In order to reduce the urban heat island effect and increase cooling insulation, certain innovative cities rely on the benefits of vertical greening system. However, finding the space in a highly- developed city such as Hong Kong and Taiwan is a significant challenge. Facing the same challenge, cities like New York, Tokyo and Singapore, develop vertical greening system such as green walls, green roof, or urban agriculture to maximize the greening capacity. However, the green-roof development in Taiwan faces the challenge of the unique culture of architectural additions, known as sheet metal housing. The roof-top sheet metal housing is commonly used in most of the Taiwanese communities and occupies the roof space. Moreover, this sheet metal not only limits the scale of greening development, it also increases the indoor temperature and energy consumption with its heat-transfer nature. According to the research, the Living Green Shell functions as shelter, cooling insulation, air purifier and helps improve cooling efficiency in conjunction with the concept of vertical farm. Through the BIM simulation evaluations, the research focuses on how the cooling insulation of the Living Green Shell (LGS) over the sheet metal buildings could give a better energy-saving efficiency. The micro-vertical farm system is evolving from LGS 1.0 to the final version, LGS 3.0 to improve related functions. The LGS also provides edible vegetables and produces solar energy via the mini-solar bites. With the sheet metal housing's easily fabricated nature, the housing could be integrated with the LGS devices and led to a broad implementation in Taiwan with proper promoting.
The document outlines a course on sustainable and green buildings. It covers 5 units:
1. Introduction, including definitions of sustainability, strategies for eco-friendly design, and using ecosystem analogies.
2. Eco house design, focusing on passive design principles like conserving energy, working with the climate, minimizing new resources, and case studies.
3. Environmental impacts of building materials, like embodied energy and life cycle analysis.
4. Green construction and certification systems like LEED and case studies on renewable energy, water management, and materials.
5. Case studies applying green building design principles.
Covers the fundamentals of residential green building. Topics include fundamentals of life-cycle analysis, energy conservation as the foundation of green building, energy & resource efficient design details, the fundamentals of building envelope design, more environmentally-friendly alternatives to conventional building materials, water conservation and design for durability. The discussion will also cover the basics of project planning, green building economics, including rebate & incentive programs, and maintaining indoor air quality during the construction process. Time permitting, there will be a brief discussion of construction waste management and Universal Design. This program is intended for homeowners and professionals alike, and no prior construction experience is required.
The document discusses several principles of ecological design including environmental ethics, the triple bottom line of social equity, environmental impact, and financial reward. It provides examples of green building projects like Dockside Green in Vancouver, BC, which used brownfield redevelopment, vegetated systems, wastewater reuse, and renewable energy. Other case studies discussed include the Harvard Blackstone Renovation and the California Academy of Sciences roof habitat project. Design criteria for ecological reference, balanced capacity, and sustainable yield are also outlined.
sustainable achitecture - introduction - design - need for it - elements - green roof , solar shingles , rain harvesting , cob houses - techniques - examples
The document discusses the concepts of ecological design and how it has evolved from early pioneers. Ecological design aims to transform matter and energy using natural processes modeled on nature. Early leaders like Buckminster Fuller, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Richard Neutra incorporated nature into their designs. Publications in the early 1990s helped establish principles of sustainability and areas to consider in green building design. The concept has shifted from green to regenerative design, which aims to restore and revive nature through human participation in natural systems. Approaches include high-performance design, green design, sustainable design, and regenerative design.
grenn architecture, concept of sustainability, green architecture journalism, introduction of green architecture, principle of green building design, natural buildings, passive solar design, green building material, living architecture, green walls, green building benefits, methodology of green architecture.
Sustainable architecture and green design (passive design)cagrihank
The document discusses sustainable architecture and green buildings. It defines sustainable architecture as using minimum energy and resources while minimizing environmental damage. It recommends considering land ecology, community consultation, health, materials, energy efficiency, and water efficiency in green building design. It also discusses passive design strategies and green building certification systems like LEED and BREEAM. Finally, it provides examples of green building case studies and their sustainable features.
The document discusses the reuse of rural buildings as the first step towards more sustainable construction. It argues that reusing existing buildings can significantly reduce environmental impacts compared to new construction by saving embodied energy and reducing construction waste. Specifically:
- Reusing rural buildings that were abandoned can preserve rural heritage while supporting new uses like rural tourism.
- Existing buildings already have embodied energy from initial construction materials. Reuse avoids adding new embodied energy of newly extracted and manufactured materials.
- Many traditional rural buildings employed passive design strategies well-suited to the local climate, like thick stone walls providing high thermal mass.
- Reuse can reduce a building's total energy needs over its lifetime by 14-30% compared to
The document outlines a course on sustainable and green buildings. It covers 5 units:
1. Introduction, including definitions of sustainability, strategies for eco-friendly design, and using ecosystem analogies.
2. Eco house design, focusing on passive design principles like conserving energy, working with the climate, minimizing new resources, and case studies.
3. Environmental impacts of building materials, like embodied energy and life cycle analysis.
4. Green construction and certification systems like LEED and case studies on renewable energy, water management, and materials.
5. Case studies applying green building design principles.
Covers the fundamentals of residential green building. Topics include fundamentals of life-cycle analysis, energy conservation as the foundation of green building, energy & resource efficient design details, the fundamentals of building envelope design, more environmentally-friendly alternatives to conventional building materials, water conservation and design for durability. The discussion will also cover the basics of project planning, green building economics, including rebate & incentive programs, and maintaining indoor air quality during the construction process. Time permitting, there will be a brief discussion of construction waste management and Universal Design. This program is intended for homeowners and professionals alike, and no prior construction experience is required.
The document discusses several principles of ecological design including environmental ethics, the triple bottom line of social equity, environmental impact, and financial reward. It provides examples of green building projects like Dockside Green in Vancouver, BC, which used brownfield redevelopment, vegetated systems, wastewater reuse, and renewable energy. Other case studies discussed include the Harvard Blackstone Renovation and the California Academy of Sciences roof habitat project. Design criteria for ecological reference, balanced capacity, and sustainable yield are also outlined.
sustainable achitecture - introduction - design - need for it - elements - green roof , solar shingles , rain harvesting , cob houses - techniques - examples
The document discusses the concepts of ecological design and how it has evolved from early pioneers. Ecological design aims to transform matter and energy using natural processes modeled on nature. Early leaders like Buckminster Fuller, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Richard Neutra incorporated nature into their designs. Publications in the early 1990s helped establish principles of sustainability and areas to consider in green building design. The concept has shifted from green to regenerative design, which aims to restore and revive nature through human participation in natural systems. Approaches include high-performance design, green design, sustainable design, and regenerative design.
grenn architecture, concept of sustainability, green architecture journalism, introduction of green architecture, principle of green building design, natural buildings, passive solar design, green building material, living architecture, green walls, green building benefits, methodology of green architecture.
Sustainable architecture and green design (passive design)cagrihank
The document discusses sustainable architecture and green buildings. It defines sustainable architecture as using minimum energy and resources while minimizing environmental damage. It recommends considering land ecology, community consultation, health, materials, energy efficiency, and water efficiency in green building design. It also discusses passive design strategies and green building certification systems like LEED and BREEAM. Finally, it provides examples of green building case studies and their sustainable features.
The document discusses the reuse of rural buildings as the first step towards more sustainable construction. It argues that reusing existing buildings can significantly reduce environmental impacts compared to new construction by saving embodied energy and reducing construction waste. Specifically:
- Reusing rural buildings that were abandoned can preserve rural heritage while supporting new uses like rural tourism.
- Existing buildings already have embodied energy from initial construction materials. Reuse avoids adding new embodied energy of newly extracted and manufactured materials.
- Many traditional rural buildings employed passive design strategies well-suited to the local climate, like thick stone walls providing high thermal mass.
- Reuse can reduce a building's total energy needs over its lifetime by 14-30% compared to
[CDA] Sustainable Architecture Presentation Leon Barnard
Sustainable architecture is part of our future, by taking the role of educating and showing our responsibilities as architects, planners, designers and land owners - the living buildings of tomorrow will be built today.
This document provides an introductory guide to green walls in the UK. It discusses the benefits of green walls, which include improving air quality, increasing biodiversity, reducing the urban heat island effect, and providing aesthetic and well-being benefits to humans. It also outlines the basic types of green wall systems, including climbing façades that use plants to naturally grow over walls, and modular living walls that use hydroponic or soil-based systems to vertically cover structures in a more controlled manner.
Sustainable Architecture is an effort to minimize the negative environmental impact of the buildings by using specific materials, energy and development space through strict moderation and efficiency
This document discusses green architecture and sustainable building. It covers the components and features of green buildings like passive design, renewable energy sources, and energy efficiency. Green buildings provide benefits to inhabitants such as lower utility costs, better indoor air quality, and reduced environmental impact. Overall, the document promotes green building as a strategy for creating a more sustainable built environment.
This document discusses the design of intensive green roofs for urban vegetable farming. It begins with an introduction and literature review on extensive vs intensive green roofs and their benefits. Case studies are presented and interviews conducted to identify design considerations like weight loads, pest control, and stormwater management. Design guidelines are proposed based on the research, including conducting site analysis, applying irrigation and stormwater systems, providing public access and growing space, addressing safety, and connecting roofs to community gardens. The document concludes with implications for further research on roof top farming's influence on natural communities and human psychology.
Rainwater Savings Potential of Prototypical Modular Extensive Green RoofsFlanna489y
This document discusses a study on the rainwater savings potential of modular extensive green roofs at UC Berkeley. The study compares prototypical modular extensive green roofs to a regular gravel roof. Simulated rainfall was applied and runoff rates and volumes were collected. The results found that the green roof modules were more effective at detaining and retaining water. Specifically, runoff from the green roofs was delayed over nine minutes compared to three minutes for the gravel roof. The peak runoff rate from the green roofs was 35% less. The green roofs retained 80% of the total rainfall compared to 40% for the gravel roof. However, the economic feasibility of green roofs remains uncertain.
The Bosco Verticale in Milan features over 13,000 plants and trees across two residential towers, representing one of the most intensive green façades ever created. Sophisticated engineering was required to support the extensive plantings, including wind tunnel testing to ensure structural integrity. The project provides environmental benefits by introducing biodiversity to the city and mitigating factors like pollution and heat through the trees. Residents enjoy the greenery both visually and through its environmental impacts.
The document discusses green building principles and materials. It defines green building as construction practices that are environmentally responsible and efficient over a building's entire lifecycle. Green buildings aim to reduce energy and water usage, minimize waste, and promote health. Key principles include sustainable site design, water conservation, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and use of green materials like recycled steel and dimension stone. The case study highlights the CII Godrej Green Building Center in India, which uses strategies like solar power, natural ventilation, water recycling, and earth sheltering to achieve high resource efficiency.
Architectural Wonders - Sustainable Architecture for a Green FutureKenny Slaught
As nations around the world focus on the issue of sustainability, architects are increasingly searching for innovative ways to build greener buildings.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impact through sustainable design and materials. It focuses on efficient energy and water use, renewable resources, and non-toxic materials. Common green building techniques include natural ventilation, solar power, recycled materials, and water recycling. Overall green design seeks to reduce waste and pollution while enhancing occupant health and comfort through sustainable and eco-friendly construction practices.
1. The document discusses the importance and benefits of green building design as a way to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impacts from construction and building operations.
2. Key aspects of green building design discussed include efficient site planning, water and energy conservation, use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, passive design principles, rainwater harvesting, and solid waste and wastewater management.
3. Green buildings are found to use 30-40% less water and energy compared to conventional buildings, while providing benefits like reduced costs, improved occupant health and productivity, and a smaller environmental footprint.
ROLE OF CULTURE IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTUREVISHAKA BOTHRA
information about the role of culture in sustainable architecture, importance of culture in sustainable architecture, cultural logic of sustaiable architecture, architectural practices of cultural logic.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impacts and prioritize sustainability. It focuses on efficient energy and water usage, non-toxic materials, and passive solar design. Green buildings provide environmental benefits like pollution reduction and conservation of resources, as well as economic benefits from reduced utility costs and improved occupant productivity. Sustainable design principles include considerations for site development, materials selection, energy efficiency, and indoor air quality.
Green architecture defines an understanding of environment-friendly architecture under all classifications, and contains some universal consent, It may have many of these characteristics:
x Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling
x Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
x Water-saving plumbing fixtures
x Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
x Minimal harm to the natural habitat
x Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
x Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
x Locally-obtained woods and stone
x Responsibly-harvested woods
x Adaptive reuse of older buildings
x Use of recycled architectural salvage
x Efficient use of space1.Interaction
The relationships between construction site and architecture, green space and architecture, and also with people and form are emphasized here.
2.Form
With the new design thinking and process, concern for sustainable needs and computer aided technology, the form of architecture, or the use of building envelops may be redefined in the digital-green environment.
3.Construction:
With the aid of computer technology and 3D modelling techniques
This document provides an overview of green building seminar report that discusses key elements of green buildings including siting, energy efficiency, passive solar design, renewable energy, and material efficiency. It describes various methods and materials used in green construction for sites, structures, floors, roofs, insulation, and more. Indoor environmental quality guidelines are also covered, focusing on durability, reusability, and reducing indoor pollutants. The conclusion emphasizes that green building design is important for environmental protection and benefits owners through reduced costs.
Green building - also known as sustainable or high performance building . A green building is a structure that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout its life-cycle. These objectives expand and complement the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
Green buildings are designed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources, protecting occupant health, and reducing waste and pollution. They achieve this through features like efficient energy and water usage, non-toxic materials, and effective ventilation. Green buildings provide advantages like lower operating costs due to energy savings, better indoor air quality and worker productivity, and higher property values.
Sustainable Architecture and Green BuildingDarryl Duffe
This document provides a history of green building and sustainable architecture from the 1970s to present day. It begins by discussing how the 1973 energy crisis sparked increased interest in resource efficiency. Over the decades, key events and innovations are mentioned, like the development of passive solar concepts and materials, growth of the solar industry, and creation of green building rating systems like LEED. The document also provides biographical details about the author and examples of sustainable projects he has worked on from 1977 to the present.
Green roofs, external and internal walls - Hulfarin Keren & Nbewany SallyTagit Klimor
This document provides an introduction and literature review on green roofs and walls. It begins with background on the need for more sustainable building practices given issues like the urban heat island effect. It then defines green roofs and walls, describing their benefits such as improved thermal regulation of buildings, reduced air and water pollution, and decreased energy demands. The document reviews literature on green roof retrofitting around the world and their performance in different climates. It presents case studies and a discussion of the topic, ultimately concluding that green roofs and walls can help address sustainability challenges in cities if their long term environmental and economic benefits are considered.
This document discusses integrated green roof systems and their role in achieving sustainability in residential buildings. It provides background on green roofs, including their history and types. Green roofs can provide environmental benefits like reducing energy consumption and improving indoor thermal comfort. The document examines two residential buildings in Athens, Greece that utilize green roofs and discusses strategies for integrating green roofs in residential buildings in Famagusta, North Cyprus to achieve sustainability goals like energy efficiency.
[CDA] Sustainable Architecture Presentation Leon Barnard
Sustainable architecture is part of our future, by taking the role of educating and showing our responsibilities as architects, planners, designers and land owners - the living buildings of tomorrow will be built today.
This document provides an introductory guide to green walls in the UK. It discusses the benefits of green walls, which include improving air quality, increasing biodiversity, reducing the urban heat island effect, and providing aesthetic and well-being benefits to humans. It also outlines the basic types of green wall systems, including climbing façades that use plants to naturally grow over walls, and modular living walls that use hydroponic or soil-based systems to vertically cover structures in a more controlled manner.
Sustainable Architecture is an effort to minimize the negative environmental impact of the buildings by using specific materials, energy and development space through strict moderation and efficiency
This document discusses green architecture and sustainable building. It covers the components and features of green buildings like passive design, renewable energy sources, and energy efficiency. Green buildings provide benefits to inhabitants such as lower utility costs, better indoor air quality, and reduced environmental impact. Overall, the document promotes green building as a strategy for creating a more sustainable built environment.
This document discusses the design of intensive green roofs for urban vegetable farming. It begins with an introduction and literature review on extensive vs intensive green roofs and their benefits. Case studies are presented and interviews conducted to identify design considerations like weight loads, pest control, and stormwater management. Design guidelines are proposed based on the research, including conducting site analysis, applying irrigation and stormwater systems, providing public access and growing space, addressing safety, and connecting roofs to community gardens. The document concludes with implications for further research on roof top farming's influence on natural communities and human psychology.
Rainwater Savings Potential of Prototypical Modular Extensive Green RoofsFlanna489y
This document discusses a study on the rainwater savings potential of modular extensive green roofs at UC Berkeley. The study compares prototypical modular extensive green roofs to a regular gravel roof. Simulated rainfall was applied and runoff rates and volumes were collected. The results found that the green roof modules were more effective at detaining and retaining water. Specifically, runoff from the green roofs was delayed over nine minutes compared to three minutes for the gravel roof. The peak runoff rate from the green roofs was 35% less. The green roofs retained 80% of the total rainfall compared to 40% for the gravel roof. However, the economic feasibility of green roofs remains uncertain.
The Bosco Verticale in Milan features over 13,000 plants and trees across two residential towers, representing one of the most intensive green façades ever created. Sophisticated engineering was required to support the extensive plantings, including wind tunnel testing to ensure structural integrity. The project provides environmental benefits by introducing biodiversity to the city and mitigating factors like pollution and heat through the trees. Residents enjoy the greenery both visually and through its environmental impacts.
The document discusses green building principles and materials. It defines green building as construction practices that are environmentally responsible and efficient over a building's entire lifecycle. Green buildings aim to reduce energy and water usage, minimize waste, and promote health. Key principles include sustainable site design, water conservation, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and use of green materials like recycled steel and dimension stone. The case study highlights the CII Godrej Green Building Center in India, which uses strategies like solar power, natural ventilation, water recycling, and earth sheltering to achieve high resource efficiency.
Architectural Wonders - Sustainable Architecture for a Green FutureKenny Slaught
As nations around the world focus on the issue of sustainability, architects are increasingly searching for innovative ways to build greener buildings.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impact through sustainable design and materials. It focuses on efficient energy and water use, renewable resources, and non-toxic materials. Common green building techniques include natural ventilation, solar power, recycled materials, and water recycling. Overall green design seeks to reduce waste and pollution while enhancing occupant health and comfort through sustainable and eco-friendly construction practices.
1. The document discusses the importance and benefits of green building design as a way to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impacts from construction and building operations.
2. Key aspects of green building design discussed include efficient site planning, water and energy conservation, use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, passive design principles, rainwater harvesting, and solid waste and wastewater management.
3. Green buildings are found to use 30-40% less water and energy compared to conventional buildings, while providing benefits like reduced costs, improved occupant health and productivity, and a smaller environmental footprint.
ROLE OF CULTURE IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTUREVISHAKA BOTHRA
information about the role of culture in sustainable architecture, importance of culture in sustainable architecture, cultural logic of sustaiable architecture, architectural practices of cultural logic.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impacts and prioritize sustainability. It focuses on efficient energy and water usage, non-toxic materials, and passive solar design. Green buildings provide environmental benefits like pollution reduction and conservation of resources, as well as economic benefits from reduced utility costs and improved occupant productivity. Sustainable design principles include considerations for site development, materials selection, energy efficiency, and indoor air quality.
Green architecture defines an understanding of environment-friendly architecture under all classifications, and contains some universal consent, It may have many of these characteristics:
x Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling
x Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
x Water-saving plumbing fixtures
x Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
x Minimal harm to the natural habitat
x Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
x Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
x Locally-obtained woods and stone
x Responsibly-harvested woods
x Adaptive reuse of older buildings
x Use of recycled architectural salvage
x Efficient use of space1.Interaction
The relationships between construction site and architecture, green space and architecture, and also with people and form are emphasized here.
2.Form
With the new design thinking and process, concern for sustainable needs and computer aided technology, the form of architecture, or the use of building envelops may be redefined in the digital-green environment.
3.Construction:
With the aid of computer technology and 3D modelling techniques
This document provides an overview of green building seminar report that discusses key elements of green buildings including siting, energy efficiency, passive solar design, renewable energy, and material efficiency. It describes various methods and materials used in green construction for sites, structures, floors, roofs, insulation, and more. Indoor environmental quality guidelines are also covered, focusing on durability, reusability, and reducing indoor pollutants. The conclusion emphasizes that green building design is important for environmental protection and benefits owners through reduced costs.
Green building - also known as sustainable or high performance building . A green building is a structure that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout its life-cycle. These objectives expand and complement the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
Green buildings are designed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources, protecting occupant health, and reducing waste and pollution. They achieve this through features like efficient energy and water usage, non-toxic materials, and effective ventilation. Green buildings provide advantages like lower operating costs due to energy savings, better indoor air quality and worker productivity, and higher property values.
Sustainable Architecture and Green BuildingDarryl Duffe
This document provides a history of green building and sustainable architecture from the 1970s to present day. It begins by discussing how the 1973 energy crisis sparked increased interest in resource efficiency. Over the decades, key events and innovations are mentioned, like the development of passive solar concepts and materials, growth of the solar industry, and creation of green building rating systems like LEED. The document also provides biographical details about the author and examples of sustainable projects he has worked on from 1977 to the present.
Green roofs, external and internal walls - Hulfarin Keren & Nbewany SallyTagit Klimor
This document provides an introduction and literature review on green roofs and walls. It begins with background on the need for more sustainable building practices given issues like the urban heat island effect. It then defines green roofs and walls, describing their benefits such as improved thermal regulation of buildings, reduced air and water pollution, and decreased energy demands. The document reviews literature on green roof retrofitting around the world and their performance in different climates. It presents case studies and a discussion of the topic, ultimately concluding that green roofs and walls can help address sustainability challenges in cities if their long term environmental and economic benefits are considered.
This document discusses integrated green roof systems and their role in achieving sustainability in residential buildings. It provides background on green roofs, including their history and types. Green roofs can provide environmental benefits like reducing energy consumption and improving indoor thermal comfort. The document examines two residential buildings in Athens, Greece that utilize green roofs and discusses strategies for integrating green roofs in residential buildings in Famagusta, North Cyprus to achieve sustainability goals like energy efficiency.
This document is a project report submitted by a group of 6 students at V.V.P. Engineering College in Rajkot, Gujarat, India. The report discusses green building concepts, features, history, benefits, and materials. It provides definitions of green building, describes features like efficient energy and water use, and renewable materials. The report outlines environmental benefits like reduced emissions, economic benefits like cost savings, and social benefits like improved health and well-being. Examples of green building materials discussed include straw bales and grasscrete.
Analysis of Upgradation of a Convectional Building into Green BuildingIJSRD
The phenomenon of global warming or climate change has led to many environmental issues including higher atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, and increased Greenhouse gaseous emission and of course increased indoor discomfort condition. Researchers worldwide collectively agreed that one way of reducing the impact of global warming is by implementing Green Roof Technology which integrates vegetation, growing medium and water proofing membrane on top of the roof surface. This study emphasized to first analysis a convectional Building than upgrade it to a Green Building by the use of some Eco- Friendly materials. In addition to this by the use of some smart electrification work we can also conserve an ample amount of energy in a Convectional Building. Than by the use of different agencies which would provide checklist for Green Building we can rate a Convectional Building which is been upgraded into a Green Building..The objectives of this research were is Reduction in the indoor temperature of the room contributes reduction in energy consumption in the building. By the use of smart electrification an ample amount of energy can also be conserved. By the use of eco- friendly materials and waste products an ample amount of money can also be saved. Although by the up gradation of convectional building the initial cost will be high because of the use of some special material such as solar panel, rain water harvesting system but their application will return 10 times of what we invested
This document provides an overview of eco-labels. It defines eco-labels as labels given to products that are deemed more environmentally friendly than similar products based on criteria set by certification bodies. Eco-labels aim to make it easier for consumers to consider the environmental impact of products when shopping. Several examples of eco-label programs are described, including the Blue Angel program in Germany, the Nordic Eco Label, and the EU Eco Label. Benefits of eco-labeling include informing consumers, promoting more sustainable production and consumption, and guiding the market toward greater environmental protection.
Definition of green building. Advantages of implementation of green building. Countries having councils for helping the concept grow. How to make a green building cost effective. Cost and payoff of green building.
The increase of peak and energy demand during the cooling and warming seasons is becoming a critical
issue, as well as air pollution and the intensification of the urban heat island effect. Green roof has been identified as a solution to mitigate the above-mentioned issues and implement principles of sustainable development in building features. There are many operational and environmental benefits of green roofs such as enhancement of buildings’ energy efficiency, improvement of storm water management, decrease of urban heat island effects, decline of air and noise pollutions, and increase of urban wild life habitats.
This paper discusses the current literature and evidence for the benefits of green roofs while highlighting the influences of green roofs on buildings’ energy efficiency. Researches conducted on the potential benefits of green roofs have proved that they can enhance energy performance of buildings in summer and winter as well as improving indoor air temperature.
Development of Modular Green Roofs for High-density Urban CitiesFarrah85p
This document discusses the development of modular green roof systems for high-density urban cities. It presents research findings on three types of modular green roof systems: mat, tray, and sack systems. The research evaluated these systems' designs and characteristics. It also studied typical buildings and the urban environment in Hong Kong to identify key factors for planning and designing green roofs. The research aims to provide information to help design modular green roofs that are suitable for high-density urban environments by considering factors such as flexibility, weight constraints, and costs.
Green Building Effect in Commercial Building vivatechijri
This document discusses the benefits of implementing green building techniques in commercial buildings. It describes several green building strategies used in the project building, including green roofing, rainwater harvesting, an HVAC system, glass facades, and a greywater reuse system. With all the green features, the project building achieved a 33.76% energy improvement over the baseline building. The maximum recycled water generated inside the building was 157.3 KL/month, saving 53.85% of freshwater. Some advantages of green buildings are environmental benefits, reduced emissions and costs, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and lack of skilled workers.
Green building refers to environmentally responsible and resource-efficient practices throughout a building's lifecycle from siting to demolition. Green building materials can be reused or recycled, requiring no energy to produce. Surveys show that developed land in the US increased 24% over 10 years, with buildings accounting for 39.4% of energy use and 67.9% of electricity use. Urban runoff from impermeable surfaces pollutes water resources. Good green buildings may cost only slightly more than conventional buildings through integrated design and using green products.
The document discusses the use of sustainable materials in green building construction for sustainable development. It defines green buildings and explains their benefits over conventional buildings, such as reducing energy consumption by 30%. It then describes various sustainable materials that can be used, such as bamboo, natural stone, recycled plastic lumber. The methodology section outlines the steps for a sustainable building project from site planning to material selection and waste management. Rating systems for certifying green buildings are also introduced. In conclusion, while initial costs may be 12-15% higher for green buildings, the long-term savings on energy and other costs mean they can be as affordable as conventional buildings.
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
The construction industry has impacted the environment hugely, from the loss of wild habitats to green field projects, insane amounts of energy used at site during the construction phase, to count a few. In fact, the construction industry accounts for an incredible 36% of worldwide energy usage, and 40% of CO2 emissions. Mining for raw materials results in the pollution of water. The manufacture of cement currently resulted in global annual emissions of 2.8 bn tonnes of CO2; if current rates of urbanisation continue, this could rise to over 4 bn tonnes every year. With this as a backdrop, the world is grappling with a pressing need to address concerns be it environmental or climate change. Sustainable construction has emerged as one of the vital solutions. It is more than just a buzzword; it represents a fundamental shift in the way we design, build, and maintain structures while minimizing their environmental impact and maximizing social and economic benefits.
The document discusses green buildings and their benefits. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and efficient in their energy, water, and materials use over the lifetime of the building. Green buildings can help reduce environmental impacts, protect health, and lower costs. They incorporate sustainable materials and efficient systems to lessen pollution and resource usage. The document outlines some key characteristics of green buildings and sustainable materials. It also describes various benefits of green buildings, such as environmental, economic, and social advantages.
The construction industry has impacted the environment hugely, from the loss of wild habitats to green field projects, insane amounts of energy used at site during the construction phase, to count a few. In fact, the construction industry accounts for an incredible 36% of worldwide energy usage, and 40% of CO2 emissions. Mining for raw materials results in the pollution of water. The manufacture of cement currently resulted in global annual emissions of 2.8 bn tonnes of CO2; if current rates of urbanisation continue, this could rise to over 4 bn tonnes every year. With this as a backdrop, the world is grappling with a pressing need to address concerns be it environmental or climate change. Sustainable construction has emerged as one of the vital solutions. It is more than just a buzzword; it represents a fundamental shift in the way we design, build, and maintain structures while minimizing their environmental impact and maximizing social and economic benefits.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses sustainable building and project management. It defines sustainable building as construction that meets current needs without harming the environment. Project management is key to achieving sustainability across all phases of construction. The benefits of project management for sustainable buildings include improved efficiency, reliability, and overall sustainability. Integrating sustainability into every stage, from site selection to materials to construction practices, is needed to fully realize environmentally friendly buildings.
Green Buildings Overview and Analysis of Energy Efficient Buildingpaperpublications3
Abstract: The challenges our planet faces, particularly climate change and sustainable economic development, are global in nature and so require global solutions. The building sector, which consumes as much as 40% of world’s energy, 12% of its water and contributes 40% of its waste sent to landfill, is the major part of this global problem. Reducing energy use in buildings saves resources and money while reducing pollution and CO2 in the atmosphere. It also leverages even greater savings at power plants. For the average 33-percent-efficient coal-fired power plant, saving a unit of electricity in a building saves three units of fuel at the power plant. So to reduce green house gas emission, government promotes new buildings construction and to retrofit existing buildings while satisfying low energy criteria. This means improving energy efficiency of buildings and energy systems, developing sustainable building concepts and promoting renewable energy sources. “Green” or “sustainable” buildings use key resources like energy, water, materials, and land more efficiently than buildings that are just built to code. With more natural light and better air quality, green buildings typically contribute to improved employee and student health, comfort, and productivity. A green building depletes the natural resources to the minimum during its construction and operation. In this paper an over view of green building is discussed.
Sustainability through Intelligence in BuildingsIJERA Editor
Energy efficiency and energy preservation are two primary worldwide concerns in current reality. Thus, sustainability encompasses those two issues, giving that as a general term refers to the capacity to endure. In architecture sustainability describes environmentally conscious design techniques, minimizing negative environmental impact and enhancing efficiency in the use of materials, energy and space. In every level of design and construction of a building, environmental issues should be taken into account. Each specific decision and choice may have consequences for the environment. Sustainability through the proper and sound use of materials is an obvious practice. Beyond that, intelligence integrated in buildings can promote energy efficiency and wider life cycle. After a brief clarification of what intelligence in buildings entitles, a series of case studies are presented in order to support the fact that in deed energy efficiency and energy preservation (in some cases energy production as well) are achieved through the use of intelligent systems in structures.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
1. Jeanne Lee & I-Ting Chuang
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 1
Living Green Shell: Urban Micro-Vertical Farm
Jeanne Lee jeanne@mail.mcu.edu.tw
Department of Architecture
Ming Chuan University
Taipei, 111, Taiwan (R.O.C)
I-Ting Chuang iting_chuang@post.harvard.edu
LeChA Architects
Taipei, 106, Taiwan (R.O.C)
Abstract
In order to reduce the urban heat island effect and increase cooling insulation, certain innovative
cities rely on the benefits of vertical greening system. However, finding the space in a highly-
developed city such as Hong Kong and Taiwan is a significant challenge. Facing the same
challenge, cities like New York, Tokyo and Singapore, develop vertical greening system such as
green walls, green roof, or urban agriculture to maximize the greening capacity. However, the
green-roof development in Taiwan faces the challenge of the unique culture of architectural
additions, known as sheet metal housing. The roof-top sheet metal housing is commonly used in
most of the Taiwanese communities and occupies the roof space. Moreover, this sheet metal not
only limits the scale of greening development, it also increases the indoor temperature and
energy consumption with its heat-transfer nature. According to the research, the Living Green
Shell functions as shelter, cooling insulation, air purifier and helps improve cooling efficiency in
conjunction with the concept of vertical farm. Through the BIM simulation evaluations, the
research focuses on how the cooling insulation of the Living Green Shell (LGS) over the sheet
metal buildings could give a better energy-saving efficiency. The micro-vertical farm system is
evolving from LGS 1.0 to the final version, LGS 3.0 to improve related functions. The LGS also
provides edible vegetables and produces solar energy via the mini-solar bites. With the sheet
metal housing’s easily fabricated nature, the housing could be integrated with the LGS devices
and led to a broad implementation in Taiwan with proper promoting.
Keywords: Green-roof, Sheet Mental Housing, Micro-vertical Farm, Energy-saving Efficiency,
BIM.
1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past two decades, the sustainability of vertical greening system has evolved into living
green architecture components which meet the needs of energy saving. Cities like New York,
Hong Kong, and Singapore, with the rapid growth of the highest building density in the world, had
relied on green walls, green roof, or urban agriculture, to maximize the greening capacity and to
mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE). One of the major challenges of the green roof
development in Asia is the broadly-spread sheet metal buildings on the rooftop. The unique
architectural additions often occupy the roof space and limit the scale of greening development.
The situation takes place in Taiwan and most of the Asian cities. Though the heat-transfer nature
of the metal sheet housing increases the indoor temperature and energy consumption, the
consumers enjoy the advantages of low cost and speedy assembling. The advantages, somehow,
had hindered the development of a greening urban environment. Through the analysis of BIM
simulation tests, the results show the LGS functions not only as a shelter to the sheet metal
building, but also a cooling insulation and air purifier. Therefore, the study focuses on evaluating
the energy-saving efficiency via comparing the performances of Living Green Shell (LGS) to the
sheet metal building’s façade. Moreover, the additional function of micro-vertical farm can be
2. Jeanne Lee & I-Ting Chuang
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 2
promoted through the light-weight LGS where edible vegetable planting is made possible. Based
on the easily-fabricated feature of LGS system and the large quantity of metal sheet roof-top
housing, the establishment of the system would efficiently reduce the urban heat effect and
improve the aesthetics of the cityscape from the metal-sheet building phenomenon. Therefore,
the LGS devices also help promote vertical farming in which new urban life style could be refresh,
re-established and redefined.
FIGURE 1: Mental-sheet Housing.
2. VERTICAL GREEN
Originally, the initiatives of urban greening are developed to level up the eco-friendliness in an
urban setting and to scale down the negativity through the urban development [1] [2] [3].
The real estates in the high-density urban areas are valued as gold and measured by inches. To
intervene the issue of limited land resource, building envelopes, the vertical greening approach, is
considered as one of the accessible and feasible solutions for “creating” greening space. It can
be constructed over the exiting roof or walls [4].
Vertical Greening System (VGS) is a general term of multiple and vertical greening modules,
including green-wall technologies, vertical gardens, and bio walls. The VGS can also be divided
into two categories, Green Façade & Living Wall. The modules are versatile based on the
vegetation and architecture shapes which vary from basic framework to high-tech vertical
structure.
VGS, traditionally, serves as a passive bio-filter. The Green Façade, vegetation can be found on
earth or in the pots, be attached to the walls or placed on the rooftop. Generally, one of the most
common practices is to grow single species of plants with comparatively low density and easy
nursery. While the Living Wall system, with the latest technologies, has advanced into an active
and more complex eco-system, equipped with water-proof, irrigation, monitor, and lighting
devices. The plants and vessels are built in for a more pleasant environment where the airflow
runs through, heat is reduced, and humidity is increased. The long-term outcome is an effective
reduction of the energy consumption and operating cost [5] [6] [7].
In addition to the micro-climate adjustment, some scholars recently discover that covering
building façades and rooftop with the greenery is one of the most effective strategies for reducing
heat island effect in a highly-dense urban environment [2] [5] [9]. Researches show that through
the shading and evapotranspiration cooling effects, proper vegetation may directly and
significantly reduce outdoor heat and UHIE [10]. According to the statistics of the Environmental
Department of the German Stuttgart, the greening shade significantly reduces the highest
temperature on the building facade and generates daily temperature gap up to 50%. The solar
heat can be evaporated into latent heat and keep the temperature from escalating. Meanwhile,
the statistics also demonstrate that concrete buildings covered by the greening shade gain less
heat compared to the bare ones. The finding enhances the positive impact of the Vertical Green
on countering the UHI [11].
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International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 3
One more advantage of the Vertical Green is to improve aesthetic and advance the strategies of
energy saving campaign which effectively narrow the disconnection between the urban areas and
natural sites [12]. On the other hand, some research suggests that green vegetation nurtures
mental health and generates positive outcomes [13]. Lastly, the research of Odum compiles the
public and private benefits and value of green walls (Table 1). The conclusions re-affirm a broad
scope of benefits spun from the vertical green that is aesthetical, societal, economical, and
environmental [14].
Public Benefit Private Benefit
。 Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect 。 Improved Energy Efficiency
。 Improved Exterior Air Quality 。 Building Structure Protection
。 Aesthetic Improvement 。 Improved Indoor Air Quality
TABLE 1: List of Public and Private Benefits.
As the global trend leads to the concept of establishing green cities, numbers of scholars focus
on the design of vertical farms, a variant environmental alternative replacing horticultural plants
with edible vegetables. The greening alternatives can also well-function for food supply,
recreation facilities, recycling rain and kitchen waste plus the opportunities of life education [16].
Cases of success have been demonstrated in metropolitan cities like New York, Singapore, and
Hong Kong [17].
3. PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY
The sheet metal housing is one of the most popular and easily-built shelter, expanding in both
urban and rural areas. It reflects the demands of the residents under the typical weather pattern.
The slanting roof over the existing buildings redefines the space of the architecture. The materials
are originally used for patching repair or creating extensive space and, later, advanced into a
portion of the internal space [18]. Roof-top space (attic) has been habitually privatized and
internalized which greatly eliminates the possibility of green- roof approach. According to the
United Nations’ indicator, the minimum green space for an individual person is averaged 20 m².
The average rate of Taipei citizens reaches only 25% of the UN indicator, an obvious lack of
green space. If the sheet metal housing is effectively turned into a green instrument, the average
number of green land for individual citizens can definitely be elevated to ease the environmental
concerns and improve the urban aesthetics. The objectives of the study are listed as below.
1. Expanding the roof-top green space to benefit the residents.
2. Developing green wall system with a rapid execution plan by applying eco-friendly
materials and offering training of the execution manners.
3. Establishing new complex devices of roof farming agriculture that adapt Taiwanese
contexts.
Most of the Taiwanese adjunct construction materials are considered unendurable and cheap.
The wavy metal sheet is one of the most popular items which serves the interests of short-term
construction, bearable safety, and low cost. Physically, the materials lack of insulation from cold,
heat and noises, while the installment of green wall may effectively improve the micro-climate and
beautify the building appearances. The sheet metal housing is often erected illegally due to the
unmet demands of more space and limited construction resources (though the residences
understand the risk of the structure being demolished). The statistic provided by the County and
City Government has shown that currently there are 673118 of this illegal sheet metal housing
structures country wide (Table 2). The strength of the GLS fulfills the unmet needs. For the
feasibility of the green device installment, the features of the sheet metal housing, a reasonable
construction cost, and a well-streamlined execution plan are considered and integrated as below.
1. The device installment should be based on accessible materials and popular (or easily
adaptable) execution
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International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 4
2. Modularization and small units are translated into the design so that the flexibility of the
installment is maximized and fits all circumstances (locations and space).
3. Cost-effectiveness in energy saving, carbon reducing, and self-sustaining installment for
the sheet metal housing
總 計 Total 673,118 2,843
新北市 NewTaipei City 205,926 1,797
臺北市 Taipei City 85,873 374
桃園市 Taoyuan City 58,416 41
臺中市 Taichung City 75,091 197
臺南市 Tainan City 28,047 78
高雄市 Kaohsiung City 122,658 222
臺灣省 Taiwan Province 93,755 134
福建省 Fuchien Province 3,352 -
金門縣 Kinmen County 2,770 -
連江縣 Lienchiang County 582 -
Up to Date Yet to
Demolished
Up to date Demolished
By County and City Government
區 域 別
Locality
Total
Illegal Construction Demolition Cases
Cases
May-17
TABLE 2: Illegal Construction Demolition Cases.
The methodology of the study is based on case study and BIM digital environment simulation
technology where the statistics of the features and modules of roof farm are analyzed to
understand the adjustment of micro-climate and the device effectiveness. Simultaneously, ten
cases are selected, observed and analyzed by referring to the variances of time, country, climate
patterns and scales. The process of reasoning is expected to design the prototypes and modules
of the devices which adapt to Taiwanese sheet metal housing. Via the contents of micro-vertical
farm devices, BIM is drafted for simulating and analyzing the accuracy of the variances.
4. EXAMINATION OF THE CASES
According to the statistics of Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interior,
residential buildings with a significant level of greening save 40% energy consumption in the
summer. More international and domestic success stands out, such as the vertical green wall at
the Expo 2010 Shanghai, China and Park Lane by CMP, Taichung, Taiwan. The statistics of both
cases testify the positive impacts of green wall in temperature insulation and energy saving.
Green wall is also known as the vegetation growing over the vertical surface of a building or of a
certain external framework [19].
The green wall is generally categorized in three types:
1. Green wall with vegetation,
2. Green wall with mini pot plants (on the framework)
3. Green wall with pocket plants.
5. Jeanne Lee & I-Ting Chuang
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 5
On the other hand, the constructional pattern of the green wall can be classified in two modules,
2D and 3D. The 2D green wall structure is organized by key elements such as cable, rods grids
or nets, known as tension structure. Unless an independent supporting framework is constructed,
the green wall takes advantage of the existing walls and is often erected close to the buildings.
The critical point of the construction process is to evaluate the symbiosis between the vegetation
ecology and buildings in terms of wall materials, strength and load-bearing capacity. The 3D
green wall is a thick framework which is either braided (or welded) with gauge steel wire or
structured panel with integral truss. With the solid skeleton, the 3D module allows the flexibility of
a freestanding structure or span over openings. One of the greatest advantages of the 3D system
is the thickness of the structure extending space for the vegetation to thrive and following tasks of
maintenances. The key is to affirm the ecological integration of the vegetation and green wall
system. Issues of maintenances emerge without the consideration of the symbiosis. [9] [20].
Ten cases are selected for observation and analysis in terms of time, country, climate pattern,
and scales. The related comparison and induction of the variances are conducted. The analysis
of the correlation between regional and material factors is conducted simultaneously (Table 3).
Case
#
Project Architect(s) Location Year
1 MFO-PARK
Raderschall/ Burckhardt + Partner
AG Architekten
Switzerland 2002
2 Ex Ducati Mario Cucinella Architects Italy 2006
3 Firma Casa
SuperLimão Studio+Campana
Brothers
Brazil 2010
4
Perth’s
Greenhouse
Fitt De Felice Architects Australia 2010
5 Living Pavilion Ann Ha and Behrang Behin USA 2010
6 Vertical Garden Urbanarbolismo Spain 2011
7
San Telmo
Museum
Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos Spain 2012
8 Green Cast Kengo Kuma Japan 2012
9
3D printed
planter bricks
Rael San Fratello Architects USA 2013
10 Babylon Hotel Vo trong nghia Vietnam 2015
TABLE 3: Case Lists.
Case 1 MFO-Park Raderschall (2002)
FIGURE 2: MFO-Park Raderschall.
The award winning MFO-Park is a double-layer, steel-frame construction where the wire mess is
covered with the climbing plant. The double-wall area with a sun deck on the roof top contains
staircases and is floored with recycled glass. Located in the industrial area of Zurich, Swiss, the
public park stands as the largest pergola in the world and the steel structure is specifically
designed for overgrown plants. The spacious hall is transformed into an urban park with lush
climbing plant and serves as a multi-purpose venue for events like film screenings, concerts or
performing arts.
6. Jeanne Lee & I-Ting Chuang
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 6
Case 2 Ex Ducati (2006)
FIGURE 3: Ex Ducati.
The project is a commercial unit on a redeveloping site. The upper floors accommodate office
units with an L shape layout; while the building façade presents an urban frontage with some
green skin and arches at 90° with the street-side clad. In order to create the appearance of
vertical climbing gardens, the supporting structure is mounted with the 60 x 60 cm2 matrix
stainless steel grid. The green envelopes are covered with the green skin system which is
secured in the existing structure of the reinforced concrete.
Case 3 Firma Casa -Geometric Planter Façade (2010)
FIGURE 4: Firma Casa -Geometric Planter Façade.
The façade of the 500 square meters, two-story Firma Casa Showroom is a wire grid system and
mounted with thousands of hanging aluminum vases individually filled with the snake plants.
Concerning the neighborhood is threatened by heavy rainfall and flood, the designer features the
framework by hanging vases with some in-built draining system which channels water flow from
one vase to another and eventually to the ground. The snake plants are chosen due to its symbol
of ritual power in some African-Brazilian religions.
Case 4 Perth’s Greenhouse (2010)
FIGURE 5: Perth’s Greenhouse.
Inspired by a concept of a ‘pop-up’ restaurant form and zero-carbon footprint, the greenhouse
stands in a style of simplicity with a steel-framed, straw-insulated structure on the plywood-clad.
The building has a self-renewing yet organic exterior.
Case 5 Living Pavilion (2010)
FIGURE 6: Living Pavilion.
The designers, Ann Ha and Behrang Behin, provide a low-tech and low-impact plus inverted
green roof by using recycled milk crates as a framework. This curving framework is not only a
green living wall with a plant-growing surface, but an evapotranspiration device for moderating
interior temperature. As the plants proliferate in the common object like milk crates, the
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International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 7
installation reduces the construction cost and heat-island effect and brings back the vitality of the
urban environment.
Cast 6 Vertical Garden (2011)
FIGURE 7: Vertical Garden.
The vertical garden of the four panel eco-bin green wall consists of planted ceramic terracotta
containers. Located in central courtyard of the hotel, the planted containers of the vertical garden
are interconnected with growing vegetation, which also functions as a sound-absorbed barrier.
For a better water absorption, the ceramic vessels provide a new system of green wall garden
with a combination of dripping and hand irrigation. The selected vegetation has to adapt to any
kind of weather conditions which makes possible an automatic gardening system.
Cast 7 San Telmo Museum (2012)
FIGURE 8: San Telmo Museum.
The new extension of the historical San Telmo Museum has a perforated aluminum façade with a
semi-plant wall system. This wall system is mounted on the main structure’s steel frame which is
made of two-side panels with penetrated holes all over the panels. The multiple functions of the
angled holes not only allow the plants to grow out and through, but to expand a larger scope of
the appearance over the ancient stone of the existing building.
Case 8 Green Cast (2012)
FIGURE 9: Green Cast.
With the multi-facet effects, this living façade is made of the slightly slanted aluminum panels and
die-cast from decayed styrene foam, acting as vertical planters. The plants sprout from the tiny
holes of the aluminum façade, which presents a bumpy texture of the patchwork. The downpipes
are installed behind in order to reserve rain water for keeping the vegetation alive.
Case 9 3D printed planter bricks (2013)
FIGURE 10: 3D Printed Planter Bricks.
8. Jeanne Lee & I-Ting Chuang
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 8
Through the rapid 3D prototyping technology, Real San Fratello Architects “printed” emerging
objects of the bricks which are installed into a building façade. The bricks are assembled and
composed in a load bearing cavity wall, which varied in sizes and shapes (be it angular or
curvaceous). With certain simple construction, the bricks are either combined with the steel
frame as a traditional masonry curtain wall or installed into the existing walls. The planter bricks
are turned into an instrument for evaperation, sound filtering, and micro-climate temperature
mediating, which generates eco-friendly benefits to the urban environment.
Case 10 Babylon Hotel (2015)
FIGURE 11: Babylon Hotel.
This leafy waterfall-like green façade renovation had transformed an old building into a hanging
garden. The flourishing veil of plants and vines climb over the vertical concrete louvres of the
multistory hotel. Vo Trong Nghia Architects erected a screen of plant-covered façade as a shelter
from the direct sunlight, which simultaneously allows the breezes to flow through and cool off the
temperature on the building surface.
Project Name Scale Material
Building
Scale
Façade
Scale
Wall
Scale
Wood/
Bamboo
Concrete Metal Plastic Clay
MFO-PARK X X
Ex Ducati X X
Firma Casa X X
Perth’s Greenhouse X X
Living Pavilion X X X
Vertical Garden X X
San Telmo Museum X X
Green Cast X X
3D printed planter
bricks
X X
Babylon Hotel X X
TABLE 4: Case List.
5. DESIGN PROCESS
FIGURE 2: Factors For The Analysis Design Process.
Through the case study above, five critical factors are identified and developed into a design
process available for the final experiments. The five key factors are as below.
9. Jeanne Lee & I-Ting Chuang
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (7) : Issue (1) : 2017 9
Materials
Details
Assembly
Form
Interactions
In terms of the materials, it is crucial to select the building materials that meet the needs of heat
insulation and speedy/independent assembly process. The study of Case 6 and 13 demonstrate
high and positive green efficiency of the façade. However, the expensive cost of construction and
confinement from self-assembling can delay the construction mechanism. While in Case 1, 4 and
7, the cost is scaled down due to the ceramic materials. However, the output of heat-countering
efficiency turns to be low and less desirable. As for Case 2, the lighting functions well at night
which promotes the concept of self-sustainability and generates one of the most desirable eco-
efficiency structures. That leads to one of the features of the study, that is, a self-renewable
structure where solar bits are equipped for night-time lighting.
For the choice of vegetation, the study focuses on three – the climbing vine and two types of
edible vegetable. The former is selected to grow and climb over the structure and/or framework;
the latter (two) are chosen for speedy and adaptable growth in the urban planters.
One of the findings of the case study is the need of forming a preliminary structure of the design
process. That is to apply the five factors to generalize the design process which will be integrated
with the LGS for an urban micro-vertical farm. One other crucial finding is that the quality
materials have to be accessible/ recyclable, allow easy and rapid assemble, and perform high
energy-saving efficiency. That turns out to be one of the most decisive factors in the process. In
the aspect of assembling, the core strategy is to pursue light-weight devices with the energy-
saving advantage plus rapid-erecting convenience which accelerates the promotion of LGS. The
research direction is set to present the evolution of the design process, concluded from the
factors’ operation, serves as an instrument to evaluate and analyze the selected 10 cases.
6. EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSIS
The smooth and wavy surface of the sheet metal housing does not allow planting and growing of
the liana vegetation. The only feasible green wall is the type with mini pot plants on the
framework. Plants growing in the individual units of a small vessel are displayed in a diverse
fashion on the wall frame. The elements of the green wall are a structured framework, planting
vessels, and proper plants. The prototype, therefore, is established and integrated with eco-
friendly and sustainable materials for producing the planting vessels, e.g. bamboo, milk jugs
(replacing the light-weight metal structure) in addition to the solar panel and LED lighting. The
components can be attached to or structured with the surface of the exiting sheet metal housing.
The combination of the roof-scape creates a new pattern of self-sustainable and micro- urban
landscape in the air.
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FIGURE 12: Second Layer of Land (LGS 1.0).
There are two simulation prototypes of the research design and both are award-winning projects;
one, named The Second Layer of Land Project, is granted with 2016 Professional Concept of “if
Design Award” (Figure.12).and the other, entitled Urban Green Light Project, with A’Design
Award 2017 (Figure.4). The projects are inspired by the unique Taiwanese urban phenomenon of
sheet metal housing (popular island-wide) where the roof-extension space often functions as a
living space without livable housing facilities.
6.1 The Second-layer Land (LGS 1.0)
It is a number of portable frameworks structured into a framework to cope with the slanting roof of
the sheet metal housing. The device is adjustable in altitude and serves as a cooling system,
well-shading the roof-top yet securing a large intake of sunlight. For the environmental and cost
concerns, bamboo, one of the most common vegetation in Taiwan, is selected to form the
skeletons replacing light iron frame as an eco-friendlier material. In the project, recyclable porter
bottles are transformed into planting vessels due to their wide accessibility for convenient
replacement (Figure 12). The module forms an extra skin layer over the building, also known as a
building envelope, which shades the architecture from excessive heat. On the other hand, the
concept of urban vertical farm can be integrated with LGS 1.0 to grow edible vegetables where
both alternative crops supply and the leisure gardening are made possible.
The LGS 1.0 are versatile in three modules (Figure 12):
1. Stationary on the Rooftop: All panels are lifted to the roof-top for heat insulation and
generous sunshine to grow plants.
2. With Lower Altitude: Panels are lowered down to create deep shade over the building.
3. Rotate to Vertical: Panels are moved and positioned vertically against the ground for
window shade or harvesting the crops.
Units of the system are supported by bamboo and light iron frame. The structure is usually layed
out on the roof top which is organized and shaped according to the appearance and size of the
sheet metal roof.
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FIGURE 13: The Urban Green Light (LGS 2.0)
6.2 The Urban Green Light (LGS 2.0)
It differs from LGS 1.0 by integrating the physics theory of wind tunnel where the ventilation is
accelerating to decrease the room temperature of the metal-sheet housing. Through which, the
reduction of energy consumption is made possible. LGS 2.0 shares the cleverness of pre-
fabricated installation of the off-shelf materials where two types of recycled containers with two
different sizes are connected like Lego blocks to form the system (Figure 13).
The design is a modularized and flexible eco-building façade system for a region in the sub-
tropical climate. The module is made of recycled plastic milk jugs and bottles with three different
compositions incorporating small solar panels, planter and LED lights as needed. The module
could act as an extra layer of the building skin to provide shading and prevent heat gain on
building envelope. It also actualizes a breathable skin concept that utilizes the wind-funnel to
increase ventilation and to optimize the micro-climate of the built environment.
The module units are staggered together and supported by light-weight metal frames to be
secured on any building façade and shapes as suited. The materials are designed to be eco-
friendly by using recycled plastic bottles and economically sound as incentives for a wider
installation (Figure 13).
The LGS 2.0 system has three modules:
1. Module A is the combination of two elements - a small plastic bottle (as “wind funnel”)
and a big plastic milk jug (lower half) installed with solar bites around the edge.
2. Module B is the combination of two elements - one small plastic bottle capped with a big
solar bite, centered on top of a big plastic milk jug (lower half as a recycled bottle
planter)
3. Module C is the combination of two elements - a small plastic bottle (as “wind funnel”)
and big recycled plastic milk jug (lower half as the bottle planter)
Through the BIM simulation, the heat gain of the typical sheet metal housing (without Green Wall
installation) rises higher than the ones with LGS devices demonstrated in Project I and II. (Figure
14) The results testify the efficiency of LGS in shading buildings from heat gain. Meanwhile, the
modules of the SLL project even present the statistics vary in positions where the readings of the
vertical device (position 3) significantly levels up the greening effect better than the other
positions (#1 & 2). In the UGL project.02, with vertical green devices in the walls and wind
tunnels, an advanced integration of the strength of SLL and UGL, the energy-saving effects are
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promoted to a new level high (Figure 16) and, therefore, produce an eco-friendly and versatile
LGS. One of the key conclusions from the BIM experiments suggests that the density of the
vegetation directly affects the greening efficiency (Figure 17). The simulation of this study is
based on the impact of the presence of devices on energy savings. Due to the fact that there is
no standard size for metal-sheet houses in Taiwan and the device is completely attached to the
existing building. Therefore, the performance data for each device will vary from case to case.
The difference on energy saving efficiency can be clearly seen on the simulation diagram.
FIGURE 14: BIM Thermal Analysis Without LGS.
FIGURE 15: BIM Thermal Analysis for LGS 1.0.
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FIGURE 16: BIM Thermal Analysis for LGS 2.0.
FIGURE 17: BIM Thermal Analysis for LGS 3.0.
At the final stage of the study, the researchers integrate the key concept of both projects by
simplifying the structured framework of project I to reduce cost and increase versatility of the
installation. However, the materials and complete modules of project II are completely secured for
flexible combinations of the units which allow a greater feasibility for shapes and sizes of the
space. Lastly, taking advantages of the 3D green façade system, that is sustaining a freestanding
structure and spreading over an opening, the panels in the framework are equipped with the
rotation mechanism. Through which, the panels rotate depending on timeline and weather
conditions for a greater shading efficiency and, therefore, hang a “green” veil over the urban
concrete jungle (Figure 18).
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FIGURE 18: LGS 3.0.
7. CONCLUSION
Originally, the research aims for the cityscape improvement and advancement of the urban
architecture via the promotion and installment of the Living Green Shell (LGS). It is expected that
the façade of old buildings and metal sheet housing to be renew and redefined not just around
the surface but on greening impacts with an affordable cost plus the solutions for energy saving
countering Urban Heat Island Effect. In Europe, many old buildings experience an architectural
rebirth through some green façade installations. The old/torn buildings and sheet metal housing in
Taiwan could enjoy the similar opportunities where more than two birds can be killed in one
stone. That is via implementing the LGS installment to easy the concerns of energy shortage,
architectural waste, decaying old buildings, and poor cityscape torn by the metal sheet housing
(Figure 19).
For future research purposes, the designed unit material selections can be considered with
variable options to strengthen its heat-absorbing properties. Studies has shown that by adding
the heat insulation materials that generally has heat-absorbing properties, heat will still penetrate
into the metal-sheet house after enough accumulation; but "aluminum heat insulation blanket"
uses a reflection principle that could reflect the majority of radiant heat. Therefore, experimenting
with different materiality for the design installment could possibly strength it’s energy saving
efficiency for the next step.
FIGURE 19: LGS Skyscape.
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