The document discusses the reuse of rural buildings as the first step towards more sustainable construction. It argues that reusing existing buildings can significantly reduce environmental impacts compared to new construction by saving embodied energy and reducing construction waste. Specifically:
- Reusing rural buildings that were abandoned can preserve rural heritage while supporting new uses like rural tourism.
- Existing buildings already have embodied energy from initial construction materials. Reuse avoids adding new embodied energy of newly extracted and manufactured materials.
- Many traditional rural buildings employed passive design strategies well-suited to the local climate, like thick stone walls providing high thermal mass.
- Reuse can reduce a building's total energy needs over its lifetime by 14-30% compared to
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
SUSTAINABLE: Ecological and economical way of living to make human kind healthy and happy
�ARCHITECTURE :The art and science of making buildings.
Includes technology as well as aesthetics
�
There is a brief and visual introduction to BioClimatic Architecture. I prepared it for some colleagues that wanted to know the basis of more natural-friendly buildings alternative to conventional building design.
I hope you enjoy this images that aim to make you feel the great possibilities of this homes :)
Feel free to comment and email me.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
SUSTAINABLE: Ecological and economical way of living to make human kind healthy and happy
�ARCHITECTURE :The art and science of making buildings.
Includes technology as well as aesthetics
�
There is a brief and visual introduction to BioClimatic Architecture. I prepared it for some colleagues that wanted to know the basis of more natural-friendly buildings alternative to conventional building design.
I hope you enjoy this images that aim to make you feel the great possibilities of this homes :)
Feel free to comment and email me.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
This presentation was given at the OAA Convention in Toronto in 2009 and looks at the implications of the adoption of the 2030 Challenge. It also examines strategies to include to target low carbon design. Several low carbon buildings are studied.
Building materials and environmental impactadi5686
building materials have considerable impact on environment. so choosing the right material and knowledge about modern materials is equally important in modern day construction and technology
This is a detailed presentation that looks at carbon neutral design protocol and compares it to LEED Platinum. The presentation examines the LEED credits for those useful in targeting a low carbon building.
There is no denying the fact that human habitat is an essential part of a civil society but at the cost of nature.
The natural resources are limited and depleting very fast.
Global CO2 emission is growing at 1.3% per year.
Energy in all forms generated for use by man is continuously getting more expensive and becoming scarce in availability.
Thus we must enforce measures of sustainability and live in harmony with nature.
A B S T R A C T
The evolution of sustainable design and Construction Management over the past ten years has produced a lot of literature on environmental sustainability and development. But despite this progress in the last ten years it is still a big challenge to designers, architects, landscape designers, etc. and all other professions that are related to the field of environmental science. . The goal of this paper is to simply create a framework for more accurate approach towards sustainable planning, design and development. The Objective of this paper includes to architecturally defining energy sustainable design in our sustainable Buildings; it is also to stress the concept of green building through design guidelines. This paper outlines, recommend and also create architectural design for sustainability and eliminate unsustainable elements in our building.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Growing and potential impacts of climate change, such as flooding in coastal areas, change in weather patterns, and melting of the permafrost have created new challenges for the engineering and construction industry. These challenges involve adaptation in the design and construction of projects to address these impacts, as well as developing ways to reduce and controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change.
Engineering has the lead responsibility for determining the technical feasibility and cost parameters to overcome these challenges. Engineering and construction projects are implemented with the help of a set of standard documents that lay out the work process of the projects. They include standard design detail drawings, standard design criteria, standard specifications, design guides and work process flow diagrams. Incorporating in these standard documents materials and processes which assist project engineers to identify and assess climate change related impacts can be a major step in effectively preparing to meet the challenges of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Understanding true meaning of Sustainability on the basis of Adopt-Assess-Mitigate principles. The PPT highlights action to taken by all those professionals related to construction industry. Sustainability assessment during the Pre-construction phase of building's life cycle and carbon spike phenomenon is dealt with.
This presentation was given at the OAA Convention in Toronto in 2009 and looks at the implications of the adoption of the 2030 Challenge. It also examines strategies to include to target low carbon design. Several low carbon buildings are studied.
Building materials and environmental impactadi5686
building materials have considerable impact on environment. so choosing the right material and knowledge about modern materials is equally important in modern day construction and technology
This is a detailed presentation that looks at carbon neutral design protocol and compares it to LEED Platinum. The presentation examines the LEED credits for those useful in targeting a low carbon building.
There is no denying the fact that human habitat is an essential part of a civil society but at the cost of nature.
The natural resources are limited and depleting very fast.
Global CO2 emission is growing at 1.3% per year.
Energy in all forms generated for use by man is continuously getting more expensive and becoming scarce in availability.
Thus we must enforce measures of sustainability and live in harmony with nature.
A B S T R A C T
The evolution of sustainable design and Construction Management over the past ten years has produced a lot of literature on environmental sustainability and development. But despite this progress in the last ten years it is still a big challenge to designers, architects, landscape designers, etc. and all other professions that are related to the field of environmental science. . The goal of this paper is to simply create a framework for more accurate approach towards sustainable planning, design and development. The Objective of this paper includes to architecturally defining energy sustainable design in our sustainable Buildings; it is also to stress the concept of green building through design guidelines. This paper outlines, recommend and also create architectural design for sustainability and eliminate unsustainable elements in our building.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Growing and potential impacts of climate change, such as flooding in coastal areas, change in weather patterns, and melting of the permafrost have created new challenges for the engineering and construction industry. These challenges involve adaptation in the design and construction of projects to address these impacts, as well as developing ways to reduce and controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change.
Engineering has the lead responsibility for determining the technical feasibility and cost parameters to overcome these challenges. Engineering and construction projects are implemented with the help of a set of standard documents that lay out the work process of the projects. They include standard design detail drawings, standard design criteria, standard specifications, design guides and work process flow diagrams. Incorporating in these standard documents materials and processes which assist project engineers to identify and assess climate change related impacts can be a major step in effectively preparing to meet the challenges of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Understanding true meaning of Sustainability on the basis of Adopt-Assess-Mitigate principles. The PPT highlights action to taken by all those professionals related to construction industry. Sustainability assessment during the Pre-construction phase of building's life cycle and carbon spike phenomenon is dealt with.
Objektif :
Mengekalkan kecekapan
Pengawal bendera mestilah dilatih dan terlatih untuk tugas-tugas mengibar bendera selaras dengan SOP.
Berhenti / panduan dengan selamat
Pengawal bendera dilatih untuk memberhenti dan memberi panduan kepada trafik dengan berkesan bagi mengelak daripada sebarang kejadian atau kemalangan.
Mengekalkan tanggungjawab
Pengawal bendera supaya memahami tanggungjawab untuk mengawal lalulintas dan aliran trafik serta MENGutamakan keselamatan.
Our schedule was designed to meet the needs of Alaskan Families. Each patient has an individual primary care family physicians to provide complete medical treatment.
Aprendizaje Basado en Retos - MODELAR CON GEOGEBRA FIGURAS GEOMÉTRICAS EN EL PLANO CARTESIANO CON ESTUDIANTES DEL GRADO SEXTO DE LA INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA SAN BARTOLOMÉ DEL MUNICIPIO DE LA FLORIDA, NARIÑO
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
Chapter 2 environmental strategies for building design in tropical climatesLokman Hakim Ismail
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Estudio del comportamiento térmico de los edificios reutilizados.
El estudio realizado pretende examinar el comportamiento térmico de este edificio mediante el registro de la temperatura y la humedad relativa en algunos puntos de su interior. Los resultados muestran que en lugar de las duras condiciones climáticas que se dan en el exterior, la temperatura interior se encuentra dentro de los límites de confort. Este estudio demuestra que la reutilización de edificaciones rurales, además de las ventajas económicas y sociales, es un sistema de reducción del consumo energético en el ciclo de vida de la edificación
Living Green Shell: Urban Micro-Vertical FarmCSCJournals
In order to reduce the urban heat island effect and increase cooling insulation, certain innovative cities rely on the benefits of vertical greening system. However, finding the space in a highly- developed city such as Hong Kong and Taiwan is a significant challenge. Facing the same challenge, cities like New York, Tokyo and Singapore, develop vertical greening system such as green walls, green roof, or urban agriculture to maximize the greening capacity. However, the green-roof development in Taiwan faces the challenge of the unique culture of architectural additions, known as sheet metal housing. The roof-top sheet metal housing is commonly used in most of the Taiwanese communities and occupies the roof space. Moreover, this sheet metal not only limits the scale of greening development, it also increases the indoor temperature and energy consumption with its heat-transfer nature. According to the research, the Living Green Shell functions as shelter, cooling insulation, air purifier and helps improve cooling efficiency in conjunction with the concept of vertical farm. Through the BIM simulation evaluations, the research focuses on how the cooling insulation of the Living Green Shell (LGS) over the sheet metal buildings could give a better energy-saving efficiency. The micro-vertical farm system is evolving from LGS 1.0 to the final version, LGS 3.0 to improve related functions. The LGS also provides edible vegetables and produces solar energy via the mini-solar bites. With the sheet metal housing's easily fabricated nature, the housing could be integrated with the LGS devices and led to a broad implementation in Taiwan with proper promoting.
Sustainability through Intelligence in BuildingsIJERA Editor
Energy efficiency and energy preservation are two primary worldwide concerns in current reality. Thus, sustainability encompasses those two issues, giving that as a general term refers to the capacity to endure. In architecture sustainability describes environmentally conscious design techniques, minimizing negative environmental impact and enhancing efficiency in the use of materials, energy and space. In every level of design and construction of a building, environmental issues should be taken into account. Each specific decision and choice may have consequences for the environment. Sustainability through the proper and sound use of materials is an obvious practice. Beyond that, intelligence integrated in buildings can promote energy efficiency and wider life cycle. After a brief clarification of what intelligence in buildings entitles, a series of case studies are presented in order to support the fact that in deed energy efficiency and energy preservation (in some cases energy production as well) are achieved through the use of intelligent systems in structures.
El estudio realizado pretende examinar el comportamiento térmico de este edificio mediante el registro de la temperatura y la humedad relativa en algunos puntos de su interior. Los resultados muestran que en lugar de las duras condiciones climáticas que se dan en el exterior, la temperatura interior se encuentra dentro de los límites de confort. Este estudio demuestra que la reutilización de edificaciones rurales, además de las ventajas económicas y sociales, es un sistema de reducción del consumo energético en el ciclo de vida de la edificación
Se pretende aportar unas bases de aproximación al inventariado y estudio de las construcciones agrarias tradicionales. Nos referimos a aquellos edificios del medio rural, tales como corrales de campo, molinos, lagares, bodegas, palomares, etc. legado de nuestros antepasados, que supieron aprovechar sabiamente los recursos ofrecidos por el entorno para su construcción, de lo que se obtiene una total integración en el paisaje donde se ubican.
Gran parte de este legado está al borde de la ruina y cada día que pasa le resta años de utilidad. Creemos que la manera de rescatar estas construcciones de su desaparición es mediante la búsqueda de alternativas de reutilización. Además es interesante su estudio pues de ellos se pueden extraer unas reglas o guías de diseño para tratar de conseguir igual mimetismo en edificios de nueva planta.
A partir del trabajo que se está realizando en un área de la provincia de Soria (Ribera del Duero), se plantea en esta comunicación una metodología para realizar un inventario de edificios.
INVENTARIO Y ESTUDIO DE CONSTRUCCIONES Tierras Sorianas del Cid.pdfwebtierra
Se pretende aportar a la comunidad científica unas bases de aproximación al inventariado y estudio de las construcciones agrarias tradicionales. Nos referimos a aquellos edificios del medio rural, tales como corrales de campo, molinos, lagares, bodegas, palomares, etc. legado de nuestros antepasados, que supieron aprovechar sabiamente los recursos ofrecidos por el entorno para su construcción, de lo que se obtiene una total integración en el paisaje donde se ubican.
EL OBJETO DE ESTA PONENCIA ES PONER DE MANIFIESTO LA INFORMACIÓN QUE PROPORCIONAN LAS FICHAS DEL REGISTRO FISCAL DE EDIFICIOS Y SOLARES DE 1920, DE CARA ANÁLISIS DE LAS CONSTRUCCIONES RURALES TRADICIONALES, IMPORTANTES ELEMENTOS DEL PAISAJE CULTURAL
LITTLE BRIDGES OF THE TRADITIONAL RURAL ROADS OF “TERRA CHA” (LUGO, SPAIN) TY...webtierra
The engineering structures of the traditional rural roads are one of the elements with greater visual impact can get to cause over the landscape. As a possible way of minimizing this impact, it`s advised to adequate the design of the new constructions to the traditional types of each region. However, the small bridges built by the “popular engineering” have been disappearing of our landscape gradually. This fact, together with the lack of specific studies on the subject, can provoke that in future we shall not be able to know the traditional constructive types characteristics of each area. The aim of this study is to determine the basic type of little bridges wich are traditional in the area of “Terra cha” (Lugo, Spain). For that, some of these engineering structures have been analysed, planned and photographed. After the analysis, it has been able to determine that the small bridges characteristics of the area are trabeated, and stony deck of one or several span.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
04c b4 p reuseevora
1. 1
Reuse of Rural Buildings: the First Step Towards Sustainable Construction.
Martín Ocaña, Silvia; Cañas Guerrero, Ignacio
Departamento de Construcción y Vías Rurales. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros
Agrónomos. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Avda. Complutense s/n. 28040. Madrid.
Tel: 913365767, Fax: 913365625,
mail: smatin@cvr.etsia.upm.es icanas@cvr.etsia.upm.es
Abstract.
The present article tries to establish the relationship between reusing rural buildings and
sustainable construction. The advantages of reusing buildings opposite to new constructions
are presented with regard to an environmental point of view. Some valuation criterions
based on a bioclimatic approach for the reuse of rural buildings are added. The embodied
energy in the construction process is about 10% of all energy consumed by buildings along
their lifetime. The reuse of buildings can save an important amount of energy and then can
reduce the greenhouse effect gas emissions. Furthermore the reuse of buildings presents an
additional advantage that is the reduction of construction material wastes to the landscape.
Keywords: reuse, rural buildings, sustainable construction
1. Introduction.
In the present article the advantages of reusing rural buildings are studied from an
environmental view point. First of all, we describe the meaning of sustainable construction
as well as the impacts of the construction sector on the environment.
The basic human need for shelter and protection against nature has defined the search for
dwellings by the mankind through the ages. The main task of a building is to provide
shelter and comfortable interior conditions for the development of human activities. This
objective should be reached by means of the least use of resources as possible.
In the early times man took advantage of natural resources like natural caves for shelter,
these natural refuges did not produce alterations on the landscape, but a mere use of the
existing natural resources in order to meet his basic needs. Later, man began to change the
environment with the aim of improving his living conditions while the construction sector
was inside a developing and technical processing. Nowadays the construction sector is
responsible for most of the environmental impacts due to the improvement of human
requirements. In developed nations, the construction sector consumes one third of all the
generated energy.
The guiding principle behind sustainable construction is the reduction of the environmental
impacts from the construction, use and demolition of buildings (Lanting, 1996). The
reduction of environmental impacts can be reached by means of: Reduce (energy and
building materials), Reuse ( new use for the entire building or some parts) and Recycle (
recovery of elements or building materials from the old building for the construction of a
new one).
2. Environmental impact from buildings.
All the buildings need the use of energy in the different stages of the construction process,
in addition, building materials are required and by-products are released causing some kind
2. 2
of environmental impact. The environmental impacts from the buildings have three
dimensions: local, global and internal. The last one is not studied in this article.
• Local effects: noise, dust …mainly from the extraction of building materials and
from the construction and demolition of the building. In general, these effects are
short in time and once the stage is finished they are eliminated. The exception is the
visual impact that remains during the life cycle of the building. Man-made building
forms may be considered undesirable on the landscape.
• Global effects: CO2 and green house effect gas emissions concerned in the global
warming of Earth and in the destruction the ozone layer. The emissions are caused
by the energy consumption, mostly from non renewable sources, and required
during the construction process (embodied energy) as well as during the use of the
building (heating and cooling). The energy consumed during the life cycle of the
building can be calculated for each particular building (D.J. Harris, 1999).
Conservation of fossil fuel energy for heating and cooling buildings will be
increasingly important in the future.
The local and global effects mentioned above are caused in the different stages of the
building process. The stages of the life cycle of a building are: Extraction of building
materials, Construction, Useful Life, Loss of Use and End of Life.
Each phase need the incorporation of energy and building materials and there is an output
of the final product together with gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane and others), noise
and dust production and the disposal of wastes. Each stage is responsible for the
consumption of energy and other inputs and for the elimination of outputs (Tiwari, P.,
2001).
3. The bioclimatic architecture.
The concept of bioclimatic architecture appeared in the 50´s thanks to the Olgyay´s
attributions, it can be seen as the architecture that makes good use of the climatic conditions
and natural resources from the environment by means of appropriate constructive solutions
for the reduction of the energy use (Olgyay, 1998).
The investigations carried out up to now show that the initial cost of a bioclimatic building
could be 10% higher than a building constructed with usual techniques (Lloyd Jones, D.,
2002), however important energy savings can be obtained along the life cycle of the
building. The main problem related to energy use in the construction of contemporary
housing is the need of maintaining an interior temperature inside the comfort limits. This
problem is increased because the society has more and more demanding comfort standards.
The passive design strategies could reduce the energy needs, although in most cases it is
necessary to have a conventional source of energy for providing “extra” heat or cold
according to the occupant´s requests.
The passive design strategies are based on the study of the climatic conditions in the
surroundings of the new building. In ancient times, when there was no technology for
environmental control, man constructed buildings adapted to the prevailing climatic
conditions. Some of the passive design strategies used today in bioclimatic architecture, can
be observed on traditional buildings.
3.1. The thermal inertia.
In Spain the passive design strategy of high thermal inertia or thermal mass has been
employed since ancient times as can be seen from popular architecture. One of the first
shelter of man was a natural cave, where the layer of soil surrounding the cave provide
protection and stable interior conditions. The high thermal inertia in popular architecture
3. 3
was achieved by the combination of two factors: the building material and the thickness of
the envelope. The building materials usually found in popular architecture are natural
materials like earth and stone depending on their availability in the local area. These are
massive materials with high density so they have a high capacity of storing thermal energy.
On the other hand, vernacular buildings were constructed with the technique of bearing
walls. The exterior walls had to resist all the loads from the whole building so their
thickness was high (thicker than 50 cm in most cases). The thickness of the walls together
with the building materials employed gave high thermal inertia to the building. The thicker
the wall, the longer the time lag. Therefore the temperature inside this type of buildings
could be maintained almost stable for a longer part of the year, because solar gains could be
absorbed into the mass during the day and released in the evening. The operation of the
thermal mass in the building is showed in the next figure:
Figure 1: System of operation of the high thermal mass in the building.
Some studies are being realized for determining the energy savings related to the increase
of the thermal mass in the building envelope. Norem established that a building with high
thermal inertia could be responsible for the reduction of the energy required during the
operational phase of the building (heating and cooling loads) in 15% related to a standard
building.
4. Reuse of buildings in Spain.
In Spain there is a high amount of rural buildings that were abandoned during 60´s and 70´s
due to the drift from the land. Today they are not in use. In the life cycle of a building the
next stage to the loss of use is the end of the building life. All the buildings are constructed
for a given purpose, when they are abandoned they get damaged until the destruction.
Spanish rural areas are suffering this problem with the loss of lot of traditional buildings.
Some people like “Local Action Groups” and Research Centers are studying the
possibilities of reusing the abandoned rural buildings. The reuse of these buildings is a
system for saving the loss of rural heritage that is causing the loss of regional identities.
Today some activities like rural tourism are experiencing a boom; the abandoned rural
4. 4
buildings could be reused for this purpose. The reuse of buildings have advantages in the
frame of the economic and social context as well as the environmental context.
The first step in the process of reusing buildings is the selection of the suitable building for
the next use, it is carried out usually following aesthetically criterions. In this article we
suggest the reuse of buildings looking at the energy savings it can mean.
Most of the research realized in the field of sustainable construction are focused on the
construction of new buildings. However, the most obvious way of reducing the
environmental impact is the reuse of existing buildings. The reuse of buildings can be seen
as a system of energy saving because two steps of the building life cycle are not necessary.
The embodied energy of the building materials is not added because the building is
constructed already. Furthermore, the demolition of the old building before the construction
of the new one is not required, so the energy needed in this step is not added either.
For the purpose of this study, we consider that the process of reusing buildings does not
require important restoration works. Since this premise is accepted, only buildings whose
physical condition is good can be reused. In other situations, there is another possibilities
for reducing the energy use (see figure 2).
ENERGY
SAVINGS PHYSICAL
CONDITION
Re-use of the
building
Recovery of
construction elements
Recycle of building materials
Figure 2: Relationship between the physical condition and the energy savings in the different levels of reuse.
Each superior level carries higher energy saving “a priori” because two steps of the
construction cycle are removed. However, this can not be generalized to all cases, because
the energy needed for reusing an existing building is related to its physical condition. If the
building is in ruins, the energy required for its restoration before the new use could be
higher than building a new one.
The next figure shows the energy saving due to the use of recycled building materials. It
can be seen that 36% of the embodied energy is saved in a building made of recycled
materials as for a building made of standard building materials.
5. 5
Figure 3: Comparison between the embodied energy from the construction materials in two buildings. On the
left there is energy required for the construction of a building with new materials, on the right there is the
energy required for the construction of a building with recycled materials. [7]
A lot of abandoned rural buildings are vestiges of vernacular architecture, so they have
construction elements for the adaptation to the prevailing climate of their surroundings.
Some examples found in these buildings are:
• High thermal inertia. Most of the traditional rural buildings have thick walls made
of stone or earth. They soften the high temperature fluctuations typical of the
interior areas of Spain. Another example very common in some areas of Spain
(Andalusia, Aragon and Castile) is the use of the underground space as dwellings.
• The “Gloria”, is a traditional system of heating usually found in some interior parts
of Spain where there was no firewood or charcoal. It is a channel built under the
floor in whose interior straw and other harvest wastes are burnt. It is believed that
this element is originated in the Romans hypocaustum.
• The orientation of the building, looking for as much solar radiation as possible in
winter.
By reusing buildings with some of these constructive elements the embodied energy of the
building materials will be reduced as well as the energy needed during the building useful
lifetime: heating, cooling and lighting.
The following table shows summarily the energetic analysis carried out in four dwellings
built in 1996 in Switzerland (Adalberth, 2000)
Energy required (Average of the 4 buildings analyzed)STAGES
KWh/m2 %
Manufacture of building materials 900 12,5
Transport 40 0,5
Construction 80 1
Operation (50 years) 6150 84,5
Restoration 330 4
Demolition <10 0
Disposal of wastes 20 0
TOTAL 7295 100
Recovery of building materials -205 -3
6. 6
The results showed above can be considered as valid, therefore, the reuse of existing
buildings is able to reduce the energy needed during the life cycle of the building in 14%.
Taking into account that the building to be reused could have high thermal inertia, the total
amount of energy savings could reach as many as 30% of the total energy consumed during
the total building life cycle.
Besides the advantages related to energy savings, the reuse of buildings have another
environmental advantage. During the demolition of the old building lot of wastes are
generated, they have to be transported to some place far from the cities. In rural areas there
is no control about these places so lot of wasteways appear throughout the landscape.
In developed countries there is a real problem due to the lack of space for the disposal of
wastes, the only way to avoid this problem is the reduction of wastes. By reusing the
existing abandoned buildings the amount of wastes is minimized.
5. Conclusions.
The present article discusses the advantages of the reuse of existing buildings, in particular,
the case of Spanish abandoned rural buildings. In addition to the social and economic
advantages, reusing buildings has environmental advantages as reduction of energy use and
minimization of wastes.
The existence of some passive design strategy in the building can be considered as a
criterion for the selection of the buildings to be reused. So, the advantage of reusing
buildings will be higher because the embodied energy as well as the operational energy will
be reduced. The degree to which energy is conserved can vary depending on the individual
design of the reused building and the climate, reaching as many as 30% of the energy used
during all the building life cycle.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their appreciation to the Ministry of Science and Technology
of Spain within the Project of Investigation PB8-0720 “Aproximación a una metodología
de reutilización de construcciones rurales” for their financial support.
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