by Niken, teacher at Bogor High School of Chemical Analyst. Berisi tentang macam-macam hukum dasar dalam kimia yang akan memudahkan kita dalam mempelajari stoikiometri

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Group Name :
Name : 1.
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The Fundamental Laws Project (1)
Mass Concept
A. Phlogiston Project
Pendahuluan
Teori Phlogiston dikembangkan oleh Johann Joachim Becker (1635 – 1682 ) dan Gerge Ernst Stahl
(1660 – 1734 ). Teori ini menyatakan bahwa semua zat mengandung Phlogiston. Apabila suatu zat
dibakarmaka zat tersebutakanmembentukzatbarudanmelepaskan Phlogiston ke udara. Teori ini
menjadi pusat teori yang mendominasi ilmu pengetahuan pada abad 18, karena teori ini mampu
menjelaskan fenomena yang terjadi di alam.
Instruksi
Lakukanlahpercobaansederhanaberikut.Timbang raw material,lakukanprosesreaksipembakaran,
dan timbang kembali massa produk yang terbentuk. Hitung banyaknya Phlogiston yang terlepas
keudara berdasarkan persamaan matematik sederhana.
No. Raw Material Process Product 1 Product 2
1
Mass = 0,1126 g
Burning
Mass = 0,0200 g
Phlogiston
Mass = . . . . . g
Note :
2. A piece of paper
Mass = 0,7355 g
Burning
Charcoal
Mass = 0,2945 g
Phlogiston
Mass = . . . . . g
Note :
1. What isPhlogiston ?
2. Explainthe concepof The Plogistontheory?
3. Is The Phlogistontheoryapplicableforall material (basedonyourexperiment) ?Why?
Conclusion:

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B. Pristley Project
Preface
In 1774 Joseph Priestley (1733 – 1804), An England Scientist did an experiment using Kalx
(Hydragyrum). He burned 530 grams of Kalx and weighed it. Look at the table below.
No. Raw Material Process Product 1 Product 2
1. Kalx*
Mass = 530 g
Burning
Product
Mass = 572,5 g
Phlogiston
Mass = . . . . . . g
Note :
Kalx = Mercury (Hg/ Hydragryrum)
Question?
1. Basedon thisexperiment,whatisyouropinionaboutPhlogistontheory?IsThe Phlogistontheory
applicable forall material ?Why?
2. If you were inthat ancienttime,whatisyoursuggestionforthisdiscovery?
Conclusion
C. Lavoiser Project
Preface
Before we learn about Lavoiser Project, Let’s remember Archimedes Crown Experiment or density
experiment. The Archimedes theory about density is used to solve Lavoiser Project.
Tugas dari Paduka Raja Hieron
Archimedes terkenal sangat giat melakukan berbagai penemuan. Diantara semua penemuannya,
yang palingterkenal adalahketikaiaditugaskanuntukmenguji kadarkemurnianemasmahkota Raja
Hieron, yangbaru sajaselesai dibuat oleh pembuat mahkota. Raja Hieron curiga bahwa si pembuat
mahkota berbuat curang dengan mencampurkan perak ke mahkotanya. Dari catatan sejarah hidup
Archimedes, dijelaskan bahwa Archimedes memecahkan masalah ini ketika dia sedang asyik
berendamdalambakmandinya.Archimedesmenyadari bahwa air yang tumpah dari bak mandi ada
kaitannya dengan tubuhnya yang terbenam dalam air. Ini memberinya ide untuk memecahkan
masalahmahkota.Dia sangatsenanghinggatak sadar sedangberlari telanjangmenghadapsangRaja
sambil berteriak, Eureka (Yunani: saya dapat).
Archimedes kemudian segera menerapkan idenya itu untuk menguji mahkota sang Raja. Ia
mengambil bongkahanemasdanperakdenganbobotyangsama,kemudianmembandingkan bobot
keduanya ketika direndam dalam air. Selanjutnya, dengan cara yang sama ia membandingkan
mahkota dan perak murni dengan bobot keduanya sama. Perbedaan hasil antara kedua
perbandingan ini akan menunjukkan bahwa mahkota sang Raja bukan emas murni.

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In 1779, Antoine LavoiserdidPriestleyExperimentinanisolatedchamber.First,He put 530 grams of
Hydragyrum in a goose bottle which the top of the bottle is connected to the water (similar to
Archimedesconcept),thenHe burnt the hydragyrumand checked the change of water volume. The
watervolume was decreasedabout42.5 ml.In the otherside,the weightof the burningproduct was
increased to 572.5 grams.
No Before After
1
If the densityof wateris1 g/ml.
Can youfill the blankreactionandmass below :
Hydragyrum + Burning  Product
. . . . . . g + . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . .g
Antoine Lavoiser never give up, He did again the experiment. He put 572.5 grams the burning
productin a goose bottle whichthe topof the bottle isconnectedtothe water, then he burnt it and
checked the change of water volume. The water volume was increased to 42.5 ml and the
hydragyrum was produced as 530 grams.
Before After
If the densityof wateris1 g/ml.
Can youfill the blankreactionandmassbellow :
Product  Hydragyrum + . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . g  . . . . . . . .g + . . . . . . . . . .
Question?
1. What isyour opinion?
Hydragyrum
m = 530 g
Product
m = 572,5 g
∆V = - 42,5 ml
Hydragyrum
m = 530 g
Product
m = 572,5 g
∆V = +42,5 ml

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2. What isyour suggestionabout LavoiserTheoryConcept?
Conclusion:
D. Proust Project
Preface
In 1977, Joseph Proust did an experiment about mass of material. Proust reacted 1 gram of
hydrogen with 8 grams of oxygen. Nine grams of water is produced from this reaction.
General Concept
Before analyzed Proust Theory, Let’s do this experiment :
1. Prepare a box of matches, 2 bars of candle, a glass and a stopwatch.
2. Burn each candle.
3. Cover one of candle with a glass (A) and the other without it (B), turn on the stopwatch.
4. Compare the time of burning reaction of 2 glasses
Experiment Time (second)
A. A
B. B
Question
1. Which candle fire extinguished earlier ? A or B ?
2. Which candle fire extinguished later ? Why ?
3. What is the general requirement to makes the combustion reaction ?
4. When does a combustion reaction stop ?
Conclusion

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Proust Concept
Basedon Proustconcept,the previousexperiment,andyourmathematical knowledge.Calculate the
mass of hydrogen or oxygen or water or unused compound in the following reaction below.
No Hydrogen + Oxygen  Water + Unused
Compound
1

1 g 8 g 9 g 0 g
2
2 g . . . g 9 g 1 g Hydrogen
3
3 g 24 g . . . g . . . g
4
. . . g . . . . g . . . g . . . g
5
3 g 9 g . . . g . . . g
6
2g 12 g
n
. . . g . . . g
7
2 g 9 g . . . g 1 g oxygen
Question
1. What is your suggestion about Proust Theory ?
2. Look at The Fundamental Project (1)/ LKS 3-1-1415, Check all off reaction in there. Is The Lavoiser
Theory applicable in this concept ?
E. Dalton Project
Preface
John Dalton, An England Scientist did Lavoiser experiment focused in the chemical characteristic.
Dalton argue that a chemical element can react with other elements to produce more than one
compound. Daltonobservedregularitiesinthe formationof these compounds. Let’s observe Dalton
experiment, then find the regularity.
No Nitrogen Mass Oxygen Mass
Compound
Mass
Conclusion

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1
0,875 g 1 g 1,875 g
1,75 g 1 g 2,75 g
2
1,75 g 2 g 2,75 g
3,5 g 2 g 5,5 g
3
0,875 g 1 g 1,875 g
0,875 g 2 g 2,875 g
Question
1. What is your conclusion from the three experiment above ?
2. What is your suggestion about Dalton theory ?