Liver function tests and interpretation is a very important topic for students of medical and allied fields. It is essential for efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
Liver function tests and interpretation is a very important topic for students of medical and allied fields. It is essential for efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
Liver function tests (LFT’s) are groups of laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the state of patients liver
They include
Liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT etc.,)
Bilirubin(Direct and indirect)
Albumin
Prothrombin time / INR
The slides show the gastric and pancreatic function test along with the significance of these tests and the conditions in which the values of which increase.
Test for pancreatic and intestinal functions are very important for clinical evaluation gastro intestinal disorders . So it will e useful for medical and allied professional students and practitioners.
The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
Liver function tests (LFT’s) are groups of laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the state of patients liver
They include
Liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT etc.,)
Bilirubin(Direct and indirect)
Albumin
Prothrombin time / INR
The slides show the gastric and pancreatic function test along with the significance of these tests and the conditions in which the values of which increase.
Test for pancreatic and intestinal functions are very important for clinical evaluation gastro intestinal disorders . So it will e useful for medical and allied professional students and practitioners.
The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
contains liver function test overall description in clinical scenario.Contains adequate information on anatomy of liver,functions, classifications of LFT , indications,bilirubin metabolism,Van den berg reaction,liver enzyme panel,special tests.
#LFT
Medical considerations in dental treatment of patients with liver disease. Main types of liver disease, clinical manifestations, lab tests, treatment considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. • Understand the major metabolic functions of the liver and
causes of liver dysfunction.
• Review interpretation of abnormal liver enzymes
• Develop an approach to managing elevated liver enzymes
3. Introduction
• Liver “Function” tests are a misnomer- not a true test of
function
• Abnormal LFTs are often the first indication of underlying
liver disease but normal results do not preclude significant
liver disease
• Sequential testing may allow assessment of the
effectiveness of therapy
4. Abnormal Liver Tests
• Laboratory determinations that reflect liver disease
commonly termed liver function tests
– Misnomer: elevated serum aminotransferase levels
and alkaline phosphatase levels are markers of liver
injury, not indices of degree of liver function.
• Measures of hepatic function: albumin, bilirubin,
prothrombin time
• Liver function tests are best referred to as liver biochemical
tests or liver chemistries.
5. • To identify liver disease
• To distinguish among types of liver disease
(hepatocellular, cholestatic/obstructive )
• To gauge the severity and progression of liver dysfunction
• To try and establish a specific diagnosis and identify
complications
• To monitor the response to treatment
6. Limitations
• Lack sensitivity
– Can be normal in certain serious liver conditions
• Cirrhosis, non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis , congential hepatic fibrosis
• Lacks specificity
– Not specific for any particular disease
• Serum albumin may be decreased in other conditions as well
• Aminotransferase can be raised in cardiac as well as hepatic diseases
7. What Constitutes a standard liver test?
• Various panels after reviewing the advantages and short
comings came up with what should be included in the
standard liver test.
• Most liver chemistries constitute of total serum bilirubin
(fractionated), serum aminotransferases(major), Alkaline
phosphatase, albumin, there has been an addition of GGT
in some places.
• Prothrombin time is sent along with the liver biochemical
tests In patients with suspected liver disease (ACG practice
guidelines)
.
8. – Complete history and physical examination to
identify the most common causes of mildly elevated
aminotransferase levels.
• Patient age and ethnicity;
• Presence of signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease
• Risk factors for viral hepatitis
• Presence of comorbid conditions like diabetes, obesity,
hyperlipidemia for NAFLD, neurologic manifestations in Wilson’s
disease (WD), emphysema in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency;
9. • History of alcohol consumption (including history from family),
medication use (especially new, careful review of available medical
and pharmacy records and laboratory data) and toxin exposure;
• Family history of genetic conditions pertaining to liver disease, such
as hemochromatosis and WD;
• History of chronic diarrhea or inflammatory bowel disease,
indicating extrahepatic causes like celiac sprue, thyroid disorders,
inflammatory bowel disease, hereditary and acquired muscle
disorders, etc.;
• Presence of signs and symptoms of heart failure, indicating
congestive hepatopathy;
• History of other autoimmune disorders (i.e. autoimmune hepatitis
(AIH)).
10. • Physical examination
– Stigmata of acute and chronic liver diseases which may be
subtle or absent
• Jaundice (with close attention to the conjunctiva and soft palate)
• Ascites
• Peripheral edema
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Gynecomastia,
• Testicular hypotrophy
• Muscle wasting,
• Telangiectasias,
• Palmar erythema
• Pubic hair changes
• Some liver disorders like hemochromatosis and WD may be
associated with specific physical exam findings such as arthritis,
acne, skin color changes, Kayser–Fleischer rings, clubbing,
• Congestive heart failure would classically present with an
elevated jugular venous pressure, hepatomegaly and basilar
13. According to function of liver
Tests based on
excretory function
Tests based on metabolic
function
Tests based on
detoxification function
Tests based in
storage function
Tests based on
synthetic function
17. Tests related to
CARBOHYDRATE
metabolism
Tests related to
LIPID
metabolism
Tests related
to PROTEIN
metabolism
Galactose tolerance
test
Serum cholesterol Serum proteins
Aminoaciduria
TESTS BASED ON METABOLIC FUNCTION
23. Total bilirubin 1.0 – 1.5 mg/dL
Indirect bilirubin – 0.8-1.2 mg/dL (diazo method over estimates
direct bilirubin
If direct bilirubin is <15% of total bilirubin then bilirubin is
indirect/unconjugated.
Upper limit of normal value of direct bilirubin – 0.3mg/dL
If the plasma bilirubin level exceeds 1mg/dl, the condition is
called hyperbilirubinemia.
Levels between 1&2mg/dl are indicative of
latent jaundice.
24. When the bilirubin level exceeds 2mg/dl, it
diffuses into tissues producing yellowish
discoloration of sclera, conjunctiva, skin &
mucous membrane resulting in jaundice.
Icterus is the Greek term for jaundice.
25. Van Den Bergh reaction
Serum bilirubin Diazotized sulphanilic acid
(Ehrlich diazo reagent)
Azobilirubin( purple)
Direct positive
Direct bilirubin – reading is taken at 30-60 secs
Add activator
methanol/accelerator
2nd reading at 30-60 minutes – Total bilirubin
Indirect Positive
26. • Delta bilirubin – conjugated bilirubin tightly linked to
albumin through covalent binding
–Identified by new methods like liquid chromatography
–Has a half life similar to albumin (14-21 days) compared
to serum bilirubin (4hours)
–Seen in prolonged and severe elevation of serum
conjugated bilirubin
27. Direct Bilirubin
• conjugated
• water soluble
• polar
• seen in urine
• elevated with biliary
obstruction and
hepatocellular disease.
Indirect Bilirubin
•unconjugated
•lipid soluble
•non-polar
•not in urine
• Elevated with hemolysis,
hepatic disease
28.
29. • Magnitude and duration of
hyperbilirubinemia has not been critically
assessed as prognostic markers.
• The higher the serum bilirubin level in
patients with hepatitis, the greater the
hepatocellular damage and longer the
course of disease
• Total bilirubin correlates with poor outcome
in alcoholic hepatitis and critical
component of MELD score (used to
estimate survival in ESLD)
30. TYPES OF JAUNDICE
PRE HEPATIC HEPATIC POST HEPATIC
Excessive amount of
bilirubin is presented
to the liver due to
excessive hemolysis
Impaired cellular
uptake, defective
conjugation or
abnormal secretion
of bilirubin by the
liver cell
Impaired excretion due
to mechanical
obstruction to bile flow
Elevated
unconjugated bilirubin
in serum
Both conjugated and
unconjugated
bilirubin may be
elevated in serum
Elevated conjugated
bilirubin in serum
31. TYPES OF JAUNDICE
PRE
HEPATIC
HEPATIC POST
HEPATIC
Hemolytic Hepatitis, Gallstone,
Anemia cirrhosis, Crigler- malignancy,
Najjar Syndrome, inflammation
Dubin-Johnson
Syndrome,
Rotor’s
Syndrome
36. The conjugated bilirubin is water soluble & is
excreted in urine.
Unconjugated bilirubin always binds to albumin in
the serum and is not filtered by the kidney. .
Bilirubin in urine can be detected by Fouchet's
test or Gmelin's test
In patients recovering from jaundice, the
urine bilirubin clears prior to the serum
bilirubin.
37. • Increase in urine is sensitive indicator of hepatocellular
disease
• It is markedly increased in hemolysis
• Viral hepatitis (appears early )
• In cholestatic jaundice urobilinogen disappears from urine
• Gallstones – intermittently present
• Urine strips are available
• Fresh urine should be used
•Ehrlich’s test – gives pink-red color
38. •Products of cholesterol metabolism
•Facilitate absorption of fat from intestine
•Constitute a substantial amount of bile in bilirubin
excretion and can be used in diagnosing cholestasis
•Primary bile salts – cholate and
chenodeoxycholate are produced in liver
Metabolised by bacteria in intestine
39.
40. •In normal condition – renal excretion of bile salts is
negligible
•In cholestasis – increased renal excretion of bile salts
•
•For measuremnet – chromatography (HPLC)
•Hay’s test – bile salts when present lower the surface
tension of urine
•When sulphur powder is added to the urine, sulphur
particles sink to the bottom of the tube
•In case of normal urine,
it will float on the surface
42. BLOOD AMMONIA
•Produced in body by normal protein metabolism and by
intestinal bacteria
•For detoxification of ammonia
In liver
converted to urea
Excreted by kidneys
In striated muscles
Combines with glutamic acid
Forms glutamine
44. PROTEIN
•Liver is the sole site for synthesis of most plasma proteins
except immunoglobulins (gamma globulins)
•Serum albumin comprises 60% of all plasma proteins
TESTS FOR PROTEINS INCLUDE-
1. Total serum proteins
2. Serum albumin
3. Sr albumin/globulin ratio
4. Serum protein electrophoresis
5. Prealbumin
6. Procollagen III peptide
7. Ceruloplasmin
8. Alpha fetoprotein
9. Alpha antitrypsin
46. SerumProteinsin normal andabnormalliver function(dysfunction
Serum protein type Concentration ( physiological
)
Total serum protein 6.5-7.5gm%
Serum albumin 3.5-5gm %
Serum globulin 2.5-3.5gm %
Serum fibrinogen 200-500 mg%
Albumin /globulin(A/G 2:1 to 1.5: 1
Chronic liverdiseases Serum albumin (half life 2 days
decreases Cirrhosis hypoalbuminemia and
hyperglobulinemia A/G decreases
47. Serumglobulins
• Serum globulins : constitute immunoglobulins
• Immunoglobulins : produced by beta lymphocytes
• Alpha and beta globulins : synthesized by hepatocytes
• Gamma globulins in serum : increased in Cirrhosis ,chronic
active hepatitis
immunoglobulin Normal levels serum (mg/dl
IgG 7- 16
IgM 4-23
IgA 7-4
IgD -8
IgE -3.8 microgram /dl
48. Serumglobulins in liverdiseases
• Gamma globulins in serum : increased in Cirrhosis ,chronic
active hepatitis
Liver disease Increased levels of
serum
Auto immune hepatitis IgG
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis IgM
Alcoholic liver disease IgA
49. ALBUMIN
•Synthesized exclusively by liver
•Its half life is 18-20 days
•Due to its slow turn over – not a good indicator of
acute or mild hepatic dysfunction
•In hepatitis - <3g/dl of albumin – possibility of
chronic liver disease
•Non hepatic causes of Hypoalbuminemia -
• Protein losing enteropathy
• Nephrotic syndrome
50. 2. Prothrombin time
• Measure of clotting tendency of blood and due to the clotting
factors produced by the liver (II,V,VII,IX,X) depicting the
extrinsic pathway of coagulation
• INR standardises the prothrombin time measurement
according to the characteristics of thromboplastin reagent
(using International sensitivity index ISI) to calculate INR
– Since ISI is validated only in patients taking vitamin K antagonist
so use in CLD is still questionable
51. • Prolonged prothrombin time
– Hepatocellular dysfunction (hepatitis, cirrhosis, acute liver failure)
– Congenital deficiency of clotting factors
– Patients taking vitamin K antagonists
– Vitamin K deficiency esp in cholestasis
– DIC
– Hypothermia
52. • Factor VII has a short half life of 6 hours and
fibrinogen 5 days
• Most sensitive marker of liver function as it is
prolonged within 24 hours duration of liver disease
– Most useful in acute liver failure
• Component of MELD and CTP score
• Not an accurate measure for bleeding risk in
patients with cirrhosis as it assesses only pro
coagulant factors and not anti thrombin or protein
C which decrease in cirrhosis
• In the absence of liver disease, if it is prolonged
– Suspect vitamin K deficiency or steatorrhoea
53. PREALBUMIN /TRANSTHYRETIN
• Levels fall in liver disease
• Half life – 2 days
• Sensitive indicator of any changes affecting its
synthesis and catabolism
• PAB is a negative acute phase reactant
• Particularly useful in drug-induced
hepatotoxicity
54. • Normal plasma levels - 0.2-0.4g/L
• Acute phase protein
• Decreased in multiple conditions –
1. Wilson’s disease
2. Menkes disease
3. Aceruloplasminemia
4. Copper deficiency
CERULOPLASMIN
Increased in –
1. Copper toxicity
2. Pregnancy
3. OCPs
55. PROCOLLAGEN III PEPTIDE
• Cleavage product of the type III procollagen
molecule
• Radioimmunoassay
• Elevated Conc. Of PIIIP- the transformation of
viable hepatic tissue into connective
tissue/fibrosis
56. • AFP is a gp and MW – 70,000 daltons
• Normally present in fetus
• Liver, yolk sac and small intestine
• AFP- ELISA
HCC
Non seminomatous testicular cancer
Ataxia telangiectasia
Hereditary tyrosinemia
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
Chronic active hepatitis
α- FETO PROTEIN
57. Alpha -1 antitrypsin(AAT
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT :
1. Synthesized and secreted by liver
2. Major function : inactivates proteases ( elastase and
collagenase
3. has got multiple alleles
4. PiZZ allele: characterized by
defective enzyme activity prone for developing
liver cirrhosis
5. Normal serum Alpha -1 antitrypsin (AAT : 9-2 mg/dl (.9-2
g/L
58.
59. 1.Enzymes whose elevation reflects damage to
hepatocytes
2. Enzymes whose elevation reflects cholestasis
3. Enzyme test that do not fit into either pattern
• ENZYMES WHOSE ELEVATION REFLECTS DAMAGE TO
HEPATOCYTES
• AMINOTRANSFERASES (transaminases) –
They include AST and ALT
SERUM EMZYME TESTSARE
GROUPED IN 3 CATEGORIES
60. • Also called transaminases
• Most sensitive marker of hepatocellular injury
• Increase in serum values indicate either damage to the tissues rich in
these enzymes or changes in cell membrane permeability that allow
AST and ALT to leak into serum
• Hepatocyte necrosis is not required for the release of these enzymes
so the degree of elevation doesn’t correlate with the extent of
liver injury
• ALT ( Alanine transaminase / serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase)
• AST (Aspartate Trasaminase/ serum glutamic oxaloacetic
transaminase)
61. • AST(SGOT) – found in liver> cardiac muscle > skeletal
muscle> kidneys >brain
• ALT(SGPT) – found primarily in liver
• Normally present in serum in low concentration
(Male-30 IU/L; Female-19 IU/L)
• When there is damage to liver cell membrane –
increased permeability and so increased serum
concentration
• Liver cell necrosis is not required for release of these
enzymes
62. •Levels of >1000 IU/L occurs in –
• Acute viral hepatitis
• Toxin and drug induced hepatitis
• Ischaemic liver injury
• In most acute hepatocellular disorders ALT is higher or
equal to AST
63. • Normal ratio is 0.7 to 1.4
• Useful in Wilson disease, chronic liver disease
and alcoholic liver disease
• AST/ALT ratio of > 2:1 is suggestive of and >3:1
is highly suggestive of ALCOHOLIC liver disease
• AST in Alcoholic live disease is rarely >300 IU/L
AST/ALT RATIO
64. • ALT is usually normal in alcoholic liver disease ; can
be sometimes low due to an alcohol induced
deficiency of pyridoxal phosphate
• AST/ALT <1 is seen in NASH and viral hepatitis
65.
66. •Determination of these enzymes are helpful in
distinguishing hepatocellular from cholestatic
jaundice
•Increase in AST and ALT is much more ( >500 IU/L)in
hepatocellular jaundice than in cholestatic jaundice
(>200 IU/L)
•Persistence of elevated ALT and AST beyond 6
months in a case of hepatitis indicates development
of chronic hepatitis
72. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
•ALP – found in liver , bone , placenta and small intestine
•Physiological increase in ALP is seen in –
1.>60 yrs
2.Pregnancy
3.Blood groups O and B – after fatty meal influx of intestinal ALP
into blood
4. In children and adolescent during rapid bone growth
• ALP >4 times the Normal is seen in –
1. Cholestatic liver disease
2. Infiltrative liver disease such as cancer and amyloidosis
73.
74. Low ALP
• Wilson’s disease presenting with fulminant hepatic failure
• Hemolysis
Due to reduced activity of the enzyme owing to
displacement of cofactor zinc by copper
75.
76. GGT
• Found in cell membrane of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, kidney,
pancreas, spleen, heart, brain and seminal vesicles
• Elevated in patients consuming alcohol, those taking phenytoin,
barbiturates, drugs used in HAART (PI and NNRTI)
– Sensitivity in alcohol consumers – 52-94% but low specificity
• Not elevated in pregnancy and bone disease so it can help in
differentiating liver origin of ALP
• Raised GGT is risk for developing HCCand isolated rise is
associated with increased mortality in metabolic syndrome, DM and
cardiovascular diseases
78. Serum γ-Glutamyl Transferase
• Normal range: 10-47 IU/L
Serum 5’-Nucleotidase
• Normal range: 2-17 IU/L
Serum alkaline phosphatase
• Normal range: 39-117 IU/L
79.
80. The Fibrotest (Fibrosure in the USA) is the most
widely validated indirect serum marker panel,
extensively studied. It is computed using five
parameters, namely total bilirubin, haptoglobin,
gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, ᾳ2-macroglobulin
and apolipoprotein-A1.
Transient elastography (TE)/Fibroscan
Ultrasound elastography
MR elastography
83. Drug induced liver injury
• Most drugs cause idiosyncratic liver injury
– Injury that is unpredictable, occurs at therapeutic drug level and is infrequent
• Drug induced liver injury occurs in 1 in 1000 to 1 in 100,000
• Variable latency period ranging from days 5-90 days or even longer
• Some drugs produce dose dependent liver injury which are predictable and
have a high incidence
– E.g – Acetaminophen
• Most patients respond to withdrawl of drug and have mild elevations only
• Isolated elevation of aminotransferases >3 times the ULN may have good
outcome after withdrawl
• If associated with clinical jaundice, the risk of mortality increases as high as
10%
• It is better to send for liver function test before starting medications
suspected to cause liver injury and withdraw the drug once liver injury
occurs
84.
85. • High risk of morbidity and mortality in acute or chronic liver disease
undergoing surgery
• Risk mainly depends on the etiology of the disease, severity of the
disease and planned operation
• If abnormality found during pre-operative LFT in otherwise healthy
individual, the surgery should be postponed till the cause is identified
• Various studies found that in acute viral hepatitis who undergo
surgery, the operative mortality rate is nearly 9.5%
• Patients with chronic hepatitis with portal inflammation and interface
hepatitis have low operative risk compared to panlobular hepatitis
• Hepatic steatosis has low operative risk compared with alcoholic
hepatitis (55%)
• Abstinence of 3-6 months is required before elective surgery
• In NAFLD, operative risk increases with steatohepatitis
86. • Surgical risk is evaluated using Child-Pugh score
– Studies done evaluated a risk of 10%, 30-31% and 76-82% in
CTP A,B,C in patients undergoing abdominal surgery
– CTP A – surgery may be undertaken
– CTP B – surgery should be done only after medical condition is
optimized
– CTP C – surgery should be avoided
87.
88. Conclusion
• Interpretation of laboratory values in patients with
abnormalities in liver panel testing is critical to developing
a differential diagnosis and initiation an adequate work-up
• The initial step is determination of an acute, chronic, or
acute-on-chronic process
89. Conclusion
• Acquisition of histology can be used to confirm a
suspected diagnosis, rule out hepatic disease, and stage
the degree of fibrosis
• Upon establishment of chronicity, the role of the
practitioner is to establish the severity of hepatic
dysfunction, potential for reversibility, and the need for
escalation of care
90. References
• AASLD Guidelines 2019
• Harrison’s Principles of Internal medicine
20th edition
• Sleisenger and fordtran's gastrointestinal
and liver disease 11th edition
Editor's Notes
Normal LFT values do not always indicate absence of liver disease
Liver a has very large reserve capacity
Asymptomatic people may have abnormal LFT results
Diagnosis should be based on clinical examination
(development of jaundice, edema, pruritus, encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding);
(including but not limited to intravenous/intranasal drug use, body piercings, tattooing, sexual history, travel to foreign countries, occupation);
unconjugated is never found in urine because it is bound to albumin which not filtered by glomerulus
bilirubin formed in RES is lipid soluble and insoluble in water. to transport in blood unconjugated bilirubin must be solubilised which is initiated by binding to albumin
Van den Bergh reagent reacts with conjugated bilirubin & gives a purple colour immediately (normally within 30 seconds.
This is direct positive van den Bergh reaction.
Addition of methanol (or alcohol) dissolves the unconjugated bilirubin & gives the van den Bergh reaction (normally within 30 minutes) positive.
liquid chromatography newer and more accurative method of measuring bilirubin. difficult to perform n do not promide extra information than diazo method
Decreased serum bile acids are sensitive but not specific for hepatic dysfunction as initially hoped.
Correlation with serum bile acids and histological severity of alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis is poor.
They may be raised in cholestatic liver disease but normal in Gilberts and Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Patients with advanced liver disease typically have significant muscle wasting, which likely contributes to hyperammonemia in these patients.