This document provides background information on the study of science and reference texts. It discusses the early work of scientists like Avogadro and Dalton in determining atomic weights and molecular structures. It notes there was confusion and debate over time regarding the proper way to determine atomic weights. Avogadro's principle of using equal volumes eventually became the standard approach, but different scientists adhered to other methods at times as well. The document provides examples from various chemistry textbooks to illustrate historical developments and debates on this topic.
This document provides background information on concepts in chemistry and physics, including atomic theory. It summarizes key ideas from various textbooks and scientists throughout history. Some key points include:
1) Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules. This led to the development of the concept of a mole as a unit for quantifying molecules.
2) Dalton proposed that atoms of the same element are identical in size and weight but different from atoms of other elements. This helped establish atomic theory.
3) References are made to various textbooks from the 1930s-1970s to provide historical context and explanations of concepts like atomic weights and molecular structure.
4) The author proposes
The document summarizes the kinetic molecular theory of gases. It describes the assumptions of the theory, including that gases are made of molecules in constant random motion. It defines key terms like average velocity, root mean square velocity, and most probable velocity. The derivation of the kinetic gas equation from molecular collisions is shown. The gas laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro are deduced from the kinetic gas equation. Deviations from ideal gas behavior at high pressures or low temperatures are also summarized.
A conceptual description of the van der Waals equation for real gases. Discussion of van der Waals constants a and b, plus conceptual example. Does not assume that intermolcular forces have been learned previously. General Chemistry
Laws of chemical combinations, prepared by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Laws of chemical combinations" is prepared for grade 9, for educational purpose. the topics include all the four Laws of Chemical Combination.
The document summarizes the kinetic molecular theory, which proposes that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms and molecules that are in constant motion. It traces the origins of the theory back to Democritus in ancient Greece and details how it developed with more evidence over centuries. Key aspects covered include the definition of atoms and molecules, different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), phases like vapor and plasma, and how temperature relates to the kinetic energy and motion of molecules.
The document discusses Dalton's atomic theory and concepts related to atoms, molecules, and chemical formulas:
1) Dalton proposed that matter is made of very small indivisible particles called atoms, all atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
2) The relative atomic mass of an element expresses the mass of one atom of that element relative to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom. Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.
3) A mole is defined as 6.022x10^23 entities (atoms, molecules, etc.) and is used to relate amounts of substances to masses and numbers
1. The kinetic molecular theory describes matter as being made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules that are in constant motion.
2. Atoms and molecules interact through attractive forces, with solids having the strongest forces and gases having the weakest.
3. The phases of matter - solid, liquid, gas - can be understood in terms of the motion and interaction of their molecules or atoms. Solids have fixed positions while gases have freely moving particles.
This document provides background information on concepts in chemistry and physics, including atomic theory. It summarizes key ideas from various textbooks and scientists throughout history. Some key points include:
1) Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules. This led to the development of the concept of a mole as a unit for quantifying molecules.
2) Dalton proposed that atoms of the same element are identical in size and weight but different from atoms of other elements. This helped establish atomic theory.
3) References are made to various textbooks from the 1930s-1970s to provide historical context and explanations of concepts like atomic weights and molecular structure.
4) The author proposes
The document summarizes the kinetic molecular theory of gases. It describes the assumptions of the theory, including that gases are made of molecules in constant random motion. It defines key terms like average velocity, root mean square velocity, and most probable velocity. The derivation of the kinetic gas equation from molecular collisions is shown. The gas laws of Boyle, Charles and Avogadro are deduced from the kinetic gas equation. Deviations from ideal gas behavior at high pressures or low temperatures are also summarized.
A conceptual description of the van der Waals equation for real gases. Discussion of van der Waals constants a and b, plus conceptual example. Does not assume that intermolcular forces have been learned previously. General Chemistry
Laws of chemical combinations, prepared by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Laws of chemical combinations" is prepared for grade 9, for educational purpose. the topics include all the four Laws of Chemical Combination.
The document summarizes the kinetic molecular theory, which proposes that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms and molecules that are in constant motion. It traces the origins of the theory back to Democritus in ancient Greece and details how it developed with more evidence over centuries. Key aspects covered include the definition of atoms and molecules, different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), phases like vapor and plasma, and how temperature relates to the kinetic energy and motion of molecules.
The document discusses Dalton's atomic theory and concepts related to atoms, molecules, and chemical formulas:
1) Dalton proposed that matter is made of very small indivisible particles called atoms, all atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
2) The relative atomic mass of an element expresses the mass of one atom of that element relative to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom. Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.
3) A mole is defined as 6.022x10^23 entities (atoms, molecules, etc.) and is used to relate amounts of substances to masses and numbers
1. The kinetic molecular theory describes matter as being made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules that are in constant motion.
2. Atoms and molecules interact through attractive forces, with solids having the strongest forces and gases having the weakest.
3. The phases of matter - solid, liquid, gas - can be understood in terms of the motion and interaction of their molecules or atoms. Solids have fixed positions while gases have freely moving particles.
- There are three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
- In solids, particles are closely packed in a fixed shape and volume. Liquids have a fixed volume but no shape, and particles can move around each other. Gases have no fixed shape or volume, and particles move independently at high speeds.
- The kinetic theory model explains states in terms of particle motion. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, they move in clusters. Gases have particles very far apart traveling at high speeds.
- Gas pressure results from particle collisions with container walls. Higher temperatures or lower volumes increase pressure according to mathematical relationships.
States of matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases. Gases have no definite shape or volume, are highly compressible, and their molecules are far apart with weak intermolecular forces. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape, while solids have both a definite shape and volume. The behavior of gases is explained by gas laws such as Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Graham's law of diffusion, and the ideal gas law. Gases can be liquefied under high pressure and low temperature due to intermolecular attractions that cause real gases to deviate from ideal behavior.
A New Theory of the Structure of MatterIOSR Journals
Mr. ASHOT MIKHAYELOVICH AGABABYAN innovated a New Theory of Structure of Matter in Chemistry Branch. He negated the existing, old theory and showed about its imperfection. Because
The old theory wasn’t able to calculate, i.e. it didn’t give a mathematic proof.
It explained through obstruction. It was stated the covalent (polar) chemical connection is formed by clash of the electron clouds.
It wasn’t able to predict. And this type of theory is considering as a matter of faith. But then it’s not a scientific statement anymore.
Mr. ASHOT AGABABYAN represents a New Theory of the Structure of Matter.
His theoretical calculation 100% matches with the experimental results.
The new theory allows calculating with the accuracy up to the fifth digit after a comma.
Predicts the length of the link. It has gotten a new possibility to count the inter-nucleus distance and the radius of atoms.
The above represented calculations were among the first ones. In case chemistry - colleagues confirm the test results and if magazine’s editors print in their magazines, then we may send them the subsequent ones.
Joseph Proust discovered in the 18th century that the masses of elements in a chemical compound are in a definite ratio. For example, in copper carbonate the mass of copper is always 5.3 times the mass of carbon and the mass of oxygen is always 4 times the mass of carbon. John Dalton later expanded on this with his atomic theory in the 19th century, proposing that compounds are formed by the combination of atoms in specific definite ratios. Isaac Newton also discovered that the force of gravitational attraction between objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
1. The document provides an overview of an advanced physical chemistry course taught by Dr. Fateh Eltaboni.
2. The course covers topics such as thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum mechanics, and spectroscopy.
3. Key concepts from the kinetic molecular theory are discussed, including how the random motion of gas molecules relates to measurable properties like pressure, temperature, and volume.
Chemistry - Chp 10 - Chemical Quantities - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
This chapter discusses the mole as a unit for measuring amounts of substances. It defines key terms like the mole, Avogadro's number, molar mass, and representative particles. It explains how to use molar mass to convert between mass and moles of a substance. The chapter also covers calculations involving chemical formulas, percent composition, and determining empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data.
This document contains definitions of 157 key chemistry terms provided by Dr. Sajid Ali Talpur. It begins with basic definitions including chemistry, matter, mass, volume and space. It then covers topics like the three states of matter, kinetic theory, gas laws, atomic structure, types of chemical bonds, electronic configuration and more. The definitions are grouped under chapter headings and range from single words to short paragraphs explaining the terms.
The document discusses the kinetic model of matter and the states of matter. It describes the molecular structure and properties of solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that in solids, molecules vibrate in fixed positions, while in liquids and gases they move randomly. Evaporation is defined as the escape of more energetic molecules from a liquid surface. Factors that influence evaporation rates, such as temperature, surface area, and air movement, are also discussed. The document concludes by explaining that evaporation causes cooling through the removal of the most energetic molecules from the liquid.
The document provides an introduction to stoichiometry and the mole concept. It discusses key topics including:
1. The mole is a unit used to describe the amount of substance in chemistry and is equal to 6.022x1023 particles.
2. The molar mass of an element or compound is the mass in grams of one mole and can be used to calculate amounts in chemical reactions.
3. Conversions can be made between moles, particles, masses, and volumes using the molar mass and molar relationships like moles = mass/molar mass.
4. Solution concentration is expressed in molarity, which is the moles of solute per liter of solution. M
This document summarizes the five major laws of chemical combination:
1) Law of Conservation of Mass - the total mass is conserved in chemical reactions
2) Law of Definite Proportions - a chemical compound always has the same proportions of elements by mass
3) Law of Multiple Proportions - when two elements react to form multiple compounds, the ratios of one element are whole number multiples
4) Law of Reciprocal Proportions - ratios of elements combining with a third are related to their direct combination
5) Gay-Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes - reacting gases combine in simple volume ratios at constant temperature and pressure
- Boyle's law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. It states that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.
- The document discusses Boyle's law, providing its mathematical expression and examples of its application. It also provides sample problems demonstrating how to use the law to calculate pressure or volume given one variable.
- The document then moves on to discuss Charles' law, which describes the direct relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure. Charles' law is similarly expressed mathematically and sample problems are provided.
1. The mole is a unit used to measure very small particles like atoms and molecules and is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
2. One mole contains 6.02 x 10^23 particles and is equal to the substance's molar mass in grams.
3. Only 12g of carbon, 6.02 x 10^23 oxygen atoms, and 22.4L of nitrogen gas are equal to one mole. 1g of hydrogen gas is not equal to one mole.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in chemistry. It discusses that chemistry is the science of molecules and their transformations, and involves the study of elements and compounds. Key concepts covered include the branches of chemistry, atoms and molecules, physical and chemical properties of matter, states of matter, classification of matter as elements, compounds and mixtures, and separation techniques. Important historical figures and advancements in the field are also mentioned.
This document provides a summary of sections from a chemistry textbook chapter on properties and changes in matter. It summarizes key concepts from sections on properties of matter, changes in matter, mixtures of matter, and elements and compounds. The sections define states of matter, physical and chemical properties, physical and chemical changes, mixtures, elements, compounds, and laws of chemistry such as definite and multiple proportions.
This document discusses the fundamental laws of chemistry, including:
1. The law of conservation of mass, which states that matter is conserved in chemical reactions.
2. The law of definite proportions and the law of multiple proportions, which describe the fixed ratios in which elements combine.
3. The law of combining volumes and Avogadro's hypothesis, which led to the development of chemical equations representing reactions at the molecular level.
4. The law of conservation of energy, which states that the total energy in a closed system remains constant. Chemical, thermal, and potential energy are discussed in the context of this fundamental law of physics.
This document defines and discusses key concepts in chemistry, including:
- Chemistry is the study of matter and its composition, as well as changes in matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
- There are different branches and fields within chemistry, including inorganic, organic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry.
- Important figures who contributed to the development of chemistry include the philosophers Empedocles and Democritus, as well as scientists such as Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Amedeo Avogadro, Dmitri Mendeleev, and others. Their work established concepts like atoms, chemical reactions, conservation of mass, atomic theory, and the periodic table.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry across multiple topics. It begins with definitions of chemistry and its applications. It then covers concepts related to matter, atomic theory, the periodic table, chemical bonds, reactions, stoichiometry, gases, solutions, kinetics, and more. For each topic, it lists several important terms and definitions.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry across multiple topics. It begins with definitions of chemistry and its applications. It then covers concepts related to matter, atomic theory, the periodic table, chemical bonds, reactions and stoichiometry. Additional sections discuss gases, liquids, solutions, kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry and organic chemistry. Each section lists several important concepts and definitions for that topic in bullet points.
This document contains questions and answers related to chemistry. It begins by defining chemistry and listing its main branches. It then discusses scientific method and its key stages. Several laws of chemistry are stated, such as the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions, and law of reciprocal proportions. Contributions of Muslim and modern scientists to chemistry are outlined. The roles of chemistry in society and reasons for studying it are described. Key terms like empirical formula, molecular formula, atomic mass, and molar mass are defined. The difference between empirical and molecular formulas is explained. Chemical reactions and equations are defined.
Art Café is holding a Diwali collection where customers can purchase art pieces to gift their loved ones for the Diwali festival. The exquisite collection is meant to spread festive cheer. Customers are invited to visit Art Café before Diwali to be part of the celebration and choose from the art collection.
Rex Serrano Morales has over 25 years of experience in quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and validation for pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing. He has worked for major companies like Amgen, Merck, and Procter & Gamble in roles managing quality, compliance, validations, audits, and regulatory submissions. He is a licensed chemist with expertise in GMP standards, change control, computer validation, investigations, and regulatory inspections.
- There are three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
- In solids, particles are closely packed in a fixed shape and volume. Liquids have a fixed volume but no shape, and particles can move around each other. Gases have no fixed shape or volume, and particles move independently at high speeds.
- The kinetic theory model explains states in terms of particle motion. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, they move in clusters. Gases have particles very far apart traveling at high speeds.
- Gas pressure results from particle collisions with container walls. Higher temperatures or lower volumes increase pressure according to mathematical relationships.
States of matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases. Gases have no definite shape or volume, are highly compressible, and their molecules are far apart with weak intermolecular forces. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape, while solids have both a definite shape and volume. The behavior of gases is explained by gas laws such as Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Graham's law of diffusion, and the ideal gas law. Gases can be liquefied under high pressure and low temperature due to intermolecular attractions that cause real gases to deviate from ideal behavior.
A New Theory of the Structure of MatterIOSR Journals
Mr. ASHOT MIKHAYELOVICH AGABABYAN innovated a New Theory of Structure of Matter in Chemistry Branch. He negated the existing, old theory and showed about its imperfection. Because
The old theory wasn’t able to calculate, i.e. it didn’t give a mathematic proof.
It explained through obstruction. It was stated the covalent (polar) chemical connection is formed by clash of the electron clouds.
It wasn’t able to predict. And this type of theory is considering as a matter of faith. But then it’s not a scientific statement anymore.
Mr. ASHOT AGABABYAN represents a New Theory of the Structure of Matter.
His theoretical calculation 100% matches with the experimental results.
The new theory allows calculating with the accuracy up to the fifth digit after a comma.
Predicts the length of the link. It has gotten a new possibility to count the inter-nucleus distance and the radius of atoms.
The above represented calculations were among the first ones. In case chemistry - colleagues confirm the test results and if magazine’s editors print in their magazines, then we may send them the subsequent ones.
Joseph Proust discovered in the 18th century that the masses of elements in a chemical compound are in a definite ratio. For example, in copper carbonate the mass of copper is always 5.3 times the mass of carbon and the mass of oxygen is always 4 times the mass of carbon. John Dalton later expanded on this with his atomic theory in the 19th century, proposing that compounds are formed by the combination of atoms in specific definite ratios. Isaac Newton also discovered that the force of gravitational attraction between objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
1. The document provides an overview of an advanced physical chemistry course taught by Dr. Fateh Eltaboni.
2. The course covers topics such as thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum mechanics, and spectroscopy.
3. Key concepts from the kinetic molecular theory are discussed, including how the random motion of gas molecules relates to measurable properties like pressure, temperature, and volume.
Chemistry - Chp 10 - Chemical Quantities - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
This chapter discusses the mole as a unit for measuring amounts of substances. It defines key terms like the mole, Avogadro's number, molar mass, and representative particles. It explains how to use molar mass to convert between mass and moles of a substance. The chapter also covers calculations involving chemical formulas, percent composition, and determining empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data.
This document contains definitions of 157 key chemistry terms provided by Dr. Sajid Ali Talpur. It begins with basic definitions including chemistry, matter, mass, volume and space. It then covers topics like the three states of matter, kinetic theory, gas laws, atomic structure, types of chemical bonds, electronic configuration and more. The definitions are grouped under chapter headings and range from single words to short paragraphs explaining the terms.
The document discusses the kinetic model of matter and the states of matter. It describes the molecular structure and properties of solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that in solids, molecules vibrate in fixed positions, while in liquids and gases they move randomly. Evaporation is defined as the escape of more energetic molecules from a liquid surface. Factors that influence evaporation rates, such as temperature, surface area, and air movement, are also discussed. The document concludes by explaining that evaporation causes cooling through the removal of the most energetic molecules from the liquid.
The document provides an introduction to stoichiometry and the mole concept. It discusses key topics including:
1. The mole is a unit used to describe the amount of substance in chemistry and is equal to 6.022x1023 particles.
2. The molar mass of an element or compound is the mass in grams of one mole and can be used to calculate amounts in chemical reactions.
3. Conversions can be made between moles, particles, masses, and volumes using the molar mass and molar relationships like moles = mass/molar mass.
4. Solution concentration is expressed in molarity, which is the moles of solute per liter of solution. M
This document summarizes the five major laws of chemical combination:
1) Law of Conservation of Mass - the total mass is conserved in chemical reactions
2) Law of Definite Proportions - a chemical compound always has the same proportions of elements by mass
3) Law of Multiple Proportions - when two elements react to form multiple compounds, the ratios of one element are whole number multiples
4) Law of Reciprocal Proportions - ratios of elements combining with a third are related to their direct combination
5) Gay-Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes - reacting gases combine in simple volume ratios at constant temperature and pressure
- Boyle's law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. It states that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.
- The document discusses Boyle's law, providing its mathematical expression and examples of its application. It also provides sample problems demonstrating how to use the law to calculate pressure or volume given one variable.
- The document then moves on to discuss Charles' law, which describes the direct relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure. Charles' law is similarly expressed mathematically and sample problems are provided.
1. The mole is a unit used to measure very small particles like atoms and molecules and is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
2. One mole contains 6.02 x 10^23 particles and is equal to the substance's molar mass in grams.
3. Only 12g of carbon, 6.02 x 10^23 oxygen atoms, and 22.4L of nitrogen gas are equal to one mole. 1g of hydrogen gas is not equal to one mole.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in chemistry. It discusses that chemistry is the science of molecules and their transformations, and involves the study of elements and compounds. Key concepts covered include the branches of chemistry, atoms and molecules, physical and chemical properties of matter, states of matter, classification of matter as elements, compounds and mixtures, and separation techniques. Important historical figures and advancements in the field are also mentioned.
This document provides a summary of sections from a chemistry textbook chapter on properties and changes in matter. It summarizes key concepts from sections on properties of matter, changes in matter, mixtures of matter, and elements and compounds. The sections define states of matter, physical and chemical properties, physical and chemical changes, mixtures, elements, compounds, and laws of chemistry such as definite and multiple proportions.
This document discusses the fundamental laws of chemistry, including:
1. The law of conservation of mass, which states that matter is conserved in chemical reactions.
2. The law of definite proportions and the law of multiple proportions, which describe the fixed ratios in which elements combine.
3. The law of combining volumes and Avogadro's hypothesis, which led to the development of chemical equations representing reactions at the molecular level.
4. The law of conservation of energy, which states that the total energy in a closed system remains constant. Chemical, thermal, and potential energy are discussed in the context of this fundamental law of physics.
This document defines and discusses key concepts in chemistry, including:
- Chemistry is the study of matter and its composition, as well as changes in matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
- There are different branches and fields within chemistry, including inorganic, organic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry.
- Important figures who contributed to the development of chemistry include the philosophers Empedocles and Democritus, as well as scientists such as Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Amedeo Avogadro, Dmitri Mendeleev, and others. Their work established concepts like atoms, chemical reactions, conservation of mass, atomic theory, and the periodic table.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry across multiple topics. It begins with definitions of chemistry and its applications. It then covers concepts related to matter, atomic theory, the periodic table, chemical bonds, reactions, stoichiometry, gases, solutions, kinetics, and more. For each topic, it lists several important terms and definitions.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry across multiple topics. It begins with definitions of chemistry and its applications. It then covers concepts related to matter, atomic theory, the periodic table, chemical bonds, reactions and stoichiometry. Additional sections discuss gases, liquids, solutions, kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry and organic chemistry. Each section lists several important concepts and definitions for that topic in bullet points.
This document contains questions and answers related to chemistry. It begins by defining chemistry and listing its main branches. It then discusses scientific method and its key stages. Several laws of chemistry are stated, such as the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions, and law of reciprocal proportions. Contributions of Muslim and modern scientists to chemistry are outlined. The roles of chemistry in society and reasons for studying it are described. Key terms like empirical formula, molecular formula, atomic mass, and molar mass are defined. The difference between empirical and molecular formulas is explained. Chemical reactions and equations are defined.
Art Café is holding a Diwali collection where customers can purchase art pieces to gift their loved ones for the Diwali festival. The exquisite collection is meant to spread festive cheer. Customers are invited to visit Art Café before Diwali to be part of the celebration and choose from the art collection.
Rex Serrano Morales has over 25 years of experience in quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and validation for pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing. He has worked for major companies like Amgen, Merck, and Procter & Gamble in roles managing quality, compliance, validations, audits, and regulatory submissions. He is a licensed chemist with expertise in GMP standards, change control, computer validation, investigations, and regulatory inspections.
Este documento presenta las instrucciones para el Taller 1 de la asignatura Arquitectura de Computadores. Los estudiantes deben resolver el taller en grupos de máximo tres personas y entregar un informe que cumpla con las normas ICONTEC o APA. El informe debe incluir portada, contraportada, introducción, objetivos, contenido, conclusiones y fuentes. Los estudiantes deben desarrollar cinco ítems: 1) convertir un número a diferentes bases, 2) realizar una tabla de verdad, 3) determinar una expresión algebraica booleana, 4)
El documento define la inteligencia artificial como un área multidisciplinaria que estudia cómo crear sistemas capaces de resolver problemas por sí mismos utilizando la inteligencia humana como paradigma. Explica que las máquinas no pueden manejar significados reales, tener autoconciencia o pensar, y solo pueden hacer lo que están programadas para hacer. Además, describe las ramas lógica y de representación e inferencia de la IA, y los tipos de auditorías internas y externas.
Wat betekent duurzaam werken onder verschillende klimatologische en geografische omstandigheden? Hoe bespaar je energie met het verduurzamen van gebouwen in verschillende landen in Europa. Dat zijn de 2 kernvragen van het internationale project Old Buildings, New Technology waar de opleiding bouw van ROC Friese Poort aan deelneemt. Dinsdag 6 oktober 2015 kwamen alle 8 partnerlanden met docenten en studenten bij elkaar op de locatie van Centrum Duurzaam in Leeuwarden. Studenten uit Nederland, Noorwegen, Polen, Hongarije, Slowakije, Griekenland en Turkije presenteerden hun duurzame invalshoek op het verduurzamen van gebouwen.
Klik hier voor het volledige persbericht:
http://www.centrumduurzaamfriesland.nl/nieuws/roc-friese-poort-wisselt-duurzame-ervaringen-uit-met-europese-partners/
Copywriting a content strategy pro velké weby - praktické zkušenosti nejen z psaní pro csob.cz. Projděte si slajdy z přednášky na konferenci WebTop100.
Gastles duurzaam ondernemen voor bouwstudenten ROC Friese Poort Sneekduurzame verhalen
‘Wat kunnen bouwstudenten vanuit de bouw bijdragen aan duurzaamheid? Dat is de reden van deze duurzame ochtend’, vertelt Jitske Hiemstra, docent Loopbaan en Burgerschap van ROC Friese Poort vestiging Sneek. In deze periode zijn we namelijk gestart met het keuzedeel duurzaamheid in beroep. In de volgende periode gaan we de gevolgen van ons eigen gedrag voor een duurzame toekomst onderzoeken. Jaap de Vries van DZyzzion verzorgde een gastles om de studenten levensechte voorbeelden te geven van duurzaamheid in de dagelijkse praktijk.
Klik door voor het volledige bericht:
http://www.centrumduurzaamfriesland.nl/nieuws/gastles-duurzaam-ondernemen-bouwstudenten-roc-friese-poort-sneek/
صفحة شيخ الاسلام ابن تيمية على الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/ibntaymyya
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مـجموع فتاوى ابن تيمية ◄ 4 / 7 - التفسير
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14 / 114 ◄ فصل في نزول القرآن ◄ من الصفحة 01 إلى الصفحة 13
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15 / 114 ◄ فصل وأما قوله تعالى {إنه لقول رسول كريم} ◄ من الصفحة 14 إلى الصفحة 20
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16 / 114 ◄ فصل وأما قول القائل أنتم تعتقدون أن موسى سمع كلام الله منه ◄ من الصفحة 21 إلى الصفحة 26
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17 / 114 ◄ فصل وأما قول القائل تقولون أن القرآن صفة الله ◄ من الصفحة 27 إلى الصفحة 35
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18 / 114 ◄ فصل في قوله تعالى {وإن أحد من المشركين استجارك فأجره} ◄ من الصفحة 36 إلى الصفحة 60
Eduardo era un niño que soñaba con viajar por el mundo. A pesar de que su familia no tenía mucho dinero, su mamá lo alentaba a seguir sus sueños. Cinco años más tarde, Eduardo había reunido el dinero suficiente para viajar. Sin embargo, su mamá enfermó gravemente y falleció. Eduardo le prometió a su mamá que viajaría por todo el mundo en su memoria. Un año después, Eduardo había cumplido su promesa y viajado extensamente, aunque extrañaba a su mamá y le hubiera gustado que
El documento habla sobre las aplicaciones ofimáticas básicas para la carrera de Finanzas en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Se enfoca en las aplicaciones esenciales para el uso de software. Fue escrito por Suárez Yajaira y Zurita Gabriela.
O documento lista as obras da pintora portuguesa Vieira da Silva, descrevendo os elementos e temas mais comuns em suas pinturas abstratas, incluindo redes geométricas, labirintos, perspectivas, espaços cromáticos, cidades, bibliotecas e xadrez. Também menciona as cores frequentemente usadas por ela, como vermelho, azul, castanho, branco e preto.
El documento describe el tejido óseo. El tejido óseo está compuesto principalmente de minerales como fosfato de calcio y de fibras de colágeno. Provee sostén y protección al cuerpo y desempeña un papel secundario en la regulación del calcio. El tejido óseo se renueva constantemente a través de la acción de los osteoblastos, que forman hueso nuevo, y los osteoclastos, que lo resorben.
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John Dalton formulated his atomic theory in the early 1800s based on careful chemical measurements and observations. His theory proposed that (1) all matter is composed of tiny indivisible atoms, (2) atoms of the same element are identical in mass, (3) atoms of different elements have different masses, and (4) atoms combine in simple whole number ratios. Dalton's atomic theory provided the foundation for modern chemistry and physics by establishing that elements combine at the atomic level. While Dalton's model has been refined over time, it represented a revolutionary shift in understanding the basic nature of matter.
This document discusses atoms, molecules, ions, and chemical formulas. It begins by explaining early theories of matter being made of elements like fire, air, water and earth. John Dalton later proposed his atomic theory, which stated that all matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. The document then discusses molecules, which are combinations of two or more atoms, and ions, which are atoms or groups of atoms with a net electric charge. It concludes by explaining how chemical formulas represent the composition of molecules and compounds in terms of the symbols of their constituent elements.
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- Physical chemistry and thermodynamics, which deals with the application of physics to chemical systems and the relationship between heat and other forms of chemical energy.
- Ideal gases, which obey gas laws at all conditions, versus real gases, which deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and molecular volumes.
- Equations of state, such as the ideal gas law, which relate pressure, volume, temperature and amount of substance for gases. Van der Waals proposed corrections for real gas behavior accounting for excluded molecular volume and attraction forces.
Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) or Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present.[1] The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is:
Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules."
A series of laws in physics that predict the behavior of an ideal gas by describing the relations between the temperature, volume, and pressure. The laws include Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the pressure law, and are combined in the ideal gas law
John Dalton proposed the first scientific atomic theory, which stated that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single, unique type that can combine to form chemical compounds. An atom is the fundamental unit of matter and consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons but can vary in the number of neutrons, resulting in different isotopes of that element. Molecules are the smallest fundamental units of compounds made of two or more atoms bonded together.
Based on the information provided, explain the following observations:
1. When magnesium burns in oxygen, the products are magnesium oxide with a mass ratio of 1 part magnesium to 1 part oxygen.
2. When lead is heated strongly in air, two different oxides are formed - litharge, which is yellow and has a lead-to-oxygen ratio of 1:1, and massicot, which is lighter yellow and has a lead-to-oxygen ratio of 1:2.
3. When hydrogen burns in oxygen, the only product is water with a hydrogen-to-oxygen mass ratio of 1:8.
Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the substances that matter is composed of, their properties, and how they interact or combine. The document provides a brief history of chemistry, outlining key figures and discoveries from ancient civilizations through the 20th century that advanced the field. It describes the main branches of chemistry - organic, analytical, physical, inorganic, and biochemistry - and provides short definitions of each.
Class 11 Physics Revision Notes Kinetic Theory.pdfssuser93125a
The document provides an overview of kinetic theory and its applications. It begins by defining kinetic theory and its assumptions, such as gases being made up of rapidly moving particles and elastic collisions. It then discusses how kinetic theory can explain gas properties and laws like Boyle's, Charles's, Avogadro's, and Dalton's laws of partial pressures. Real gases are shown to approach ideal gas behavior at low pressures and high temperatures. The kinetic theory of ideal gases is derived, relating pressure to the average kinetic energy and molecular speed. Molecular motion, elastic collisions with walls, and the conservation of momentum and energy are used to justify kinetic theory's assumptions.
Atoms are the smallest particles that make up all matter. John Dalton's atomic theory states that all matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties. Two or more atoms can combine to form molecules, which are the smallest units that retain the properties of a substance. Molecules are formed when atoms bond together via chemical bonds and are the smallest particles that can exist independently. Common examples of molecules include water (H2O) and oxygen (O2).
This document provides information about key concepts in Dalton's atomic theory from the late 18th/early 19th century. It outlines Dalton's postulates that all matter is made of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible, atoms of a given element are identical, and compounds are formed by combinations of different atom types. It also notes some limitations of Dalton's ideas based on later discoveries, such as atoms being divisible and isotopes existing.
Atoms are the smallest particles that make up all matter. John Dalton's atomic theory states that all matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties. Two or more atoms can combine to form molecules, which are the smallest units that retain the properties of a substance. Molecules can be made of identical atoms or different types of atoms. They are held together by chemical bonds between the constituent atoms.
The document discusses fundamental chemical laws including the law of conservation of mass, the law of constant composition, and the law of multiple proportions. It describes how experiments by Antoine Lavoisier and others led to these laws. Lavoisier discovered that matter is neither created nor destroyed through experiments on combustion reactions. Joseph Proust's law of constant composition established that elements combine in fixed ratios by mass. John Dalton expanded on these laws in his atomic theory, proposing that elements are made of atoms that combine in whole number ratios.
John Dalton was an English chemist and physicist in the late 18th/early 19th century best known for pioneering atomic theory and discovering color blindness. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, which combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds. Dalton created the first table of relative atomic weights based on chemical analysis. His atomic theory was highly influential despite some inaccuracies, and its key principles of atoms combining and elements having unique atomic properties survive today in modern chemistry.
John Dalton was an English chemist and physicist born in 1766 who developed atomic theory. He proposed that all matter is composed of small indivisible particles called atoms and that different atoms have differing weights and properties. Dalton determined the relative weights of atoms by analyzing chemical compounds. He also discovered the law of multiple proportions and made contributions to gas laws. Dalton's atomic theory was foundational to modern chemistry despite some inaccuracies in his atomic models. He received honors including election as a Fellow of the Royal Society and erection of a statue in his lifetime in recognition of his scientific achievements.
This document provides an overview of atomic theory and the laws of chemical combination. It discusses the early Greek philosophers' debates on the nature of matter and whether it is continuous or made of discrete particles. John Dalton developed the modern atomic theory in the early 19th century, which included five main points. The document outlines the contributions of scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr to models of atomic structure. It describes the three states of matter and defines the fundamental laws of conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions discovered by scientists like Lavoisier, Proust, and Dalton. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of these laws.
This document contains a summary of kinetic gas theory by Zainal Abidin from SMAN 3 Bandar Lampung on March 8, 2014. It includes definitions of concepts like the mole, molecular mass, gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, and the combined gas law. It also discusses the ideal gas law, kinetic theory, molecular motion, temperature, pressure from molecular collisions, and diffusion. Contact information is provided for Zainal Abidin.
Similar to THE STUDY OF SCIENCE AND REFERENCE TEXT1 (3) (20)
6. From the above point of view, I would say to cut it in half. Or divide it then I would have
two imperfect portions, of the sphere that would show the inner regions distinction.
Such could be the case with determining the various regions that make up the nucleus of
the atom. It is common for it to be understood as a very dense region spherical in nature,
yet I believe it to be a dense region made up of sub-regions that are formed by quadrants
that combine from a 360 degree joining of these regions. I also believe it to be crystalline
in structure. When induced into vibration, appears circular; “which is an illusion” caused
by the energy of induction “A-rays”.
So it means that there are six sides to a box, and there are six sides to the nucleus of the
atom. These regions I believe are made up of black and dark matter that is tightly
compacted together that forms what we call the nucleus of the atom.
That as the regions degenerate the element changes form, into isotopes in some cases.
As with uranium transforming, into lead, in other cases, elements change form entirely,
such as the elements of calcium and helium are given off from the denigration of
Uranium into lead.
From the Simulacrum point of view, inverse operations continue on in the elements
everyday of their existence. Simply put the undoing of one into another. Just like the
perfect sphere it is broken in two and in the case of Uranium broken into smaller portions
termed subsets, which produces Lead.
These are arrived at using disunion concepts, whereas in the formation of energies I union
the elements into subsets. This also leads to the formation of complex molecules in
chains. Whereas disunion concepts show what type of element is given off in the
deterioration of the element or elements involved; or an isotope of the elements;
This is done by comparing the subset given off; to the yellow book of calculations and of
the elements, then matching these numbers as close as possible with the subsets given off
and the closest element in the yellow book. So Calcium has quite a number of isotopes
and so does Helium. There are a variety of variations of element isotopes in all of the
elements. So the standard of elements is more of an average than fact.
Subset operations are taken from the book as well, except with a twist I have placed upon
them in order to answer questions I have had over time.
A set is a collection of things whether real or imagined. (Simulacrum means an imaginary
semblance of something or a mirror image of something.) Refer to page 43 of the
arithmetic its structure and concepts. The fingers on your right hand are a set of 5
elements and there is more to it than that. The fingers are similar and work together and
they each have a separate function, for example the thumb is different from the fingers, it
apposes the other parts of the set, yet technically it is still considered a finger.
The Elements are also similar yet different. Example, aluminum verses iron, what do they
have in common? Nothing really except they are each a part of the set of elements. In the
periodic table Al, belongs to the IIIA table and Fe, to the VIII portion of the table. So Al,
7. and Fe, is a portion of the elements further defined into sub tables or a subset of the
elements set.
How does Simulacrum Science use these concepts? The theory of Simulacrum involves
the concept of the set starting at the nucleus of the atom, in that there are six sides to the
makeup of the nucleus of the atoms and these are really subsets to the set of an element,
yet the individual elements are a subset of the overall set of the elements in the atomic
weights charts. Which are also the new Invariants and Tensor’s Einstein predicted.
As with the region of the nucleus of the atom, each region is comprised of different
portions of black and dark matter. Grouped in different quantize s of numbers and
different configurations, which form the shape of the atom; as well as its size. Different
sizes and shapes create different flow patterns of the dark matter of gravity through them,
thus beginning the filtration and concentration process matter imposes upon gravity. In
some instances magnetic forces are formed, as with the placement of iron with mercury.
When Iron is placed upon Mercury, London forces are formed which in turn cause the
motion of electrons, the electrons cast into motion give off a magnetic field that
induces a small magnetic charge into the iron. Yet from the Simulacrum point of view,
Iron in conjunction with mercury causes a clash of the forces of different sizes of dark
and black matter that slam into the electrons of the mercury and iron, giving rise to the
London forces. These are tabled in the chart
In countless numbers this happens to all of the elements in one way or another. Normally
I would just show that element A forms a union with element B that creates subset 1a. Or
A U B> 1a. 1a, is the result of the filtering of gravity through the elements. Thus the
energy allowed through the region. Yet in real calculation it would go, A + B = number
that is divided / by 25, then 4 and two or two again until it falls within .0501 and .0999 of
the charts index then divided again by eleven. As there are 11 universes that intersect
with ours, by the way it is now an accepted concept and was not when I first started; 11
universes in parallel with our own, each giving rise to the energies of the others through
intersection. Einstein termed it distant parallelism in his unified field theories. To save
Room for Simulacrum Mathematics, I won’t go into great detail of Einstein’s work. I will
place just enough to get the point across. For the full work by Einstein, I would suggest to
the reader to go to the website www.1r2-muechen.de/~~aunzicker/ae 1919 through
1930.html. There are other sites as well.
Albert Einstein, Berlin
translated by A. Unzicker from
Unified Field Theory based on
Riemannian Metrics and distant Parallelism
Mathematische Annalen 102 (1930), pp 685-697
In the present work I will describe a theory I have been working on for a year; it will be
exposed in a manner that it can be understood comfortably by everyone who knows
general relativity. The following version is necessary, because due to coherences and
improvements found in the meantime reading the earlier work would be a useless loss of
8. time. The topic is presented in a way that seems most advisable for a comfortable access.
In particular, I learned to know through Mr. Weitzenböck and Mr. Cartan that the
treatment of the continua we are talking about is not new. Mr. Cartan kindly wrote an
essay about the history of the relevant mathematical tools in order to complete my paper;
it is printed right after this paper in the same review. Also here I give my best thanks to
Mr. Cartan for his valuable contribution. The most important and however new result of
the present work is the finding of the most simple field laws that can be applied to a
Riemannian manifold with distant parallelism. I will discuss only briefly their physical
meaning. 1 The structure of the continuum
Since the number of dimensions has no impact on the following considerations, we
suppose an n-dimensional continuum. To take into account the facts of metrics and
gravitation we assume the existence of Riemann-metrics. But in nature we have also
electromagnetic fields, which cannot be described by Riemannian metrics. The question
arises: How can we join to our Riemannian spaces in a naturally logical way an
additional structure that provides a uniform character of the whole thing?
The continuum is (pseudo-)Euclidean in the vicinity of the point P. In every point there is
a local coordinate system of geodesics (i.e. orthogonal n-bein), in which the theorem of
Pythagoras is valid. The orientation of this n-beins is not important in a Riemannian
manifold. We assume that these elementary Euclidean spaces are governed by still
another direction law. We assume that with this space structure - like in Euclidean
geometry- it makes sense to speak of a parallel orientation of all n-beins together (which
would be senseless in a space with metrical structure only). In the following we think of
the orthogonal n-beins being always in parallel orientation. The however arbitrary
orientation of the local n-bein in one point P then determines the orientation of the local
n-beins in all points of the continuum uniquely. Our task is now to set up the simplest
limiting laws, which can be applied to such a continuum. Doing so, we hope to derive the
general laws
of nature, like the earlier general relativity tried this for gravitation by applying a purely
metrical space structure.
2 Mathematical description of the space structure
The local n-bein consists of n orthogonal unit vectors with components hs
ν
with respect
to any Gaussian coordinate system. Here like always a lower Latin index shows the
affiliation to a certain bein of the n-beins, a Greek index - due to its upper or lower
position - the covariant or contra variant transformation character of the relevant entity
with respect to a change of the Gaussian coordinate system. The general transformation
property of the hs
ν
is the following. If all local systems or n-beins are twisted in the same
manner, which is allowed, and a new Gaussian coordinate system is introduced at the
same time, then exists the following transformation law between the new and old hs
ν
end
quote
Now a Simulacrum comment
There are several reasons why Einstein’s unified theory is so needful. Einstein once stated
that God probably does not play dice. His statement simply means the universe is to
9. organized, to be created from chaos. This would mean it comes from intelligent design. I
would have to agree with him. The mathematics could not work other wise.
I also think the 1928 version of Einstein’s work is helpful as well. “quote.” Therefore,
new invariants and tensors will arise besides those known in Riemannian geometry made
by Einstein, 1928. Here is its write up as well. It fits Simulacrum mathematics very well
because Simulacrum mathematics is based upon it as well.
Albert Einstein
translation by A. Unzicker
Riemannian Geometry with Maintaining the Notion
of Distant Parallelism
June 7th, 1928
Riemannian Geometry has led to a physical description of the gravitational field in the
theory of general relativity, but it did not provide concepts that can be assigned to the
electromagnetic field. Therefore, theoreticians aim to find natural generalizations or
extensions of Riemannian geometry that are richer of concepts, hoping to get to a logical
construction that unifies all physical field concepts under one single leading point. Such
endeavors brought me to a theory which should be communicated even without
attempting any physical interpretation, because it can claim a certain interest just for the
neutrality of the concepts introduced therein.
Riemannian geometry is characterized by a Euclidean metric in an infinitesimal
neighborhood of any point P. Furthermore, the absolute values of the line elements which
belong to the neighborhood of two points P and Q of finite distance can be compared.
However, the notion of parallelism of such line elements is missing; a concept of
direction does not exist for the finite case. The theory outlined in the following is
characterized by introducing - beyond the Riemannian metric- the concept of
`direction' `equality of directions' or `parallelism' for finite distances. Therefore, new
invariants and tensors will arise besides those known in Riemannian geometry.
1 n-bein field and metric
Given an arbitrary point P of the n-dimensional continuum, let's imagine an orthogonal n-
bein of n unit vectors that represents a local coordinate system. Aa are the components of
a line element or another vector with respect to this local system (n-bein). Besides that,
we introduce a Gaussian coordinate system of the xν
for describing a finite domain. Let
Aν
be the components of a vector (A) with respect to that, and h a
νδ
the ν-components of
the unit vectors forming the n-bein. Then, we have1
Aν
= ha
ν
Aa.... (1)
One obtains the inversion of (1) by calling hνa
ν
the normalized sub determinants of the h
a
ν
,
Aa = hµa Aµ
... . (1a)
Since the infinitesimal sets are euclidic, for the modulus A of the vector (A) holds
10. A2
=
∑
A2
a = hµa hνa Aµ
Aν
... . (2)
Therefore, the components of the metric tensor appear in the form
gµν = hµa hνa, ... (3)
whereby the sum has to be taken over a.For a fixed a, the ha
µ
are the components of a
contra variant vector. Furthermore, the following relations hold:
hµa ha
ν
= δµ
ν
... (4)
hµa hb
µ
= δa b,... (5)
with δ = 1 if the indices are equal, and or δ = 0, if not. The correctness of (4) and (5)
follows from the above definition of the hµa as the normalized sub determinants of the ha
µ
.
The vector property of hµa follows conveniently from the fact that the l.h.s. and therefore,
the r.h.s of (1a) as well, are invariant for any coordinate transformation and for any
choice of the vector (A). The n-bein field is determined by n2
functions ha
µ
, whereas the
Riemannian metric is determined just by [(n(n+1))/ 2] quantities. According to (3), the
metric is determined by the n-bein field but not vice versa.
2 Teleparallelism and rotation invariance
By postulating the existence of the n-bein field (in every point) one expresses implicitly
the existence of a Riemannian metric and distant parallelism. Let then (A) and (B) be two
vectors in the points P and Q which have the same local coordinates with respect to their
n-beins (that means Aa = Ba), they have to be regarded as equal (because of (2)) and as
'parallel'.
If we take the metric and the teleparallelism as the essential, i.e. the objective meaningful
things, then we realize that the n-bein field is not yet fully determined by these settings.
Yet metric and teleparallelism remain intact, if we substitute the n-beins of all points of
the continuum with substitutability rotation invariance and note: Only those mathematical
relations can claim or a real meaning that are rotational invariant.
Thus by keeping the coordinate system fixed, and a given a metric and a parallel
connection, the ha
µ
are not yet fully determined; there is a possible substitution which
corresponds to the rotation invariance
Aa
*
= da m Am ..., (6)
whereby da m is chosen orthogonal and independent of the coordinates. (Aa) is an arbitrary
vector with respect to the local system, (A*
a) the same vector with respect to the rotated
local system According to (1a), from (6) follows
hµa
*
Aµ
= da m hµm Aν
or
11. hµa
*
= da m hµm, ... (6a)
whereby
da m db m = dm a dm b = δa b , ... (6b)
∂da m
∂xν = 0. ... (6c)
Then the postulate of rotation invariance tells us that among the relations in which the
quantities h appear, only those may be seen as meaningful, which are transformed in h*
of
equal form, if h*
is introduced by eqns. (6). In other words: n-bein fields which are related
by locally equal rotations are equivalent.
The rule of infinitesimal parallel transport of a vector from point (xν
) to a neighboring
point (xν
+ d xν
) is obviously characterized by
d Aa = 0, ... (7)
that means by the equation
∂hµa
∂xσ Aµ
d xσ
+ hµa d Aµ
= 0
Mulitplicated by ha
ν
this equation becomes after looking at (5)
d Aν
= - ∆µσ
ν
Aµ
d xσ
(7a)
with
12. ∆µσ
ν
= ha
ν ∂hµa
∂xσ
.
This law of parallel transport is rotation invariant and not symmetric with respect to the
lower indices of the quantities ∆µσ
ν
. If one transports now the vector (A) according to this
law along a closed curve, the vector remains unaltered; this means, that the Riemann
tensor
Rk, l m
i
= -
∂∆k l
i
∂xm +
∂∆k m
i
∂xl +∆αl
i
∆k m
α
-∆αm
i
∆k l
α
build from the connection coefficients vanishes according to (7a), which can be verified
easily. Besides this law of parallel transport there is that (nonintegrable) symmetric
transport law due to the Riemannian metric (2) and (3). It is given by the well-known
equations
_
d
Aν
=
Γµτ
ν
Aµ
d xτ
(
8
)
Γµτ
ν
=
1
2
gνα
∼
{
(
(
∼
}
∂γµα
∂xτ +
∂γτα
∂xµ -
∂γµτ
∂xα
.
13. According to (3), the Γµτ
ν
are expressed by the quantities h of the n-bein fields. Thereby
one has to keep in mind that
gµν
= hα
µ
hα
ν
. ... (9)
Because of this setting and due to (4) and (5) the equations
gµλ
gνλ = δν
µ
are fulfilled which define gµλ
from gµλ. This transport law based on the metric only is
rotation invariant in the above sense.
3 Invariants and covariants
On the manifold we are considering, besides the tensors and invariants of Riemann-
geometry which contain the quantities h only in the combination (3), there exist other
tensors and invariants, among which we will have a look at the simplest ones only.
If one starts with a vector (Aν
) in the point xν
, with the shifts d and [d] in the
neighboring point (x+ d xν
) the two vectors
Aν
+ d Aν
und
Aν
+
_
d
A
ν
are produced. Thus the difference
d Aν
-
_
d Aν
= (Γαβ
ν
-∆αβ
ν
) Aα
d xβ
has vector character as well. Therefore,
(Γαβ
ν
-∆αβ
ν
)
is a tensor, and also its skew symmetric part
14. 1
2
(∆αβ
ν
-∆βα
ν
) = Λβα
ν
...
The fundamental meaning of this tensor in the theory developed here results from the
following: If this tensor vanishes, then the continuum is Euclidean. Namely, if
0 = 2 Λαβ
ν
= ha
ν
(
∂hαa
∂xβ -
∂hβa
∂xα
)
,
holds, then by multiplication with hνb follows
0 =
∂hαb
∂xβ -
∂hβb
∂xα .
However, one may assume
ha b =
∂ψb
∂xα .
Therefore the field is derivable from n scalars ψb. We choose now the coordinates
according to the equation
ψb = x
b
Then, due to (7a) all the ∆βα
ν
vanish, and the hµa and the gµν are constant.-
Since the tensor2
Λβα
ν
is formally the simplest one admitted by our theory, this tensor
shall be used as a starting point for characterizing such a continuum, and not the more
complicated Riemannian curvature tensor. The simplest quantities which come in mind
are the vector
15. Λµα
α
and the invariants
gµν
Λµβ
α
Λνα
β
and gµν gασ
gβτ
Λαβ
µ
Λστ
ν
From one of the latter ones (actually, from a linear combination of it), after multiplication
with the invariant volume element
h d τ,
(whereby h means the determinant mid hµα mid, d τ the product d x1... d xn), an invariant
integral J may be built. The setting
δJ = 0
provides then 16 differential equations for the 16 quantities hµα.
The question if this leads to laws with relevance for physics shall be investigated later.- It
may clarify things, to confront Weyl's modification of the Riemannian theory with the
one presented here:
Weyl : no comparison at distance, neither of the moduli, neither of directions of
vectors.
Riemann : comparison at distance for moduli of vectors, but not of directions of
vectors.
Present theory: comparison of both moduli and directions of vectors at distance.3
Footnotes:
1 We assign Greek letters to the coordinate indices and Latin ones to the bein indices.
2 tr. note: in the literature this is called torsion tensor.
3 tr. note: This is the origin of the name distant parallelism as a synonym for absolute parallelism or teleparallelism , in German Fernparallelismus .
Simulacrum Point’s interjected here.
In the beginning I will only use the four pole charts. Later we will get into the six poles
charting, which show the six sides of the box. Example of six pole outlay.
Each of the four, or six pole designs has a number value.
16. Subsets are formed thus Element A U Element B> A number divided by 25 divided by 4
divided 2 if necessary, then divided by 11, rounded off to a .000000 number.
Six pole example
As I mentioned earlier, these regions have a number assigned and are compacted into a
tight cluster, I expanded them in order to show that each of these regions contain a
number value which show the relationship of how an element is formed and on how it
shows the various isotopes that can be formed just by increasing or decreasing the value
of the number value. Example of the element Copper is a part of the table of elements.
17. At this time I would point out that, Invariant, (a mathematical quantity or expression that
is constant through out a certain range of conditions) could also be applied to the nucleus
of the atom.
This would mean that each elements construction would use, Simulacrum numbers that
become the invariant numbers of the elements
Then the term Tensor, (a mathematical entity with components that change in a particular
way in the transformation from one coordinate system to another) would be the change in
numbers of the Simulacrum vector positions or the term of these positions could be
viewed as the quadrant numbers of each of the pole regions.
Vector, a quantity possessing both magnitude and direction as force or velocity; so when I
imply that there is a vector position, these are formed by the quadrant numbers of the
poles.
The- (the word the, is used before adjectives that are used substantively to note an
individual, a class or a number of individuals, or an abstract idea. So when Einstein
refers to the n-bein field, he is referring to an abstract idea. About the existence of
parallel mixing and intersecting (to follow a path or crossing or to go through something)
1 n-bein field and metric
Given an arbitrary point P of the n-dimensional continuum, let's imagine an orthogonal n-
bein of n unit vectors that represents a local coordinate system Quote.
Point P could be referred to as the 7th
pole at the nucleus of the atom, which is shown in
the example of the 6 pole chart above where all Poles intermix.
3 Invariants and co-variants
On the manifold we are considering, besides the tensors and invariants of Riemann-
geometry which contain the quantities h only in the combination (3), there exist other
tensors and invariants, among which we will have a look at the simplest ones only.
(Again Simulacrum math fits this concept very well.)
If one starts with a vector (Aν
) in the point xν
, with the shifts d and [d] in the
neighboring point (x+ d xν
) the two vectors. “Quote”
Referring to the manifold (1 of great variety; numerous. 2. Manifested in many ways,
or including many acts or elements; complex, 3. Existing in great abundance v.t. To
make more than one copy of at once, as with carbon paper on a typewriter.) (Isn’t this
Simulacrum as well?)
18. So then the vectors would be the lines that tie in the poles along states of velocity; into 19
the various pole regions.
Vector, (a quantity possessing both magnitude and direction as force or velocity.) So
When I imply that there is a vector position, these are formed by the quadrant numbers of
the poles. Vector (Aν
) could be connecting to the North Pole, in the point xν
, constituting
the clusters of the dark and black matter that, have been referred to as the atoms of the
North Pole.
Because these clusters form the atoms, that in turn all together form a solid block or
liquid of the element, 1ml or 1cm3 volume. These regions of the nucleus of the atoms, are
formed of dark and black matter. Simulacrum mathematics uses an average of alignment
of the nucleus regions for calculation of the elements.
So when we refer to the Tensor, (a mathematical entity with components that change in a
particular way in a transformation from one coordinate system to another. This happens
in several ways, which is why the sub-sets show different numbers at mostly the wake
and south poles. These simulacrum numbers called sub-sets show the force and change
occurring in these regions. With Union concepts, yet show radical change;
yet when we are dealing with Dis-Union concepts. The quantities of h are referring to the
black and dark matter. Then ha
ν
refers to the vector and velocity state of h in the sub-
state.
By the way I believe that the number and make up of the atoms in a block mass are
duplicated in the regions of the nucleus of the atoms that are constituted of black and dark
matter.
The sub-set regions seem to align to the numbers in the original charts, which means they
could be real characters of the isotopes of an atom. This could well account for the
various changes of the elements of one sample to another. The integrators are a product of
the way in which the elements are placed together in a group.
When the regions of black and dark matter are taken into account it would lead back to
the Schrödinger’s quantum or wave mechanics. If the electrons are portions of the regions
that make up the nucleus of the atom, then at this point it is important to consider the
possibility that different types of electrons are the product of the different regions of the
nucleus. A very good example of this would be a fluorescent light (after the energy of
emitting light from the regular ballast system of A.C. energy is drained and light emission
stops from the power source from the wall, yet light energy will again be emitted using a
high frequency wave generator, which strongly makes the argument that electrons have
different natures and react to energy differently. It also implies that the electrons are
shattered to create the photons of light emission.
When I refer to energy differently, I simply mean the wave length of the energy emitted to create
the reaction of the fluorescent light. In other words when the tube burns out, a Tesla coil will
again cause light emission, of a slightly different spectrum. Which again implies that electrons
could very well be a broken off piece, of the nucleus of the atom, then is shattered into photon
emission. That when enough of these electrons are destroyed to form light photons the emission
will stop. Until a higher frequency energy is put through the system to break off different
19. electrons from different sections of the atom.
This will eventually create an isotope of the element, as it changes from one state to another. I
think this is the basis for metal fatigue in mechanical parts and supporting structures in buildings
etc. In other words there is much more going on than meets the eye. Let’s use the frame of a car
or truck for example, they will crack and wear out over time, this is fatigue. I think it is caused
mainly because of the resistance of dark matter (gravity) to a change in state.
Gravity pulls harder against an object that is in motion, yes this would even include
Space. I also think that this is the basis for friction on parts moving against one another. The
reason for this is the elements all filter Dark and Black matter, (Gravity) differently. So it is quite
common for them to conflict with one another. In other words the dark matter particle’s passages,
through the elements are of different size, velocity state and orientation in the state of Distant
Parallelism. What the Charts are designed to do is give a crude idea of what is going on, and a
possible way to use these conflicting forces. Let’s look at an example of Lead and Tin. Lead and
Tin go together very nicely, let’s see if we can understand why.
Example
Lead (Pb) Tin (Sn) Subset Pb/Sn
5.88636 U 6.73363 > 5.74090
5.88727 U 6.74363 > 5.74181
4.90636 U 5.61200 > 4.78454
7.53909 U 8.43000 > 7.17727
Or
Arrows indicate a vector state, in the above and also a charge, in the state of the particles
passage.
Lead (Pb) fits within the 5 grouping, the average of the two subsets again end up in the 5
grouping. This also creates a region of direction that the two independent elements lacked. It is
not that the two elements are changed; it is the subsets that hold them together in the electron
shells.
20. Lets compare Copper (Cu) to the Pb/Sn subset. Copper forms a stirrer, or the blending of
more than one vector state. This is one of the reasons that it is a good thermo conductor,
as well as a good electrical conductor. If we were to compare Cu, with Silver (Ag)
Silver
If you wonder why Silver, is a better electrical conductor than Copper, Yet not as good a
thermo conductor, the above examples should show why. Silver will allow larger
electrons to pass and more of them. The subset of Lead/Tin will not. Copper is limited in
the lower right corner, and has a conflict of electron vector states.
Let’s compare Silver (Ag) to Aluminum (Al)
What is the difference between Ag, and Al ?
It is a matter of particle size and state. The top represents the North Pole, lower left, The
Wave Pole, to the right of that is the Wake Pole, at the bottom is the South Pole.
Notice that both elements are in the 6 grouping. It is the last three numerations at the end
that give the charge state. Ex. 818 at top of Ag, 181 for Al. Ag has a greater magnetic
force, than Al. Because the majority of the last 3 numerations are high
While the last 3 numerations of Al, are low. These numbers denote that Al, is a good
thermo conductor, yet not quite as good electron conductor. These examples also show
why Al, has a lower melting point than Ag.
The 4 Pole views of Pb. Shows a star cluster, energy going out and no entry. By the way
the same is true for Sn.
21. Yet a 6 Pole chart will show entry of energy, for Lead (Pb).
I would think that this is one reason for Lead’s use in radiation shielding.
Tin (Sn), Show’ exit of energy only in the 4 Pole Charts
22. Yet again the Six Pole charts for Sn Shows an entry.
If the reader studies the numbers you will find that Pb and Sn are mirrors of one another.
For the Most part I use the 4 Pole calculations, mostly because they tell me all I need to
know. When I really get serious I use the 6 Pole charts.
An example would be the union of Pb and Sn.
Pb U Sn
5.88636 6.74363 > 5.74090
6.02090 6.89727 > 5.87181
4.90545 5.62000 > 4.78454
5.88727 6.74363 > 5.74181
4.90636 5.62000 > 4.78454
7.53909 8.43000 > 7.17727
23. Lead and Tin, both have entry points on the East Poles, Yet the union of Lead and Tin,
show an entry point at the South Pole. This is the source of diffraction of the elements.
This is caused by the inference of Black and Dark matter through the elements. Which
makes up a guide for how to use these energies of gravity? Diffraction is an interesting
topic, as it refers to the bending of the light waves. Yet it is established that light travels
in quanta particle packets in waves. When light enters glass it slows in velocity from
186,000 miles per second to roughly 124.000 miles per second. Upon exiting the glass
the light reaccelerates back to the 186,000 miles per second. Could the answer be that the
particle packets are accelerated by black and dark matter?
I think that it is the only logical reason for that to occur. If that were true then why can’t
matter cause a slowing of black and dark matter as well? Talking of black and dark
matter, I don’t feel we can even begin to understand the complex nature of the myriad of
these particle streams. I believe Einstein understood it to a very high level. This is why he
formed the distant parallelism concept.
I think when the states of velocity are taken into account the only logical explanation is
there are streams of dark matter particles that pass through matter as if it were not there.
Though there is enough inference that other larger slower dark matter particles are struck
By these higher state particles and accelerated after being slowed by matter. I would
conjecture that the mean average velocity state of dark matter to be roughly 3.5 billion
miles per second. Thus creating the term distant parallelism as a needful way to explain
it.
It is this reason I was able to form an artificial gravity well. This is the reason I formed
the mathematics in the format as it is now, to give a visible image of the interaction of the
particle makeup of the nucleus of the atom, as well as the particle passage through the
elements.
By inducing matter into motion and vibration this causes a conflict of the dark and black
24. matters passage through thus causing conflict that in turn breaks of pieces of the nucleus.
This is the change in state I have referred before. In the instance of forming alloys it is
needful to contribute some particles back into the region so that the kick back forces can
draw the elements together. The kick back forces are a direct result of the reacceleration
of dark matter in-between the sub regions of the atom. I think it will be found that
elements are constantly losing and gaining electrons as well as other sub atomic matter.
Thus an evolution of transforming the elements over time I doubt that there is one atom
on the earth or else where for that matter that is the same as they once were. We absorb
sub particles from our surroundings and loose sub particles every instance of our lives,
and so does all other matter. It is good in a way to know this because we can use that
knowledge to create new forms of materials for use in our everyday lives.
It is needful for the student to understand the vastness of these concepts in order to be
able to use the mathematics and charting as, an expansion of ideas and new tools to
understand how to use them.
Lets again take up the topic of kick back forces, the interplay in these are quite simple yet
hard for most students to understand. If we view a target being struck by a bullet upon of
the instant of contact the target is pulled towards the muzzle of the rifle, then the bullet
passes through and the target is drawn towards the receding bullet. Which leads to a
question of what would happen if the bullet upon impact instantly stretched elongated
and accelerated in higher velocity in the same instance. I believe that the initial impact
would cause the target to be kicked back towards the muzzle.
I believe that this is the interplay through the nucleus and sub particles of the atom. This
is a very similar process going on with black and dark matter. They become the bullets.
The interplay then creates a view of distant parallelism. With a twist, Steven Hawks view
of string theory. Especially dark matter can and does exist in more than one space time,
through multiple matter in and through out our sun, earth and outside of our solar system
all in the same instant in our way of measuring time. In a sense they act just as a string,
for matter to slide along, as in someone propelling from a cliff. Every object in their path;
is affected by their vibrations and interplay through matter. If for some reason matter is
caused into motion, this can and does set up a region were there is a deflection to the dark
matter, and it will change direction yet still affect other matter in its new direction. A very
good example is the formation of the alloy of Fe and Al. By creating conditions for the
interplay to occur. I know I use interplay as a word quite often, yet it is the only way I can
explain what is going on.
Again take Lead and Tin sets, they both have an east entry point for dark matter on the 6
Pole view. Yet the mirror of the union indicates a slower south entry between them. This
is an example of how dark matter of distant Parallism is brought into our space time
reference even if it is only for an instant, which by the way is exactly what occurs when
light photons passage through glass.
As Einstein pointed out that there is a distortion in the time between a person sitting and
25. one in motion. I don’t believe he viewed it as a fact only an observation. Through
calculation he was able to prove a distortion of time to different observers from different
reference points. At the speed of light rounding it off he determined as 1/10 time
differential. So what would be the effect, if one were to ponder the 1/100 time
differential?
The particles of dark matter are traveling in waves from 360 spherical degrees in and to
all directions through space and time. These could very well be organized by earth’s
matter, into a lower velocity state as well as a mirror effect to form what we view as
gravity. There the kick back forces would propel us to earth.
Example Pb
Above again is the example of Lead with an east entry for dark matter.
26. Tin also has an east entry, yet the particles that enter Tin are of a different size and
velocity than the ones that enter Lead. This is why the kick back forces of the particles
attract the two together so nicely. The region between the elements I call the subsets are
made up imaginary element’s themselves and they act just as if they were real elements.
This would also explain the formation of various isotopes.
Example Lead and Tin
These form the mirror subset as viewed above. Which means that a change in the state of dark matter has
occurred by combining the two elements together? By demonstrating the lower velocity South entry in the
mirror, we see an interaction of the different sizes and state of the dark matter filtered by the two elements.
In other words the state of the dark matter reaches a state of conflict, causing the impact of these particles
into the nucleus of the atoms thus lowering their states of velocity.
27. This is the reason that the energy can be used at that stage. There are infinite
combinations that occur all the time. It is only a matter to determine which elements to
use to create a desired energy state.
Lets take a look at the difference between, the atomic weights of the elements and their
specific gravity. Specific gravity is an elements displacement of water which raises an
interesting question. Why would an element behave differently with water, than it would
on a weight scale? To find that answer it becomes necessary to determine the overall
subset for water. Water is formed into dipoles and it literally is formed as H, O, H. There
are other variations of the 6 Pole charts, so for understanding I will form them thus.
H U O > Sub #1 U H >
North North North North
East East East East
West West West West
Wave Wave Wave Wave
Wake Wake Wake Wake
South South South South
Which form’s Sub #2. Then we union sub #1 U to sub #2, to attain the overall for the
water dipole, the numbers would change for heavy water.
H U O > Sub #1 U H Sub #2
5.72636 U 7.27181> 5.90818 U 5.72636 > 5.28818
5.85727 U 5.37181> 5.10454 U 5.85727 > 4.98272
4.77272 U 6.06000> 4.92363 U 4.77272 > 8.81454
5.72727 U 7.27272> 5.90909 U 5.72727 > 5.28909
4.77272 U 6.06090> 4.92454 U 4.77272 > 8.81545
7.15909 U 4.54545> 5.32000 U 7.15909 > 5.67272
Although I call Sub #2 H20. There are two other Sub’s, yet this is a good and accurate overview.
Notice that H2O has an entry at the east and wave poles. High numerations exit on the north;
wake; While the low numerations exit on the west and south.
28. Aluminum has an atomic weight of 26.98154 and a specific gravity of 2.6989.
Notice that the entry is all south. I think we need at this time to union Al, to H2O. Also I
am going to assume that the reader knows the alignment of the poles.
Al, U H2O Al/H2O
6.13181 U 5.28818 > 5.19090
6.27272 U 4.98272 > 5.11636
5.11000 U 8.81454 > 6.32909
6.13272 U 5.28909 > 5.19181
7.66636 U 5.67272 > 6.06363
5.11090 U 8.81545 > 6.33000
H2O, has one entry from the east, Al/H2O has one entry on the east and one west.
29. Iron, (Fe) has an atomic weight of 55.847 and a specific gravity of 7.874. So the atomic
weight and the specific gravity follow according to the difference of the weight of Al, and
Fe. Lets look at Fe.
Again Lets see if we can see why it has a higher specific gravity, With its union to H2O.
Fe U H2O > Fe/H2O
6.34636 U 5.28818 > 5.28818
6.49181 U 4.98272 > 5.21545
5.28909 U 8.81454 > 6.41090
6.34727 U 5.28909 > 5.28909
5.28909 U 8.81545 > 6.41090
7.93454 U 5.67272 > 6.18545
I notice that the numerations for Fe, West and Wake are identical. Also H2O and Fe/H20
are identical. On the North Pole. Also Fe, Wake and H20 West and Fe/H2O west are the
identical. Two entry points West and Wake, for Fe/H2O, compared to Al/H2O, Entry East
and West.
30. Strontium (Sr) has an atomic weight of 87.62 and a specific gravity of 2.54. It varies a lot
when compared to Al, or Fe. I wonder why. Let’s look at it in union with H2O.
Sr U H2O > Sr/H20
4.97818 U 5.28818 > 4.66636
5.09181 U 4.98272 > 4.57909
6.03454 U 8.81454 > 6.75000
4.97818 U 5.28909 > 4.66727
8.29727 U 8.81545 > 7.77818
6.22272 U 5.67272 > 5.35636
Example of Strontium and Water
The first thing I notice
is that Sr/H2O only has one entry point, and because the lower
numerations are the largest, thus more forceful most of the energy is repelling against the
H2O dipole. All the other numerations are high, thus they match and push against the
H2O. Example Water
31. I know this if I wanted to pump water through tubing, I would try to match the Sr, subset.
I want to show the extremes, So lets use Gold (Au), Au, has an atomic weight of
196.9665 and a specific gravity of 18.88. Lead (Pb) has an atomic weight of 207. 2, yet a
specific gravity of 11.35 On a scale Pb, outweighs Au,. Yet with water it is lighter or has a
lesser specific gravity. Let’s find out why.
Au, U H2O > Au/H2O
5.59545 U 5.28818 > 4.94727
5.72363 U 4.98272 > 4.86636
4.66363 U 8.81454 > 6.12636
5.59636 U 5.28909 > 4.94818
4.66363 U 8.81545 > 6.12727
6.99545 U 5.67272 > 5.75818
Example Gold and Water
I would have to assume that because all numerations are high, that Au/H2O would settle
in water like a stone or have a higher specific gravity. Numerations from a 636 to 909, are
gravity related, or molecular in nature. Now we calculate for the Pb union with H2O.
Pb U H2O > Pb/H2O
5.88636 U 5.28818 > 5.07909
6.02090 U 4.98272 > 5.00181
4.90545 U 8.81454 > 6.23636
5.88727 U 5.28909 > 5.08000
4.90636 U 8.81545 > 6.23727
7.35909 U 5.67272 > 5.92363
If we compare to Au/H2O, Pb, has two entry points. East and Wave, Also again these are
the low slow, powerful energy entries. This also would cause Lead not to fall in water as
easy. Or it would cause it to have a lesser specific gravity as compared to that of Gold.
32. Example of Gold and Water
Notice the differences between the ways Au, is intercepted by water compared to Pb Let’s
compare Al, Fe, and Sr. With their interactions with Water as well.
As the student develops a better understanding of the mathematics, it will become clear
as to how and why these interactions occur. The hardest object to learn of the math is the
interlocking combinations of the various particle sizes involved. As well as the particle
33. velocity states, in distant parallelism that Einstein alluded to. Yet the information and
facts are all over the scientific world, of past scientists and the new ones in our day and
age we are very lucky to have the skills of these scientists.
Example of Iron and Strontium with water
Sr, only has one low slow entry, again the most powerful. Al, and Fe, is slightly higher
energy entry points. When I speak of higher energy I am referring to the last three
Numerations these are a 545 and higher. Which are more magnetic and gravity related.
By making comparisons of the known factual work, we can establish a format to allow
the charting to make predictions of the unknown. Sodium when formed into NaOH,
forms, Sodium hydroxide, (NaOH) is a material that reacts violently with water, perhaps
the question we should ask is Why? Let’s take a look and find out. I will format it in the
order of
O, Na, H. O. U Na > O/Na U H O/Na/H
7.27181 U 5.22454 > 5.68000 U 5.72636 > 5.18454
5.37181 U 5.34454 > 4.87090 U 5.35727 > 4.64909
6.06000 U 6.33363 > 5.63363 U 4.77272 > 5.16454
7.27272 U 5.22545 > 5.68090 U 5.72727 > 5.18545
34. 6.06090 U 8.70909 > 6.71363 U 4.77272 > 5.22090
4.54545 U 6.53181 > 5.03545 U 7.15909 > 5.54272
Example of caustic Lye
High numeration energy entry, Low Powerful exit, now to see how it reacts with H2O.
O/Na/H U H2O > O/Na/H/H20
5.18454 U 5.28818 > 4.76000
4.64909 U 4.98272 > 5.51000
5.16454 U 8.81454 > 6.35454
5.18545 U 5.28909 > 4.76090
5.22090 U 8.81545 > 6.38000
5.54272 U 5.67272 > 5.09818
This combination, is nasty.
Example of NaOH.
35. The vast majority of the numbers are the powerful low numerations; it is no wonder why
this would strip H, away from H2O as well as O, for that matter a very nasty material.
As I go forward with Simulacrum mathematics’ I see a new world and new possibilities.
Which shines the Universe under a new light, gone should be the misconceptions of the
past. Most of the scientific materials we depend upon are based in the 1700’s and the
1800’s.
One of the discoveries I made was artificial gravity or an enhanced molecular field. It has
been used to create new and useful materials. We will Calculate the entire portion of these
system’s at a later time. I feel it is important for the student to understand the basic’s first.
Another related system is the deflecting or blocking of magnetic fields.
It takes imagination to stretch science in new directions to create new processes in order
to understand the nature of matter and energy. Lithium is highly reactive in water. Lets try
and determine why?
Lithium (Li)
6.31000
6.45454
5.26000
6.31090
5.26090
7.88909
Example of Li,.
Notice Li, has all low numerations, the low slow powerful ones. Lets view in
combination with H2O.
Example of Water; Water overall is sub #2 in these lessons
H U O > Sub #1 U H Sub #2
5.72636 U 7.27181> 5.90818 U 5.72636 > 5.28818
36. 5.85727 U 5.37181> 5.10454 U 5.85727 > 4.98272
4.77272 U 6.06000> 4.92363 U 4.77272 > 8.81454
5.72727 U 7.27272> 5.90909 U 5.72727 > 5.28909
4.77272 U 6.06090> 4.92454 U 4.77272 > 8.81545
7.15909 U 4.54545> 5.32000 U 7.15909 > 5.67272
Example of Lithium mixed with Water
Li U H2O > Li/H2O
6.31000 U 5.28818 > 5.27181
6.45454 U 4.98272 > 5.19909
5.26000 U 8.81454 > 6.39727
6.31090 U 5.28909 > 5.27272
5.26090 U 8.81545 > 6.39818
7.88909 U 5.67272 > 6.16454
Example of Li, and H2O,.
The subset formed acts as a stirrer to the molecules of H2O. The Low slow powerful
particles emitted from the Wave and South will strike Oxygen the strongest, in the H2O
molecule; and liberating the hydrogen atoms, in a violent reaction.
Referring to the first page, of Dalton’s findings and the finding of other researchers the
atoms of the same element are alike and atoms of different elements are different. The
same is true for the subset mixtures of compounds. It is the passage of dark and black
matter in packets that create the subset regions. Not all dark and black matter will pass
through the regions of the diverse different atoms. These particle packets are deflected off
the atoms, where they mix and merge with particle deflection of other atoms.
For example if we were to view what happens to the quanta packets of light photons
37. traveling in waves and their interaction with a glass pane not all photon packets will pass
through the pane. Thus are deflected off from the glass. This deflection mixes with other
deflective light from rocks trees etc, color is formed due to the different velocity states of
the photon packets. Yet I believe there is enough evidence to prove that the particle
packets of photons contain different sizes as well.
These variances in size would imply that the lower number numerations are larger
packets and have a lower velocity state. This is what I believe goes on in and around the
nucleus of the atoms as it pertains to the dark and black matter packets in a velocity state.
Different atoms deflect different dark and black matter particle packets. These are the
source of the reactive actions that occur in the preceding equations above. I suspect that
the higher numerations are smaller particles at higher velocity states. It is when the lower
and higher numerations collide that reactions occur.
Example
These reactions occur trillions of times a second in and around all matter and energy
particles. The dark and black matter are the deflective medium that cause the diffraction
of radio signals through space as well as other light associated particle packets. I believe
that these dark and black matter particles collide with each other as well. This creates the
dynamics of the Universe?
The above diagram then could represent even one black matter particle as it is affected by
the dark matter. It is simple really. Dark matter particle packets traveling in waves are
smaller in size thus are in velocity states that Einstein described as Distant Parallelism.
This could indicate that they exist outside of our space time reference yet still affect the
energy and matter of our space time? Imagine a state where particle packets exist with
38. velocity states at 3.4 billion miles per second from our space time reference. Imagine
dark matter packets at even higher velocity states than that.
In theory a dog trotting across the Brooklyn bridge could cause it to collapse, If that were
to be true, then there is a lot more going on that just the dog’s trot. It would cause
vibrations into the atoms of the elements that the bridge is made of which would cause a
collision of the dark and black matter, with the matter of the bridge. The term of
Simulacrum came from the mirror reflections of these particles creating regions that are
in and through out the entire fabric of the space and time of the elements of the bridge.
Einstein’s Distant Parallelism, Hawkins’s sting theories would also pertain, because a
rose by any other name is still a rose. In essence both theories imply the same thing. Then
the difference between those theories and Simulacrum is simply, Simulacrum is trying to
define what transpires between matter and energy. How do we use the obvious? Which I
hope is by design I would gather? This is why the subset regions have been designed, in
order to get a better view of these reactions.
In the earlier sections I have shown the overall subset region for NaOH, I held off from
pointing out, Sodium (Na). Na, is also highly reactive with H2O. So Lets take a look see.
Na,
5.22454
5.34454
6.33363
5.22545
8.70909
6.53181
Study the numbers; even the first numerations are similar. There will be collisions in all
regions, between the dark and black matter. Stripping the O, from the H2 as well as the
H, from H,. What has not been viewed is the structure of the Hydrogen or the Oxygen.
Example of O, and H,.
39. ]
]
]
In the above examples, are O, not O2, or H, not H2. To obtain those examples there must
be subset’s calculated. Lets start with H, Then. Notice in the preceding portions of the
book to determine H2O, I calculated H U O > Sub, U H > overall for water.
+ Example of H2
40. H U H > H2
5.72636 U 5.72636 > 5.20545
5.85727 U 5.85727 > 5.32454
4.77272 U 4.77272 > 8.67727
5.72727 U 5.72727 > 5.20636
4.77272 U 4.77272 > 8.67727
7.15909 U 7.15909 > 6.50818
Now for O2.
O U O > O2
7.27181 U 7.27181 > 6.61090
5.37181 U 5.37181 > 4.88363
6.06000 U 6.06000 > 5.50909
7.27272 U 7.27272 > 6.61181
6.06090 U 6.06090 > 5.51000
4.54545 U 4.54545 > 8.26454
What I have attempted to do, is show that the Oxygen atom is larger than the Hydrogen
41. atom. Now once again compare to the single H, atom on each side of O,. At the same
time, it will take serious energy to combine them. Can the student see why?
Example of H,.
The numbers between O, and H2, are opposite numerations similar to Pb, and Sn, as
viewed earlier in this text. It indicates H2O, is not easy to divide it into separate segments
of pure O, and pure H, of course we already knew that. Yet these numerations indicate
why, it would take enormous energy to combine them as well. Example, H2 and O, later.
Through the studies of the six poles of the elements and their combining subsets, the
mysteries of these energies can be better understood. By taken known scientific facts
through subset patterns, it becomes apparent that knowledge can be expanded upon into
new designs.
In the forward of the book, is the six pole table. It is a column format instead of the 3-D
view this format will allow the student to form the 3-D view. I have considered using a
different 3-D format, yet that will come later one that shows the crystal makeup of the
atoms. It is illusion due to vibration that gives off the impression that the atoms are
42. round, or circular.
Examples of H2, and O,.
Oxygen (O), will combine with H2, although there is a resistance to the formation at the
East and South poles. Which indicates the need for enormous energy to combine H2, with
O, The reason it can be stated in this manner is because H2, East has a low numeration as
well as the South poles of H2, and O, are high numerations, thus will resist the combining
together of those segments. We are not using charge factors with these charts. The
electron charge of the orbital’s have already been established in the chemistry texts, Yet
Low and High numerations indicate some form of magnetic and gravity (molecular).
43. charges. The Magnetic or Gravitational (molecular), charges in these regions have not
been mapped out except in Simulacrum theory these Low or High numerations are the
reason for the established electron theory, simply because they are the source of the
energy behind the electron motion. Along with the state of were electrons would be found
These regions give rise to electrons, photons, X-rays, etc. This is accomplished by
vibrations induced upon the atoms, and the emissions given off are due to the interference
of the atoms normal state, which is a state of rest. The atoms are caused into motion;
This affects the normal passage of dark and black matter through these regions of the
atoms. This causes the black and dark matter to strip off subatomic particles known as the
electro-magnetic spectrum. These are the electrons, photons, etc. I know I repeat myself,
yet it is a very important concept, if the student plans on using the mathematics to any
advantage. While we are on the topic lets discuss the electron orbital’s, let’s view Al, and
Fe,.
44. The above examples are a crude version of the structure and orbital of electrons. The
student can get a better example from any number chemistry text books. These are the
images viewed under an electron microscope. I believe that the spherical distortion is due
to the vibration induced by the microscope’s electron bombardment, thus interfering with
dark matters passage through.
Are electrons, in a true orbit, or are they trapped in stasis by kick back forces of dark and
black matter? I believe that under normal circumstances they are locked in stasis. It
would cause the electron’s to be shattered into molecular, magnetic and photon particles
Once again I will mention that the atoms themselves are crystal in structure, or they have
geometric and trigonal configurations. Vibrations induced into the region of the atoms
cause them to spin. I have mentioned this before and will again, it is that important of a
concept to understand. This will help the student to understand the mathematics with
much more clarity.
At this point, I will again bring up Schrödinger’s work found on pages 4 and 5. I earlier
mentioned the spectrum of the light waves and electromagnetic spectrum. Just what
medium are the electrons vibrating in? In other words, there is something there for them
to be affected by and that is why there is an effect by the electrons vibrations. I think that
it is the dark matter energy causing the effect.
45. In fact I believe it is very similar to which the light photons are emitted. The basic
premise is, electron’s induced into vibration are struck by dark matter. Particles of the
electron are cast off in waves. Which are transferred over the median by dark matter? It is
in much this manner that the alloys are joined in the induction furnace. This is
accomplished by creating a region that becomes the target region for the electrons to
settle to. If an electron or the nucleus of the atom is caused into a spin, then the east,
wake, west, and wave are all interfering with each other. At that stage there can be no
kick back forces of dark matter that will join them together. I believe the electrons
emulate the structure of the atom from which they are sprung. This is simply because the
whole structure is formed from the same dark matter material.
There was a joke in a Steven Hawkins’s book. A professor was giving a talk on the string
theory. At the end of his lecture, a little old lady stood up and said, very clever young
man. But everyone knows that the earth is supported by the back of a giant turtle. The
professor smiled and said Ok madam, if that is the case; then what is the turtle standing
on? The old lady replied why everyone knows it is turtles all the way down.
In a sense that is what electrons are, a minor mirror of the whole from where they came. I
would imagine that the photons are the mirrors of the electrons, etc. These are important
insights for the purpose of calculation.
46. The most important concept behind calculation is to have a clear insight to the goal at the
end. In other words pick a topic, define it. Study the characteristics of the materials, and
the elements involved; It does not matter if it is the alloy’s, communication, photon drive
or a whatever. If the concept deals with a real design then it is made up of the physical
elements, which has to be studied and understood, before calculations can be derived.
For instance, it is known that Iron (Fe) is cubic in structure. Aluminum (Al) is crystalline.
In order to alloy them, Al, has to be rotated into a cubic shape. We know that Fe, has 26
electrons and Al, has 13 electrons. To pair them in a proper format, we have to double the
Al, in order to form the union by volume not weight. This leads to the knowledge that Al,
has a melting temperature that is almost 1/3rd
of Fe, Al, boil off point is much lower than
Fe,. So a way needs to be developed to preserve the electrons of Al, rather than having it
become ionic. Aluminum is a paramagnetic element. If it were to become ionic it would
become diamagnetic.
A diamagnetic element is feebly repelled in the presence of a ferromagnetic field. As Fe,
cools down it has plenty of electron spin, which forms a ferromagnetic force. This is why
under normal conditions, the electrons are stripped away from the Al, becoming ionic and
Fe, becomes ferromagnetic. This is also why under normal circumstances the alloy
becomes brittle, which requires a special set of conditions to form a true alloy. The more
that is known about a material the greater the chances of success.
On pages 27 and 28, are the simulacrum chart images of Al, and Fe,. I will again bring
them in for review, with the above added insight.
Al, and Fe,.
47. The numerations at the end of the equations are opposite, Al, is low, Fe is high. Al has a
high entry, and Fe, has a low entry. It tells me that they should merge together, if the right
conditions are met. It would require knowledge of the desired outcome, as well as
matching the simulacrum images of other elements to blend with the Al, Thus preserving
the integrity of the electron structures of the Al. Because we want to form Al, with Fe,
We would calculate Al2, Fe, Lets go for it.
Al, U Fe, > #1 U Al, > Al2 / Fe
6.13181 U 6.34636 > 5.67181 U 6.13181 > 5.36545
6.27272 U 6.49181 > 5.80181 U 6.27272 > 5.48818
5.11000 U 5.28909 > 4.72727 U 5.11000 > 8.94272
6.13272 U 6.34727 > 5.67272 U 6.13272 > 5.36636
5.11090 U 5.28909 > 4.72727 U 5.11090 > 8.94363
7.66636 U 7.93454 > 7.09181 U 7.66636 > 6.70818
Al2/Fe subset
48. In order to form this region, we are going to have to create its mirror or as closely as
possible to it. We would ideally like to have all the starting numbers of all the poles in the
same region. Yet I suspect that the wake and west poles will deviate. The last three
numerals are going to have to be high where the Al2/Fe is low, such as in the wake and
west poles. The numerations that are high are going to have to be low, such as the north,
east, wave and south poles. That would become the mirror region for the alloy to form.
Because I have not calculated this before in the six pole charts it should be very
interesting. Lets begin with the alloy generator that works somewhat and see if it can be
improved. Right away, we have Fe, and Pb, lets union them.
Fe, U Pb, > Fe/Pb U C, Fe/Pb/C
6.34636 U 5.88636 > 5.56000 U 8.53181 > 6.40545
6.49181 U 6.02090 > 5.68727 U 6.30272 > 5.45000
5.28909 U 4.90545 > 4.63363 U 7.11000 > 5.33818
6.34727 U 5.88727 > 5.56090 U 8.53272 > 6.40636
5.28909 U 4.90636 > 4.63454 U 7.11090 > 5.33909
7.93454 U 7.35909 > 6.95181 U 5.33272 > 5.58363
If the student compares the Fe, combo, the North Pole is not what is desired. The
numbers are to high 6, instead of a 5. Also the end numbers are both 545. This would
repel the Al2/Fe combo, although it is a good starting point because the majority of the
numerations would attract.
Fe/Pb/C Combo
49. The next combination should be Na/Si/03, added to the Fe/Pb/C combo. It acts as a
binder and an energy regulator. I will calculate in this manner,
(Water glass).
O, U Na > O/Na U O, > O/Na/O U Si, > O/Na/O/Si
7.27181 U 5.22454 > 5.68000 U 7.27181 > 5.88727 U 6.38272 > 5.57727 U
5.37181 U 5.34454 > 4.87090 U 5.37181 > 4.65545 U 6.52909 > 5.08363 U
6.06000 U 6.33363 > 8.26454 U 6.06000 > 5.14727 U 5.31909 > 4.75727 U
7.27272 U 5.22545 > 5.68090 U 7.27272 > 5.88818 U 6.38363 > 5.57818 U
6.06090 U 8.70909 > 6.71363 U 6.06090 > 5.80636 U 5.32000 > 4.75818 U
4.54545 U 6.53181 > 5.03545 U 4.54545 > 8.71000 U 7.98000 > 7.58636 U
O, > O/Na/O/Si/O
7.27181 > 5.84090 Notice, the overall subset is by itself out side the group
5.37181 > 4.75272 we would like to see. Yet we will combo it with Fe/Pb/C
6.06000 > 4.91727 to determine how it will work in the sets.
7.27272 > 5.84181
6.06090 > 4.91818
4.54545 > 5.51454
We will apply Fe,Pb,C, with NaSiO3. Here we go.
50. Fe/Pb/C U NaSiO3 > #1 Fe/Na combo These are U with Fe2 because of 2 plates.
Fe2 #1 Fe/Na,Combo/Fe2
6.40545 U 5.84090 > 5.56636 U 5.76909 > 5.15454
5.45000 U 4.75272 > 4.63727 U 5.90181 > 4.79090
5.33818 U 4.91727 > 4.66181 U 4.80818 > 8.60909
6.40636 U 5.84181 > 5.56727 U 5.77000 > 5.15454
5.33909 U 4.91818 > 4.66272 U 4.80818 > 8.61000
5.58363 U 5.51454 > 5.04454 U 7.21363 > 5.57181
I want to point out that, everything is working to restrict the flow of gravity, to a very fine
degree. With that in mind, the magnetic forces will come to play to create our region for
the alloy. But for now we still have to subset the quartz, in the clay and the added Fe.
SiO2, is quartz, yet so is SiO4. I believe that SiO4 in clay is the more likely candidate.
O2 U Si > SiO2 U O2 > SiO4
6.61090 U 6.38272 > 5.90636 U 6.61090 > 5.69000
4.88363 U 6.52909 > 5.18727 U 4.88363 > 4.57818
5.50909 U 5.31909 > 4.92181 U 5.50909 > 4.74181
6.61181 U 6.38363 > 5.90727 U 6.61181 > 5.69090
5.51000 U 5.32000 > 4.92272 U 5.51000 > 4.74181
8.26454 U 7.98000 > 7.38363 U 8.26454 > 7.11272
51. SiO4 U Fe > SiO4/Fe U Cu, winding > SiO4/Fe/Cu,.
5.69000 U 6.34636 > 5.47090 U 7.22090 > 5.76909
4.57818 U 6.49181 > 5.03181 U 7.38636 > 5.64454
4.74181 U 5.28909 > 4.56000 U 6.01818 > 4.80818
5.69090 U 6.34727 > 5.47181 U 7.22181 > 5.77000
4.74181 U 5.28909 > 4.56000 U 6.01818 > 4.80818
7.11272 U 7.93454 > 6.84000 U 9.02727 > 7.21272
What is left to do, is to subset SiO4FeCu, into quartz SiO4, as the final clay layer.
SiO4 U SiO4FeCu > #2 combo
5.69090 U 5.76909 > 5.20909 what we have here is the final lap
4.57818 U 5.64454 > 4.64636 we will now have to subset #1U#2
4.74181 U 4.80818 > 8.68181 for our field overall.
5.69090 U 5.77000 > 5.21000
4.74181 U 4.80818 > 8.68181
7.11272 U 7.21272 > 6.51181
52. #1 U #2 Rune OV
5.15454 U 5.20909 > 4.71090
4.79090 U 4.64636 > 8.57909
8.60909 U 8.68181 > 7.86000
5.15454 U 5.21000 > 4.71090
8.61000 U 8.68181 > 7.86000
5.57181 U 6.51181 > 5.49272
Rune overall
53. Let’s compare to our Al2/Fe
This material would come together in the North and South Poles. It would come together
in the Wave Pole. With feeble repelling in the East, Wake, and West, Poles. This is why
we have the minute flaws. Yet notice, the low slow numerations are present, if anything
will effect dark matter this design will. What is left to do is union Rune Overall with the
Al2Fe, to see what is formed.
Rune OV U Al2Fe > Structure of material
4.71090 U 5.36545 > 4.58000
8.57909 U 5.48818 > 6.39454
7.86000 U 8.94272 > 7.63727
4.71090 U 5.36636 > 4.58090
7.86000 U 8.94363 > 7.63818
5.49272 U 6.70818 > 5.54636
At this point I can see where the micro fractures are coming from. We would have
attractions on the north, east, west, wave, and wake. The flaw would be at the South Pole.
For the most part each segment would form inner-metallic compounds. The regions
themselves would have a fine line of separation.
54. Structure of Material
So the S.M. region becomes the molecular mold to hold the material together in. Notice
the East of S.M. is low, where the East of Al2Fe, is high. They will draw together. The
South Pole becomes the weak link, between the inter-metallic compound regions. It
makes me wonder, if adding a .05% of Cu, to the alloy would eliminate the problem.
Let’s see.
In Rune field
Cu .05% U Al2Fe > .05%CuAl2Fe U Rune O.A > Al2Fe.05%Cu
.361045 U 5.36545 > 5.20636 U 4.71090 > 9.01545
.369318 U 5.48818 > 5.32636 U 8.57909 > 6.32090
.300909 U 8.94272 > 8.40363 U 7.86000 > 7.39272
.361045 U 5.36636 > 5.20636 U 4.71090 > 9.01545
.300909 U 8.94363 > 8.40454 U 7.86000 > 7.39272
.4513635 U 6.70818 > 6.50909 U 5.49272 > 5.45545
55. Material with .05% Cu
Everything about the addition of Copper indicates to me that it makes the problem worse.
When compared to the goal of forming the ideal Al2Fe, material.
56. The material with .05% Cu, is very close to Tb. Lets view Tb. The oxide of Tb, is
chocolate or dark maroon color. The above material should be maroon in color as well. It
is a rare element of the lanthanide series. It has 19 isotopes, used in solid state devices.
The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color TV
Tubes; That is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium, tungstate, and strontium
molybdate. Sodium terbium borate is used as a laser material and emits coherent light at
5460A. In
1982 it cost $600.00 a pound. It can only be remelted in a vacuum furnace.
Terbium (Tb)
Compared to the subset of Al2Fe, 05%Cu. formed in the Rune field.
57. The major variance is the east, and south poles, even at that they are in the same first digit
range. On all 6 poles. For every intent this material would act as an isotope of Tb; I
digress, yet when I see examples like the above, I notice it. Cu, at .05% won’t work. Let’s
try something else. Let’s try Bismuth (Bi), at .05% and see what happens.
Bi X .05% > .05%Bi U Al2Fe > Al2Fe.05%Bi
5.93636 X .296815 U 5.36545 > 5.14727
6.07181 X .3035905 U 5.48818 > 5.26545
4.94727 X .2473635 U 8.94272 > 8.35545
5.93636 X .296815 U 5.36636 > 5.14818
4.94727 X .2473635 U 8.94363 > 8.3554
7.42090 X .371045 U 6.70818 > 6.43545
I won’t bother to show the 6 pole block, all the arrows are pointed outward. Similar to
Ta,. Ta, would have an entry on the east, wake, and exits on the rest of the poles. These
numerations would throw the first numerations off in the Al2Fe. In a similar manner as .
05% Cu, does. They I believe would land in the 8. Grouping, were our desired field is in
the 5 group. At this point I will do further research, to determine what to use. Good
examples for the student to follow
The Al2Fe, goal of Rune field
At this point I think that the NaSiO3, should be taken out because this alloy appears to
interfere, with the desired result’s. From a six pole view, that is.
58. The above union with SiO4, is outside coating on the iron plates.
I will apply the Fe/Pb/C, into the SiO4, then will apply the copper windings. I think that
after that another coating of SiO4, needs to be applied to get the rune overall. Then we
will be able to see how the structure fits in with Al2Fe, target material.
Rune Structure
Minus NaSiO3
FePbC. U SiO4 > Rune field U Cu, windings (Cu,W) > First stage R.(F#R)
6.40545 U 5.69000 > 5.49818 U 7.22090 > 578181
5.45000 U 4.57818 > 4.55818 U 7.38636 > 5.42909
5.33818 U 4.74181 > 4.58181 U 6.01818 > 4.81818
6.40636 U 5.69090 > 5.49909 U 7.22181 > 5.78272
5.33909 U 4.74181 > 4.58272 U 6.01818 > 4.81909
5.58363 U 7.11272 > 5.77090 U 9.02727 > 6.72636
Al2Fe,F#RQ
F#R U SiO4 > Rune overall (F#R+Q) U Al2Fe > Material in field#
5.78181 U 5.69000 > 5.21454 U 5.36545 > 4.80909
5.42909 U 4.57818 > 4.54909 U 5.48818 > 4.99363
4.81818 U 4.74181 > 8.69090 U 8.94272 > 8.01545
5.78272 U 5.69090 > 5.21545 U 5.36636 > 4.81000
4.81909 U 4.74181 > 8.69090 U 8.94363 > 8.01545
6.72636 U 7.11272 > 6.29090 U 6.70818 > 5.90909
59. The material will be drawn in on the wave, east, west, and wake. Let’s view the rune.
RuneOVF#RQ
60. The RuneOVF#RQ, Fits as well as any design I have seen. All of the first numbers except
for the East, match the first number grouping. Even the east pole is in the high end of Its
side. Everything else fits like a hand in a glove.
At this point I want to change direction. The calculations show the condition of which the
elements will fit into as far as what they become with the merging conditions imposed
upon them by their unions. What has been left out so far is how do we use this? For that
we have to go back to the discoveries of Hans Oersted, and Michael Faraday. Let’s see
what these scientists discovered.
Hans Oersted of Denmark discovered, that an electric current sets up a magnetic field
around a wire in which the current is flowing. When the wire is wrapped into loops one
face of the lire loop becomes at North Pole while the opposite face of the loop forms a
South Pole.
Michael Faraday and James Maxwell determined the time was altered by the presence of
a magnetic field. Maxwell states: a magnetic field is induced in “any” region of space in
which an electric field is changing with time. The magnitude of the induced magnetic
field is “proportional” to the rate at which the electric field changes. And the direction of
the induced magnetic field is at right angles to the changing electric field.
The work of Faraday, and Maxwell, is an extension to Hans Oerated’s, discovery. I will
use Oersted’s, findings. A moving electrical charge produces; a magnetic field that is
produced by the current flow, which forms around a current carrying conductor. The
polarity of the magnet is determined by the currents direction. That by reversing the
direction of the current flow causes a directional change in the magnetic field; South
becomes North; North replaces South.
61. With these basic facts, along with others I will mention later. I personally would like to
know. Who established that there is only one type of electron? Who established the fact,
that positrons are holes that the electrons try to fill up, which causes current flow (fall),
through?
Scientists have proven that water dipoles will form into a magnetic alignment, yet they
are molecular in charge. There are so many examples of magnetic and molecular forces in
matter, as to be able to fill thousands of books explosive devices that require no electrical
charge. Explosive devices are made up of, to quite an extent, (not all of course) from non-
electrical conducting elements. Yet it is proven when an explosion occurs that
a magnetic field is given of as a result.
62. In order for the rune to be understood, there is going to have to be the realization that in
the least, there are molecular forces emitted from the rune field. I believe that I have been
able to prove that there are numerous types of electrons associated with the elements.
Some are more magnetic oriented, some are more related to the molecular forces, while
others are the electrons used in lighting, heat, forming magnetic fields in conductive
windings, at the expense of causing heat to form in the, example Cu, wire, Al, wire, and
to a lesser degree, Ag, wire. It is also done at the expense of the deterioration at the
elemental level in the windings. A permanent magnet has no heat emissions.
The Oersteds discovery, Faraday and Maxwell’s work speak for them selves. Maxwell
states: A magnetic field is induced in any region of space in which an electric field is
changing with time. Further the magnitude of the induced magnetic field is proportional
to the rate at which the electric field changes. The direction of the induced magnetic field
is at right angles to the changing electric field.
I have used a criss-cross winding in the design of the runes. I have done this to cause a
counter force at the section of the crossed wiring, even in the ceramic runes with the
oxide Cu, with NaSiO3. The cross hatch design causes confusion in space time to the
flow of dark and black matter. The dark matter, is caused to rise up from the rune, in a
similar manner as the Cu, wire rose up with Oersted’s discovery. This is why the rune
becomes attracted to the base of the crucible. The source of energy to power the rune is
the induction furnace.
Dark and black matter form convergence points into the crucible, with the ceramic runes
and would with the electrical rune, provided that the electrical rune is far enough from the
crucible as to prevent the induction furnace from melting it down. It is possible that a
violent explosion would occur, if the electric rune were to be destroyed in such a manner.
That said there are numerous ways to construct runes, which can be made of diverse
materials. These runes used are convergence runes. They can also be built to repel
different elements and combinations of elements. I hope that this text will give the
student the power of the Simulacrum mathematics, to help in that endeavor.
Although the mathematics is proprietary to W.G. Simco LLC and can only be used by my
permission. I do not want unregulated copies to be printed. In order to explain my
technologies, I have to be free to open up other areas of research. This is done for the
benefit of the student for their own work.
Motors and Generators
Electric motors consist of a laminated core wrapped with loops of Cu, Wire. The loops
themselves are dependent on the horsepower requirements of its design.
63. The armature sits inside a metal tube that has either electromagnetic magnetic fields or
permanent Magnets.
The brushes put electrical power to the armature, through the commutator. In theory The
north portion of the armature is repelled by the north oriented magnets and attracted to
the south oriented magnet. The south portion of the armature, is repelled by the south
magnet and attracted to the north oriented magnet. Then the commentator reverses power
into the copper windings and the process starts over again.
I will point out that this design, has power applied virtual one hundred percent of the time
because the brush to commutator switching, is done instantly.
The linear motors, on the other hand are constructed of either a solid steel shaft, or a
hollow tube of steel which is incased by steel alloyed end caps. Inside the windings are
made continuous and in stages.
The linear design sits inside a steel tube, that has South or North oriented magnets
pointing inwards. So there is no north and south magnetic configuration inside the tube.
64. What the end caps provide is two fold. 1. The alloys cut through the magnetic fields with
no or reduced emf forces which are the forces behind dynamic braking in a standard
motor. 2. The caps act as inward reflector for the magnetic forces. In a sense it is similar
to a laser; the magnetic forces are bounced back and forth through the coil liberating the
electrons. The only way out for the electrons is the wiring. The wiring is restricted by the
resistance of the windings, leaving a magnetic residue in the coil, where the magnetic
forces, set the stage for further action, and restricts the entry of energy from a power
source.
The system has a potential draw of current from the power source only 25% of the time,
in its contact with the commutator. The system also has a cross hatch winding at the end
of construction. These act as a choke winding to tone down the high frequency energy
given off. The calculations are indicative of the magnetic fields that the magnets emit.
The coil should be constructed in the following manner
*1Pb U Sn, > close,Ru? Bi, > Pb,Sn,Bi, U Cu Wire> *1,Cu,.
5.88636 U 6.74363 > 5.74090 U 5.93636 > 5.30818 U 7.22090 > 5.69545
6.02090 U 6.89727 > 5.87181 U 6.04363 > 5.41636 U 7.38636 > 5.81909
4.90545 U 5.62000 > 4.78454 U 4.90454 > 8.80818 U 6.01818 > 6.73909
5.88727 U 6.74363 > 5.74181 U 5.93636 > 5.30818 U 7.22181 > 5.69545
4.90636 U 5.62000 > 4.78454 U 4.90454 > 8.80818 U 6.01818 > 6.73909
7.53909 U 8.43000 > 7.17727 U 7.38636 > 6.62000 U 9.02727 > 7.11272
This shows cores numerations, next the Cu, winding over the core. Then the end caps.
Core Material
65. With the Cu, wire coiled on the core.
All of the energy, from the core is slamming into the Cu, windings. Now for the end caps.
We will calculate the windings after both caps are calculated.
*1 U Fe, > *1,Fe U Pb,Sn,Bi, > end cap 1
5.69545 U 6.34636 > 5.47363 U 5.30818 > 4.90090
5.81909 U 6.49181 > 5.59636 U 5.41636 > 5.00545
6.73909 U 5.28909 > 5.46727 U 8.80818 > 6.48909
5.69545 U 6.34727 > 5.47363 U 5.30818 > 4.90090
6.73909 U 5.28909 > 5.46727 U 8.80818 > 6.48909
7.11272 U 7.93454 > 6.84000 U 6.62000 > 6.11818
Now these elements have to be run all over again except this time in reverse. Because the
numbers change. Bi,U Sn, > 1 U Pb, > 11 U Fe, > 111 U Cu, > 12 U Pb, > 123 U Sn, >
1234 U Bi > *2. Also the coil is 180 degrees opposite on entry through the magnetic
field.
Bi U Sn > 1 U Pb, > 11 U Fe, > 111
5.93636 U 6.74363 > 5.76363 U 5.88636 > 5.29545 U 6.34636 > 5.29181
6.07181 U 6.89727 > 5.89545 U 6.02090 > 5.41636 U 6.49181 > 5.41272
4.94727 U 5.62000 > 4.80363 U 4.90545 > 8.82636 U 5.28909 > 6.41636
66. 5.93636 U 6.74363 > 5.76363 U 5.88727 > 5.29636 U 6.34727 > 5.29272
4.94727 U 5.62000 > 4.80363 U 4.90636 > 8.82727 U 5.28909 > 6.41636
7.42090 U 8.43000 > 7.21000 U 7.35909 > 6.62272 U 7.93454 > 6.61727
Continuation of cap subsets
111 U Cu, > 12 U Pb,Sn,Bi,> Opposite, end cap 2
5.29181 U 7.22090 > 5.68727 U 5.30818 > 4.99818
5.41272 U 7.38636 > 5.81818 U 5.41636 > 5.10636
6.41636 U 6.01818 > 5.65181 U 8.80818 > 6.57272
5.29272 U 7.22181 > 5.68818 U 5.30818 > 4.99818
6.41636 U 6.01818 > 5.65181 U 8.80818 > 6.57272
6.61727 U 9.02727 > 7.11090 U 6.62000 > 6.24181
Even though we are dealing with the same elements, the order in which they are put will
determine a different out come in subset numerations. Magnetic energy will enter the coil
through the end caps. So this has to calculated, in their impact with the Cu, wire. That
subset was established from the core outwards. Now for the interplay between the end
caps through the core and Copper wire region.
Here I want to clarify that just as white light is broken into different light spectrums by a
prism. It is quite possible that gravity (dark matter), is the white light of magnetic forces.
This causes gravity to break down into the spectrums of magnetic and molecular forces
due to the elemental interaction. In other words the elements become the prism of gravity.
It then becomes important to study how to use that knowledge through mathematics.
Subset interaction of the combined elements
67. *1 is the Pb,Sn,Bi,Cu. We have union *1 with end cap 1. Form that subset the union *1
with end cap 11, after that we union the two sets together to determine the overall stage
of the coil.
*1 U (E.C.)1 > *1(E.C.) 1 *1 U (E.C.)11 > *1(E.C.)11
5.69545 U 4.90090 > 4.81636 5.69545 U 4.99818 > 4.86090
5.81909 U 5.00545 > 4.92000 5.81909 U 5.10636 > 4.96636
6.73909 U 6.48909 > 6.01272 6.73909 U 6.57272 > 6.05090
5.69545 U 4.90090 > 4.81636 5.69545 U 4.99818 > 4.86090
6.73909 U 6.48909 > 6.01272 6.73909 U 6.57272 > 6.05090
7.11272 U 6.11818 > 6.01454 7.11272 U 6.24181 > 6.07000
In order to understand the coil field we need to union *1(E.C.)1 with *1(E.C.)11.
68. *1(E.C.) U *1 (E.C.) 11> Coil field
4.81636 U 4.86090 > 8.79727
4.92000 U 4.96636 > 8.98727
6.01272 U 6.05090 > 5.48363
4.81636 U 4.86090 > 8.79727
6.01272 U 6.05090 > 5.48363
6.01454 U 6.07000 > 5.49272
The next item on the list is to determine the Nd,B,Fe, magnetic field.
Nd U B > Nd,B, U Fe,. > Neodymium field
8.19545 U 7.67272 > 7.21272 U 6.34636 > 6.16363
6.05454 U 5.66909 > 5.32909 U 6.49181 > 5.37363
6.83000 U 6.39636 > 6.01181 U 5.28909 > 5.13727
8.19636 U 7.67272 > 7.21363 U 6.34727 > 6.16454
6.83000 U 6.39818 > 6.01272 U 5.28909 > 5.13727
5.12272 U 4.79909 > 9.02000 U 7.93454 > 7.70636
Now to union the Neo, field to the Coil field.
Neo,field U Coil,field > Coil Energy It is no wonder why it has so much
6.16363 U 8.79727 > 6.80090 Power. 090, 090, 000. Are the low
5.37363 U 8.98727 > 6.52818 est, most powerful emission’s and
5.13727 U 5.48363 > 4.82818 Further more they are driven by
6.16454 U 8.79727 > 6.80090 some of the highest numbers possi
5.13727 U 5.48363 > 4.82818 -ble. 818, 818, 818.
7.70636 U 5.49272 > 6.00000
69. All the forces are going into the coil; the only exit is the wake. This simulates north, or
south poles. I believe that the other poles are often mistaken for the north or south poles.
It really would be a good idea for the student to study magnetism. One source I would
recommend is General Chemistry, by James E. Brady and Gerard E. Humiston, the third
edition is the copy I have. Pages,668 through 670. I am going to quote some of this
because, it deals with unpaired electrons. (quote) page 669. Related to the property of
para-magnetism is the phenomenon called ferromagnetism, observed for the three pure
elements, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Ferromagnetic materials, the paramagnetic ones, are
also attracted to a magnetic field; however, the magnitude of the interaction for the
ferromagnetic substance is approximately a million times stronger than it is with para
magnetic materials. The origin of ferromagnetism is the same as para-magnetism. That is
the existence of unpaired electrons in the ferromagnetic material. In these substances it is
“believed” (not proven) that regions exist, called domains, that contain very large
numbers of paramagnetic atoms with their atomic magnets all lined up in the same
direction.
From the Simulacrum point of view; what causes the atomic domains to line up? Every
time I read articles like this I can’t help but to find it quite humorous. There is only so
much that can be explained by electron spin and electron orbital’s. The electron
microscope destroys much of the magnetic and paramagnetic electrons, before they are
even detected. The only electrons that are left are the most durable. In the near future, I
hope to build a less intrusive scope.
For a vast majority of this text, I have been running calculations, that show the
orientation of the atoms and their associated electrons, and their relationship in the
filtering of dark matter. Dark matter is filtered slowed, into our space time and converged
into a magnetic or molecular force. That the electrons play a part I have no doubt. What I
do doubt is the conventional wisdom and theory pertaining to ferromagnetic fields.
Gravity has always been under rated, especially if gravity is the white light of
Magnetism, as mentioned on page, 63.
There are numerous examples of magnetic forces being given off through the imposition