint 2013 presentation software. PowerPoint allows users to create dynamic slideshows incorporating animation, narration, images, and videos. When first opened, PowerPoint displays a Start Screen where users can create new presentations or access recently edited ones. The document then explains various interface elements like the Quick Access Toolbar, Ribbon, ruler, slide pane, and navigation pane which allow viewing and editing slides. It provides instructions on adjusting the slide view and describes scroll bars and zoom controls for panning and zooming the slide view.
El documento presenta el Proyecto de Norma Internacional de Información Financiera para Pequeñas y Medianas Entidades (NIIF para las PyME). Se aceptan comentarios sobre el proyecto de norma hasta el 1 de octubre de 2007. El proyecto de norma establece principios y requisitos de presentación y revelación de información financiera para entidades que no tienen obligación pública de rendir cuentas y publicar sus estados financieros. El objetivo es desarrollar una norma simplificada pero de alta calidad para entidades pequeñas y median
This document discusses how to test Rails applications using different types of tests. It recommends starting with feature specs to test user flows which are slow but test the full stack. It also recommends using model specs to test models in isolation which are fast. Controller specs test controller actions and should avoid duplicating feature tests. View specs test view logic. Test doubles, stubs, and spies can be used to isolate parts of the app for faster testing.
Arizona Future Educators Association 2014 State Officer Training Rachael Mann
This document outlines the agenda and expectations for the 2014 Arizona FEA State Officer Training. Over the course of several days, officers will learn about proper dress codes, public speaking skills, leadership development, and their specific roles and responsibilities. They will practice skills like giving classroom presentations and networking speeches. By the end, officers will have their state positions announced and be prepared for their duties over the coming year.
The document discusses the Projet Espace OSM Francophone (EOF) which aims to support the growth of local, autonomous OSM communities in Africa. It does this through outreach, training, community building and mapping activities. The goal is to establish voluntary OSM associations in countries while improving OSM data quality and density. It also hopes to partner with local governments, humanitarian groups, and academics to replicate the project elsewhere. The EOF is funded by HOT and aims to be agile, low cost, and fit the local context of poverty and voluntary involvement.
Here is a one minute summary:
We learned about different types of small dishes served at the beginning of meals internationally, such as antipasti, tapas, dim sum, and mezze. These can be hot or cold hors d'oeuvres and appetizers. Specifically, we focused on elements of canapés - which have a base, adhesive spread, body, and garnish. We designed our own canapé concept and discussed how jalapeño poppers are a hot hors d'oeuvre. Comparing poppers to bacon wrapped stuffed jalapeños, the poppers have a lighter flavor and crunchier texture while the stuffed version is richer. In summary, we gained understanding of starter courses
The document provides guidance on writing an effective curriculum vitae or resume, noting that the goal is to convey the major points that make the applicant employable and get them an interview, and the CV should be targeted to the specific job being applied for by emphasizing the relevant skills, experience, and qualifications. It offers tips on the typical sections to include in a CV like work experience, education, skills, and references, as well as formatting and presentation best practices to make the CV brief and visually impactful.
This document provides an overview of an undergraduate subject guide on human resource management. It introduces the guide's aims, learning outcomes, and syllabus. The guide is divided into chapters covering key HR topics like recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, and psychological contracts. It provides essential and further readings and examines advice for students taking the related examination. The subject guide aims to equip students with knowledge of HR theories, models, policies and practices.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para buscar información efectivamente en Google, incluyendo usar frases exactas, restricciones de palabras, rangos numéricos, buscar definiciones, diferentes tipos de archivos, sitios específicos y gubernamentales, e imágenes. Recomienda el uso de comillas, múltiples palabras clave, el prefijo "filetype:" y separadores como puntos y comas para optimizar los resultados de búsqueda.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Joe Hughes
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
El informe resume los proyectos de infraestructura y servicios públicos realizados en el municipio de Belmira durante 2013. Se describen 16 proyectos de vías terciarias, teatro municipal, canal de aguas, muro de contención, pozos sépticos, mantenimiento de instalaciones educativas y locales públicos, y viviendas sociales. También se mencionan 8 proyectos en proceso y las obras pendientes de licitación en 2014.
This document provides tips for staying safe online and protecting your computer. It discusses understanding computer viruses and how to prevent infection through antivirus software, firewalls, and updated browsers. The document also covers privacy settings on social networks and being cautious about sharing personal information publicly. Users are encouraged to think before posting photos or information online, as things cannot be taken back once shared.
Monday October 15 Catering Lemon Basil Pasta Garlic ChickenRachael Mann
The document outlines the plans and tasks for catering an event on November 30th that includes a bread basket, salad, chicken pasta dish, dessert, and beverages for 20 guests. It details the objectives, timeline, and assigns different tasks to student groups during each class period such as setting up, food preparation, and cleanup. The final section discusses evaluating and improving individual and group performance.
Technical Bulletin 1128A Mechanical Insulation In Typical Refrigeration Appli...Joe Hughes
As operating temperatures of mechanical equipment and piping systems drop, increased diligence must be exercised to optimize the insulation system’s performance and mitigate risks of future deterioration. When specifying and installing an insulation system for pipes or equipment operating at refrigerant temperatures (e.g. -70°F to 32°F) cutting corners or rationalizing compromises is imprudent since the operating costs and risks far outweigh any reduced capital costs; and it is important to note that the best systems are typically not the most expensive systems.
LNG Industry Magazine (Risk Mitigation Standards) July 2016Joe Hughes
Experience has demonstrated that insulation systems within LNG facilities are often ‘under-designed’ when compared to other mechanical systems. Decades of lessons learned from
under-designing other mechanical systems, such as piping materials, welding, compressors, relief valves, etc., have led to a keen awareness among LNG engineers regarding impacts on safety, plant reliability, process efficiency, energy loss, and
environmental compliance.
The purpose of this article is to offer a macro-level discussion
of the following:The role of standards in mitigating insulation risks. Which standards are becoming dominant for LNG insulation. Where standards must be supplemented with broader risk mitigation.
LNG Industry Magazine (Risk Mitigation Standards) July 2016Dyplast Products
Experience has demonstrated that insulation systems within LNG facilities are often ‘under-designed’ when compared to other mechanical systems. Decades of lessons learned from
under-designing other mechanical systems, such as piping materials, welding, compressors, relief valves, etc., have led to a keen awareness among LNG engineers regarding impacts on safety, plant reliability, process efficiency, energy loss, and
environmental compliance.
The purpose of this article is to offer a macro-level discussion
of the following:The role of standards in mitigating insulation risks. Which standards are becoming dominant for LNG insulation. Where standards must be supplemented with broader risk mitigation.
LNG Industry Magazine (Logical Thinking) Feb 2016Joe Hughes
Dyplast Products’ new article in LNG Industry Magazine titled "Logical Thinking" is an examination of the complexities surrounding insulant performance at cryogenic temperatures.
Physical properties of a particular insulant are often measured only at ambient temperatures. This article aims to use logical thinking to examine the performance of insulants at LNG (cryogenic) temperatures.
Fortunately, standards such as ASTM and CINI increasingly require physical properties to be measured at cryogenic temperatures, so that in the future such logical extrapolations may be less necessary.
LNG Industry Magazine (Logical Thinking) Feb 2016Dyplast Products
Dyplast Products’ new article in LNG Industry Magazine titled "Logical Thinking" is an examination of the complexities surrounding insulant performance at cryogenic temperatures.
Physical properties of a particular insulant are often measured only at ambient temperatures. This article aims to use logical thinking to examine the performance of insulants at LNG (cryogenic) temperatures.
Fortunately, standards such as ASTM and CINI increasingly require physical properties to be measured at cryogenic temperatures, so that in the future such logical extrapolations may be less necessary.
Technical Bulletin 0714 Elastomeric insulation versus polyisocyanurate in low...Dyplast Products
PURPOSE
Several of Dyplast’s prior Technical Bulletins have provided in-depth comparisons of various insulants, including polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR), polyurethane (PUR), phenolic, polystyrene (expanded EPS and extruded XPS), cellular glass, and fiberglass - - as well as less-than-comprehensive comparisons with elastomeric and aerogel. Now with somewhat more information becoming available from elastomeric manufacturers and the aggressive marketing from elastomeric suppliers for colder applications it is appropriate to dedicate a Technical Bulletin to elastomeric insulants as compared to polyisocyanurate - - and to a much lesser extent phenolic, and cellular glass.
Technical Bulletin 0213 Polyisocyanurate vs. Cellular Glass InsulationJoe Hughes
This Technical Bulletin is another in our series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, specifiers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on our products and those of our competitors. This Bulletin focuses on a comparison of the physical properties of closed cell2 polyisocyanurate3 (polyiso or PIR) rigid foam insulation products with those of cellular glass insulation products for demanding below-ambient applications such as cryogenic, refrigerant, and chilled water where energy efficiency, moisture intrusion, and condensation are issues.
Customer Bulletin 0511 Questions You Should Ask When Selecting Mechanical Ins...Joe Hughes
Too often the specifying and selection processes relating to mechanical insulation are jeopardized either due to confusing information or the absence of important information. “What‟s not being said” is sometimes more important than “what‟s being said”! The objective of this document is to itemize key questions that should be asked during discussions with insulant suppliers. Failure to receive a credible response on any question may be an indication that full disclosure is being withheld.
Estimation of insulation life based on dual temperature aging model (2)Simon Koutoua
- The document discusses a dual temperature aging model study that separately controls the temperature of the conductor insulation and bulk oil to predict insulation life in power transformers.
- Key findings of the aging study are presented, including tensile strength, polymerization, and furan content of insulation over time. The effects of thermal upgrading on insulation aging are also examined.
- Establishing standardized end-of-life criteria for insulation systems is important for insulation life models and transformer loading guides. While a 50% reduction in tensile strength was once used, alternatives like 25% reduction or degree of polymerization are now considered.
Technical Bulletin 0213 Polyisocyanurate vs. Cellular Glass InsulationDyplast Products
This Technical Bulletin is another in our series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, specifiers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on our products and those of our competitors. This Bulletin focuses on a comparison of the physical properties of closed cell2 polyisocyanurate3 (polyiso or PIR) rigid foam insulation products with those of cellular glass insulation products for demanding below-ambient applications such as cryogenic, refrigerant, and chilled water where energy efficiency, moisture intrusion, and condensation are issues.
This document provides an overview of fuse characteristics, terms, considerations, and selection factors. It defines key fuse-related terms like current rating, breaking capacity, dimensions, and construction. It also covers selection factors like ambient temperature, pulses, and standards. The purpose is to help readers understand fuses and properly select the right fuse for their application. Selection involves considering characteristics like operating current, temperature, pulses and standards to avoid issues like nuisance opening.
Customer Bulletin 0511 Questions You Should Ask When Selecting Mechanical Ins...Dyplast Products
Too often the specifying and selection processes relating to mechanical insulation are jeopardized either due to confusing information or the absence of important information. “What‟s not being said” is sometimes more important than “what‟s being said”! The objective of this document is to itemize key questions that should be asked during discussions with insulant suppliers. Failure to receive a credible response on any question may be an indication that full disclosure is being withheld.
Transformer replacement before failure can be motivated by several legitimate reasons. These include changes in the load or the voltage level, an increased risk of failure due to transformer ageing, environmental and fire safety regulations or just the aim to improve the energy performance. This last motivation is less common. This is unfortunate, because replacing a transformer with a new one with higher energy performance will in many cases lead to a lower Life Cycle Cost of the unit. This Application Note will demonstrate how to assess whether it is worthwhile to leave a transformer in place for another year, or whether it is sound practice to replace it with a more performant and reliable one immediately. The primary factor is that of life-cycle costing. The methodology proposed is to calculate the Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) for the upcoming year of both the existing and the new transformer. The cost of the load losses, which depend upon the load profile of the transformer, and the risk of failure, which depends on the ageing state of the transformer, are the most difficult terms of the EAC to estimate accurately. In the majority of cases, the EAC is dominated by the energy losses, as we will demonstrate in a calculation example.
A Comparison and Sustainability Analysis of Solar Thermal ReceiversPratish Rawat
Solar Thermal receivers are major component in applications, such as solar water heater for generating hot water for commercial and domestic purpose, solar space heating, concentrating solar power, or solar assist heating, ventilation and air conditioning. There are evacuated tubes and aerogel based solar receivers. A receiver should ideally absorb and convert incident sunlight into heat. For high efficiency receiver should not loss much heat out of its boundary. However, some radiation and convection heat loss occur in every receiver. In this paper comparative analysis of two type high efficiency receiver, evacuated tube and aerogel receivers has been done based on the parameters like sustainability, effectiveness, efficiency, and life cycle. A mathematical model of each receiver has been developed with other comparison parameter. Upon analysis it could be predict that aerogel receiver more sustainable and overall impact than vacuum or evacuated type receiver. Aerogel receiver also gives flexibility of design, geometry and temperature.
The E-Flex Guard is an Insulation Protector for Refrigeration Piping on Outdoor applications that comply w/ mandatory requirements, as specifically prescribed by the new Building/Residential/Energy Codes.UV Weather Protector & Vapor Retarder. #HVAC #HVACR http://www.airexmfg.com/eflex
Recent Trends in Transformers ManufacturingFirasat Mulla
The ''Best Presentation" award winning ppt is here. This power point presentation emphases on advancements in transformer design and manufacturing. The advancement is considered on following aspects,
1. Design modelling
2. Material used
3. Added features in manufacturing methodologies.
This document discusses the feasibility of applying thermal insulation composite walls in residential buildings. It analyzes the physical performance and installation process of composite insulation walls to determine if they are suitable for meeting energy efficiency requirements in homes. A case study compares the life cycle costs of a building with and without thermal insulation composite walls over 20 years. The results show that insulating the walls reduces energy costs by 35% and has a lower overall cost than an uninsulated building over the time period. Therefore, the document concludes the thermal insulation composite wall system is recommended.
This document discusses insulation materials and their properties. It defines insulation and divides it into three temperature ranges: low, intermediate, and high. It describes the generic types of insulation as fibrous, cellular, or granular and the forms they take such as boards, blankets, or foams. The document lists important thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties to consider when selecting insulation materials. These include thermal conductivity, fire resistance, moisture resistance, and more. It provides an overview of major insulation materials including calcium silicate, fiberglass, mineral wool, elastomeric foam and others.
The document discusses international standards for pre-insulated piping systems used in district cooling networks. It provides an overview of Perma-Pipe, the largest supplier of pre-insulated piping systems in North America and the Middle East. It then discusses key components of pre-insulated piping systems including the HDPE casing, polyurethane foam insulation, corrosion protection, leak detection, and field joint sealing methods.
Modern Plastics Energy Savings Glycon Corp.Glycon Corp.
1) Rising energy costs are causing plastics processors to focus more on energy efficiency. Screws, barrels, and their heating technologies are a major focus of energy savings efforts.
2) Glycon is studying the energy usage of its DM2 distributive mixing screw which uses already melted material to melt solid pellets, reducing temperatures and energy usage compared to traditional barrier screws.
3) Milacron is distributing Rex Materials Group's TCS barrel heating technology which uses ceramic fibers for fast, accurate, and energy efficient barrel heating without wasted heat like conventional heater bands. Suppliers are introducing several new low-shear, low-temperature mixing and melting technologies to help processors save on energy.
Similar to The Role of the Insulation System in Optimizing value in LNG Facilities (20)
Dyplast’s 0214 Technical Bulletin was focused primarily on examining the cost of insulation systems versus energy savings and long-term performance of polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulants in lowtemperature applications such as refrigeration and chilled water applications. It’s no surprise that polyisocyanurate was the handsdown selection based purely on physical properties, cost, and demonstrated thermal efficiencies in practice.
Technical Bulletin 0418 Polyiso vs. XPS Pipe Insulation SystemsDyplast Products
Dyplast’s 0214 Technical Bulletin was focused primarily on examining the cost of insulation systems versus energy savings and long-term performance of polyisocyanurate (polyiso or PIR) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulants in low-temperature applications such as refrigeration and chilled water applications. It’s no surprise that polyisocyanurate was the hands-down selection based purely on physical properties, cost, and demonstrated thermal efficiencies in practice.
Dyplast has over fifty years of development and manufacturing experience with EPS (expanded polystyrene) rigid foam insulation, enabling unmatched quality, customization, and application resiliency. Product physical properties are independently verified, and our quality processes audited. Our high production capacities, on-hand inventories, and just-in-time deliveries generate advantages for end-users while lowering per-unit costs. While most EPS manufacturers can compete only locally, Dyplast’s transportation networks enable exceptional offerings that can be highly competitive in Florida and the Southeast.
Dyplast has over 50 years of experience manufacturing expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam blocks under the brand name Dyplast GeoFoam. Dyplast GeoFoam is a lightweight, high-strength structural material that can be used as a replacement for soil in applications such as road bases, embankments, stadium seating, and swimming pool foundations. It is resistant to moisture, rot, mold, erosion, and settling when properly installed. Dyplast GeoFoam also has excellent insulating properties and strength to complement natural soils. It is tested to meet industry standards and available in a range of densities and large block sizes to optimize engineering and construction processes. Dyplast has high production capacity and inventory
Customer bulletin 0717 ISO C1® Polyisocyanurate Insulation Flame Spread and S...Dyplast Products
This Customer Bulletin is another in a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive products and on items that affect our industry. Marketing literature for insulation products on the internet and in printed media often address the flame spread index (FSI) and smoke developed index (SDI) as measured in accordance with
ASTM E84 or comparable standards. This Customer Bulletin provides factual, clarifying information concerning ISO-C1’s FSI and SDI as well as other important points relating to the combustion properties of polyisocyanurate foam.
LNG Industry Magazine (Commercial Quality Control The Missing Link)Dyplast Products
Dyplast Products has published its latest article in LNG Magazine titled “Commercial Quality Control: The Missing Link”. In an era with disparate pricing, a multiplicity of owners/stakeholders, long-term price volatility, multiple concurrent plant constructions, a shortage of skilled personnel, and increasingly complex technologies, owners/stakeholders in LNG projects increasingly face new risks.
This article introduces commercial quality control as an approach to move more impact factors to the controllable side of the ledger, and also as a way of better identifying and mitigating risks across the project lifecycle – beginning at project inception, but encompassing development, financing, construction and operations.
Dyplast Products will attend the 2015 Polyurethanes Technical Conference from October 5-7, 2015 at the Gaylord Palms Resort and Convention Center in Kissimmee, Florida. The conference fosters both technical and professional development about the latest polyurethanes technologies, including Dyplast Products' ISO-C1 polyiso insulation used in refrigeration systems and mechanical pipe insulation. Dyplast Products looks forward to participating in this important event.
Dyplast will be attending the Eastern States Insulation Contractors Association Conference at the Four Seasons Hotel in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland.
ESICA represents both small and large mechanical, commercial, industrial and asbestos abatement contractors as well as various suppliers and distributors of products and services to the industry.
Dyplast has been supporting ESICA over many years, and is eager to again be part of this valuable Conference.
The article discusses how companies can incorporate sustainability into their business strategies to gain competitive advantages. Companies that focus on sustainability through practices like reducing waste and carbon emissions see benefits like increased profits, innovation, and brand loyalty. Sustainability has moved from a niche issue to a mainstream business priority as customers and investors increasingly demand environmentally and socially responsible practices from companies.
SWICAs EXPO 2015 has expanded and Dyplast will be exhibiting as one of 55 other companies with a table top display featuring Dyplast’s ISO-C1® family of products in the exhibit hall. SWICA Ninth Industrial Insulation Craft Competition will also be held at the EXPO and will have two insulators per model and have refined the removable blanket competition with single or dual optional competitors and added a commercial competition. This is an expensive and timely event that the Craft Education Committee has spent endless hours preparing exams, building models and setting standards long before the actual execution of such an event. The Expo and competition turns out virtually everyone in the industrial insulation industry. This is an opportunity to show support and help the Education Committee set new education and safety standards for our industry. We look forward to seeing you in this one-day educational and information packed exposition, white papers and craft competitions.
Customer Bulletin 0515 A Comparison of ISO ISO-C1 and HT-300Dyplast Products
This document provides a comparison of two polyisocyanurate insulation materials, ISO-C1 and HT-300. ISO-C1 is manufactured in the US using pentane blowing agent, while HT-300 is manufactured outside the US using HCFC blowing agent. Physical properties of ISO-C1 have been independently verified, while verification of HT-300 properties could not be found. ISO-C1 generally has better properties such as lower water vapor permeability, higher flame/smoke ratings, and better dimensional stability. The document concludes that while HiTherm claims HT-300 meets standards, its published data shows it does not meet all requirements of ASTM C591-13.
Customer Bulletin 0611 Insulant Impact on Corrosion in Steel Piping Applicati...Dyplast Products
Corrosion is defined by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers as “the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, by reaction with its environment.” Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is not a distinct form of corrosion; rather it refers to the location where pipe wall material deterioration is occurring—underneath the insulation material and on the external surfaces of piping. CUI (and the corrosion of metal jackets and banding which is not addressed herein) is a recognized problem that must be addressed by designers, specifiers, and end-users. CUI can occur under any type of thermal insulation. The type of corrosion will depend on the metallurgy of the pipe as well as the mix of corrosive elements - - understanding that corrosive elements can be introduced during pipe production, pipe shipping/storage, installation, insulation contact, process liquid contact, weather, or other environmental influences.
Customer Bulletin 0510 Polyisocyanurate vs Polyurethane InsulationDyplast Products
This Customer Bulletin is one in a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on our products and those of our competitors. A surprisingly large number of potential buyers of polyurethane (PUR) insulation are unaware of the advantages or even the existence of polyisocyanurate (PIR). Some may even think they're the same thing. The fact is that the differences are considerable.
Customer Bulletin 0410 A Comparison of ISO-C1 and HT-300Dyplast Products
This Customer Bulletin is part of a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive products. Marketing literature on the internet and in printed media address the physical and performance characteristics of competing polyisocyanurate rigid foam insulations fabricated from bunstock. As is often the case, some literature can be misleading and/or in some cases there may not be sufficient information to credibly compare products. This Customer Bulletin provides factual, clarifying information which should allow for an objective comparison of Dyplast’s ISO-C1® with HiTherm’s HT-300 (each 2 lb/ft3 density).
Customer Bulletin 0310 A Comparison of ISO-C1 Polyisocyanurate Insulation to ...Dyplast Products
This Customer Bulletin is another in a series of white papers aimed at providing our clients,
engineers, contractors, fabricators, and friends with objective information on competitive
products. Marketing literature on the internet and in printed media address the physical and
performance characteristics of polyisocyanurate rigid foam (ISO) and extruded polystyrene
insulation (XPS). As is often the case, some literature can be misleading and/or in some cases
there may not be sufficient information to credibly compare products. This Customer Bulletin
provides factual, clarifying information which should allow for an objective comparison of
Dyplast’s ISO-C1® with the competing XPS Billet product.
Customer Bulletin 0109 ISO-C1 PolyIsocyanurate Insulation UL and FM TestingDyplast Products
Dyplast Products' ISO-C1/2.0 polyisocyanurate insulation is the only two pound density foam that has obtained UL and FM Class 1 flame spread and smoke development listings and approvals. ISO-C1/2.0 achieved an E-84 flame spread rating of 20/55 at 1 inch thickness from FM and 25/130 at 4 inches from FM and 25/195 at 4 inches from UL. No other US polyisocyanurate foam manufacturer has received a Class 1 rating from UL or FM. Customers should request flame/smoke data on polyiso foams without laminates to credibly assess alternatives.
Case Study: Philadelphia Mail Processing and DistributionDyplast Products
Architectural Insulating Panel Systems utilize
lightweight, insulating foam cores with steel or
aluminum faces integrally bonded to each side.
Architectural Insulating Panels form a high-strength
structural building unit for walls, ceilings, or floors
that can be readily attached to a standard steel
frame construction grid. These composite building
units can be designed to meet the most demanding
specifications for strength, flexibility, and thermal
control (up to R48) - - while providing a broad array
of architectural colors and textures
Dyplast Products manufactures insulation systems for refrigeration and chilled water applications using materials like ISO-C1, DyTherm Phenolic, and DyPerm vapor barriers. Their products include pipe saddles and insulation for low-temperature refrigerants and chilled water. Dyplast is located in Miami, Florida and can be contacted at their phone number or website for more information.
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The Role of the Insulation System in Optimizing value in LNG Facilities
1. REPRINTED FROM JUL/AUG 2015 LNGINDUSTRY
T
he rising cost of LNG facility construction and the future volatility
of natural gas prices are motivating stakeholders to pay even more
attention to optimising value while mitigating investment risks.
Concerns dictate a second or even third look at optimising lifecycle risk and
performance – steps beyond lifecycle cost. This article will consider the
role of the insulation system in these efforts, since it has a material impact
not only on lifecycle cost (material/labour capital cost, as well as long-term
operation/maintenance costs), but also on lifecycle performance and risk.
Ted
Berglund
and Joe Hughes,
Dyplast Products, USA,
examine the role of the insulation
system in optimising value in LNG facilities.
Mission critical
critical
2. LNGINDUSTRY REPRINTED FROM JUL/AUG 2015
Some key risks include:
Engineering, procurement and construction (EPC)
schedule delays.
Operational energy/process inefficiencies.
Outage/curtailments.
Poor system resilience (e.g. from incidents, extreme
weather events).
Low margins of error.
Inflexibility (e.g. in process modifications, more cycling
and expansion).
While the CAPEX of the insulation system is relatively
small compared to the rest of the facility, it is substantive; and
the additional impacts an insulant can have on the
aforementioned parameters make the insulation system
‘mission critical’. For example, credible yet subjective analysis
indicates that approximately half of delays to LNG facility
completion dates are attributable to construction schedules
that do not allocate sufficient time for a quality installation of
the insulation system. Moreover, on average, the cost of an
insulation failure results in ~US$100 000 for each occurrence,
and sometimes more impact on operating costs (curtailment
of production, and repair material/labour).
Insulant selection
Basic impact on the insulation system
All LNG facilities need insulation on piping, tanks,
and equipment. A typical large LNG facility may have
30 000 − 50 000 or more linear ft of piping with diameters
ranging from 1 − 24 in., sometimes larger. Consider a sample
of 100 linear ft of 20 in. dia. LNG pipe. Depending on the
insulant selected, the following parameters apply:
The insulant can range from <5000 to >8000 board ft (a
60% differential).
Capital cost of the insulants (in required thickness, and
ignoring amounts of vapour barriers, jackets, etc.) can vary
by >200%.
Installed cost of the insulation system can vary by
~300%.
Weight of the insulants can vary by 600%. With the
heavier insulants, this is approximately 70% of the
weight per ft of a 20 in. pipe (0.365 in. wall), resulting in
increased structural support cost.
Note
There is virtually no correlation between cost per board ft and
thermal resistance, and in some cases, an inverse correlation
exists. Similarly, a higher weight insulant may or may not
have better thermal resistance, yet can be assumed to add to
the cost of the installation.
Stakeholders are increasingly insisting on objective
answers as to why more money is often paid for poorer
thermal performance simply because an insulant ‘is specified.’
Due diligence
When insulation design engineers select an LNG insulant on
behalf of their client, their selection fundamentally dictates
the design/cost/risk/labour profile associated with the entire
insulation system. Each insulant requires different approaches
to vapour barriers, expansion joints, accommodations for the
overall weight of the system with stress on pipe hangers,
as well as installation procedures, long-term maintenance,
etc. Additionally, there are new approaches to LNG system
design, including modularisation and pre-insulation of pipe
before shipment. Some designers have not yet considered the
impacts on the insulation systems necessary to support new
LNG design approaches. Examples include shear key systems
for module interconnection, pre-insulation of modules prior to
shipping to the site, and factory-applied vapour retarders when
contractor installation guides only address field-applied.
Insulation system designers generally start with two initial
choices: select the insulant that was previously qualified by
the organisation or consider requalification of the old and/or
qualification of newcomers in light of what is known today.
The periodic requalification is important due to a number
of factors, including changes in the following:
Specification standards (e.g. ASTM, CINI).
Chemical formulation (such as the chemical’s molecular
components, or changes in additives such as fire
retardants, catalysts, etc.).
Manufacturing methodologies.
Manufacturing locations.
Figure 2. Dyplast polyiso with vapour stop at Elba Island.
Figure 1. Elba Island LNG facility.
3. REPRINTED FROM JUL/AUG 2015 LNGINDUSTRY
In the latter case, for instance, an insulant manufacturing
facility may relocate the insulation manufacturing to the LNG
equipment assembly site in order to be more responsive/cost
effective. However, most product certification entities,
including Factory Mutual (FM) and Underwriters Laboratories
(UL), require physical properties from each location of
manufacture to be tested in order to remain certified. This
ensures the product delivered is the same as the product
specified. In all cases, due diligence is paramount. The
process of due diligence and selection of insulants is
multifaceted; this article will examine a few of the
components of due diligence that sometimes escape decision
makers/influencers.
Lifecycle performance/risk
It is not possible to fully discuss lifecycle performance/risk
in detail in this article. However, the insulant selection stage
is a critical step in the process. Being better informed means
mitigating risks and potentially improving performance. To be
better informed, the following must be understood:
What information is pertinent?
What information is factual?
Is there full disclosure of all pertinent facts?
In other words, ‘better informed’ does not simply mean
more information.
What information is pertinent?
When considering what is pertinent there is the ‘must have’
of thermal conductivity (K-factor or lambda) − the lower the
better. At the top of the list are:
The temperature at which K-factor is measured.
Initial vs aged (clearly defined by ASTM and other
standards). For instance, ‘cured’ or ‘fresh’ have no
meaning within any credible standard.
Water vapour transmission (WVT) and water absorption
(WA).
Other, depending on circumstance.
Temperature vs K-factor
The testing standards/protocols appear to be increasingly
focused on K-factors across a variety of temperatures, whereas
the traditional approach had been to compare insulants at
approximately 70 − 75°F. The newest ASTM C591 standard (the
overall standard to which polyisocyanurate [polyiso or PIR]
must comply) now requires K-factors to be measured across
multiple temperatures from -200°F to +200°F. Taking into
account the fact that the K-factor of most insulants improves
at lower temperatures, thickness calculation programmes,
such as 3E-Plus, now incorporate a range of K-factors vs
temperature for each insulant.
Thermal ageing
Thermal ageing represents the process by which insulants using
blowing agents such as hydrocarbons (not air) lose some of their
thermal resistance over time, as some blowing agents diffuse
out of the cells. ASTM testing protocols involve ageing these
insulants for six months in a controlled environment, intending
to anticipate the actual thermal conductivity over the life of the
insulant. The aged K-factors of some prevalent insulants are
still better than the initial K-factors of insulants that purportedly
do not age. Moreover, thermal ageing slows down at lower
temperatures, and at cryogenic temperatures ageing can be
assumed as nil or at least considerably reduced.
WVT/WA
The other major pertinent property of insulants is WVT and WA.
It is important to prevent water vapour reaching the piping.
Additionally, any water absorbed into an insulant worsens its
K-factor (reducing thermal resistance). If a vapour barrier (meaning
zero-permeability) sheet or mastic is applied over the insulation,
the WVT and the WA of the system should each be zero.
However, in a conservatively designed insulation system (which
all LNG installations should be), the designer must consider both
errors in application of vapour barriers and/or breach of the barrier,
which can be caused by several factors. Thus, a second line of
Figure 3. Dyplast ISO-C1 on the Elba Island LNG insulation
systems.
Figure 4. Dyplast polyiso bunstock production.
4. LNGINDUSTRY REPRINTED FROM JUL/AUG 2015
defense is an advantage, i.e. the insulant itself, exclusive of any
vapour barrier, should have low permeability.
Other
Beyond these primary physical properties, others can be
important. Higher compressive strength, for example,
is important when mechanical abuse is likely, and in
circumstances where insulants carry load within pipe hangers.
Flame/smoke ratings can be important, however some
engineers conclude a metal jacket virtually eliminates flame
spread caused by insulation; and in case of a fire at an LNG
plant, most engineers agree that smoking insulation is the
last thing to worry about. Dimensional stability, weight, and
flexural strength also have an impact on insulation system
design and must be appropriately integrated by a qualified
engineer.
Noting CINI as a dominant standard in many LNG plants,
there is also the CINI Cryogenic Thermal Stress Resistance
(CTSR) factor.
What information is factual?
At the top of the list for consideration by evaluating engineers is
third party testing of physical properties. This is followed closely
by listed approvals supported by a periodic third party audit by a
reputable entity, such as FM, UL, International Code Council (ICC),
or other. Too often, manufacturers and suppliers quote physical
properties measured within their own laboratories, using sampling
and testing protocols that may not comply with industry standards
(e.g. ASTM and CINI, etc.). These protocols include the following:
Sample curing/ageing.
Parallel vs perpendicular cut samples.
Sample selection (middle of sample, edge of sample,
skins removed, an average, etc.).
Equipment calibration.
Date of last test, and whether formulations or regulations
have changed since the last test.
Regarding the first three protocols, it is possible to bias a test
by testing samples that may not be representative of the product
being sold. The chemical formulation of an insulant, for example,
can be tweaked specifically for a test sample to yield improved
thermal conductivity or strength measurements, while
compromising other properties such as flame/smoke. This is
why third party audit adds additional assurances. In the absence
of third party audit, the engineer/end user should, at a minimum,
ask relevant questions and insist on contractual representations
from the seller of the insulant’s properties.
With respect to the final protocol, the date of the test is
critical. Testing reports must reflect the current products being
offered. Credible authorities require re-testing when insulant
formulations or methods of manufacturing change. Even minor
adjustments to blowing agents, flame retardants, catalysts, etc.
will alter physical and fire performance properties. A good
example is the recent withdrawal from the market of a common
polyol used in polyiso insulants, requiring manufacturers to
switch to alternative polyol molecules. Proper selection of the
replacement polyol can improve performance; poor due
diligence in selection can degrade it. Decision makers should
enquire about any changes to inputs or manufacturing
procedures that should justify product re-testing.
A final consideration is that ASTM, CINI, and other
standards/protocols often make ‘like to like’ comparisons
challenging, and requisite codes may not reflect rapidly changing
regulatory and technology environments. This can result in either
far too lenient standards, or at the other extreme, unachievable
standards. A case in point is the variation in WA tests defined by
ASTM for different insulants, which vary from 24 − 96 hr. Other
tests sometimes differ in their specifying percentage based on
weight, while others specify percentage based on volume. The
specifying engineer should clearly understand the essence of
each testing protocol and should verify the pertinence and the
facts. Using the WA example, assuming ≤1% WA is the
specification, why is it pertinent without specifying per weight or
per volume, and what if a 1% moisture gain in one insulant may
materially impact K-factor while it may not in another?
Is there full disclosure of all relevant facts?
With respect to full disclosure, insulation suppliers and
manufacturers often do not expose key physical properties
that could be perceived as negative. As mentioned earlier,
this could be the aged K-factor, the parallel strength vs the
perpendicular, the dimensional stability (volume vs length)
at low temperature, the actual WA or WVT of the insulant
itself without the skin or the laminate, flexibility at low
temperatures, cost per board ft, delivery times/flexibilities,
prior successes and failures (plus root causes), etc.
Stakeholders should insist upon full disclosure, or at least
disclosure comparable to competing suppliers. Insistence
on conformance with ASTM or CINI standards for cryogenic
applications and requisite compliance mitigates these issues.
Case study: Elba Island
Elba Island, an LNG facility off the coast of South Carolina, US,
selected polyisocyanurate manufactured by Dyplast Products
as the core of its insulation system. ISO-C1®
was selected
after multi-value assessments by the turnkey EPC contractor
and the client. Key factors in the decision included the
following:
Physical properties audited and validated by an
independent laboratory.
Physical properties of ISO-C1 met or exceeded
requirements set by ASTM C591.
ISO-C1 exhibited the low aged K-factor – this allowed
a total insulant thickness of only 7.5 in. on a 20 in. pipe,
compared to the 10 in. required if cellular glass was used.
ISO-C1’s K-factor improved significantly as temperatures
dropped.
The density of ISO-C1 at 2 lb/ft3
made handling and
shipping easier than 7.5 lb/ft3
cellular glass. Structural
engineers were able to minimise the number of pipe
supports, reducing cost.
Customised bunstock sizing provided efficient shipping
logistics and scrap minimisation during fabrication.
Availability of higher density polyiso (up to 6 lb/ft3
)
provided the higher compressive strengths to support pipe
hanger applications.
Ability to fabricate blocks to close tolerances allowed for
tight seams and joints.
5. Flexibility and responsiveness in deliveries and technical
advice enabled reduced costs, improved schedules, and
enhanced relationships.
Easy to handle and work in the field, with minimal
breakage.
Quick product turnaround and delivery (e.g. 2 − 3 days).
Dyplast’s scope of work included polyiso insulation for
31 895 linear ft of piping that connects the ship offloading
facilities with storage, regasification and transportation facilities.
The insulation system consisted of double-layer insulation for
piping with outside diameters varying in size from 3.5 − 41.25 in.,
covered with a combination of vapour barrier sheeting and
mastic, enveloped in aluminium colour-coded jacketing.
Specifications required stringent adherence to validated physical
properties for insulation system components, as well as specific
standards for shop fabrication of shaped insulation segments,
such as dimensional tolerances for hemicylindrical sections, pipe
ells for small elbows, mitered sections for large elbows, and
tees.
The ability to customise polyiso bunstock dimensions was
an advantage, since bun sizes could be matched to minimise
waste as Dyplast cut the bunstock into blocks (‘pipe chunks’),
which were, in turn, sized for minimising waste during shape
fabrication. Optimally sized pipe chunks also allowed for
efficient packing in transportation containers. The company
shipped over 1.25 million board ft of ISO-C1 in 43 semi-trailers
to support the construction schedule.
The project schedule could be met only if parallel
construction work was effectively executed and coordinated so
that schedule savings could be realised at every opportunity.
Dyplast’s flexible delivery schedule and ability to execute
just-in-time deliveries were advantageous. Communication
feedback from the company ensured that installation of the
insulation system proceeded efficiently and in sync with other
contractors.
Conclusion
Natural gas markets remain unpredictable. Markets have
increasingly regional dynamics, and LNG construction costs
rise. Selection of the optimal insulant supported by its
appropriate insulation system becomes ‘mission critical’.
Engineers, specifiers, owners, and stakeholders should be
increasingly vigilant regarding the facts, the relevance of the
facts, and full disclosure as validated by independent parties.
Specifications, standards, regulations, and technologies
change. Insulant manufacturers either adapt to comply
with the latest standards in order to support their client’s
objectives, or they choose to be parochial in advancement of
short-term interests. Ultimately, it is up to the owner or the
investor to ask the tougher questions, or to ensure that their
engineers are.