1. The document discusses factors to consider when prescribing psychiatric medications in patients with liver disease. Liver disease can impact the pharmacokinetics of drugs by altering absorption, metabolism, protein binding, and excretion.
2. Drugs are categorized based on their hepatic extraction ratio and metabolism. High extraction drugs are more susceptible to fluctuations. Interactions with liver enzyme inducers/inhibitors and alcohol are also discussed.
3. When prescribing for patients with liver disease, the degree of impairment, drug metabolism pathway, interactions, and narrow therapeutic index drugs should be considered. Dose adjustments and monitoring are often needed.
This document provides an overview of alcohol withdrawal syndromes. It defines alcohol withdrawal, describes the pathophysiology and timeline of symptoms. Minor withdrawal can occur within 6-12 hours and includes autonomic hyperactivity and insomnia. Alcoholic hallucinosis may occur in the first 24-48 hours. Withdrawal seizures typically occur within 8-48 hours. Delirium tremens occurs 2-14 days later and has a mortality rate of 5% with treatment. Benzodiazepines are the main treatment, with fixed dose or symptom-triggered regimens using medications like diazepam or lorazepam. Delirium tremens requires ICU care and treatment until the patient is alert and
This document discusses mood stabilizers used to treat bipolar disorder. It describes the symptoms of mania and depression in bipolar disorder. Lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and various antipsychotics are described as first-line mood stabilizing agents. The mechanisms of action of these drugs involve inhibition of inositol monophosphatase and other enzymes, decreasing intracellular inositol levels. Novel targets for treating bipolar disorder discussed include inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3, protein kinase C, modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, enhanced Bcl2 expression, effects on oxidative stress, and modulation of glutamatergic transmission.
This short presentation demonstrates important adverse effects of common anti-psychotic medications in clinical practice and how to effectively manage the adverse events.
This document discusses alcohol use disorders and their management. It begins by defining alcohol and its mechanisms of action in the body. It then discusses various alcohol-related terminologies and the epidemiology of alcohol use disorders. It describes the signs and symptoms of acute intoxication and withdrawal syndromes. Finally, it outlines the general principles for managing alcohol dependence, including detoxification and treatment of complications.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of head injurySantanu Ghosh
This document summarizes a presentation on neuropsychiatric aspects of head injury. It begins with an introduction discussing the prevalence of head injuries. It then covers the history of understanding head injuries, comparative diagnostic classifications, epidemiology, types and pathophysiology of head injuries including acute and chronic behavioral consequences. The presentation also discusses clinical features such as cognitive impairment, personality changes, mood disorders, anxiety, aggression and psychosis. It concludes with discussing prognosis and predictors of outcome following head injury.
Bipolar Affective Disorder, Depression and Suicidemeducationdotnet
This document discusses bipolar affective disorder (BAD). It notes that BAD affects around 2% of the population and is characterized by mood states including mania, hypomania, depression, and normal mood. A diagnosis of mania requires an elevated or irritable mood lasting at least a week that disrupts work or social activities. BAD is highly genetic and can be impaired even during symptom-free periods. Treatment involves medications like lithium, depakote, and atypical antipsychotics to manage mood states as well as psychotherapy.
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES REVISION NOTES BASED ON LECTURE NOTES WITH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
WITH HIGH YIELD TOPICS
ALCOHOL
CAFFEINE
NICOTINE
COCAINE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS
NEET AIIMS PG PREPARATION
This document provides an overview of alcohol withdrawal syndromes. It defines alcohol withdrawal, describes the pathophysiology and timeline of symptoms. Minor withdrawal can occur within 6-12 hours and includes autonomic hyperactivity and insomnia. Alcoholic hallucinosis may occur in the first 24-48 hours. Withdrawal seizures typically occur within 8-48 hours. Delirium tremens occurs 2-14 days later and has a mortality rate of 5% with treatment. Benzodiazepines are the main treatment, with fixed dose or symptom-triggered regimens using medications like diazepam or lorazepam. Delirium tremens requires ICU care and treatment until the patient is alert and
This document discusses mood stabilizers used to treat bipolar disorder. It describes the symptoms of mania and depression in bipolar disorder. Lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and various antipsychotics are described as first-line mood stabilizing agents. The mechanisms of action of these drugs involve inhibition of inositol monophosphatase and other enzymes, decreasing intracellular inositol levels. Novel targets for treating bipolar disorder discussed include inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3, protein kinase C, modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, enhanced Bcl2 expression, effects on oxidative stress, and modulation of glutamatergic transmission.
This short presentation demonstrates important adverse effects of common anti-psychotic medications in clinical practice and how to effectively manage the adverse events.
This document discusses alcohol use disorders and their management. It begins by defining alcohol and its mechanisms of action in the body. It then discusses various alcohol-related terminologies and the epidemiology of alcohol use disorders. It describes the signs and symptoms of acute intoxication and withdrawal syndromes. Finally, it outlines the general principles for managing alcohol dependence, including detoxification and treatment of complications.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of head injurySantanu Ghosh
This document summarizes a presentation on neuropsychiatric aspects of head injury. It begins with an introduction discussing the prevalence of head injuries. It then covers the history of understanding head injuries, comparative diagnostic classifications, epidemiology, types and pathophysiology of head injuries including acute and chronic behavioral consequences. The presentation also discusses clinical features such as cognitive impairment, personality changes, mood disorders, anxiety, aggression and psychosis. It concludes with discussing prognosis and predictors of outcome following head injury.
Bipolar Affective Disorder, Depression and Suicidemeducationdotnet
This document discusses bipolar affective disorder (BAD). It notes that BAD affects around 2% of the population and is characterized by mood states including mania, hypomania, depression, and normal mood. A diagnosis of mania requires an elevated or irritable mood lasting at least a week that disrupts work or social activities. BAD is highly genetic and can be impaired even during symptom-free periods. Treatment involves medications like lithium, depakote, and atypical antipsychotics to manage mood states as well as psychotherapy.
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES REVISION NOTES BASED ON LECTURE NOTES WITH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
WITH HIGH YIELD TOPICS
ALCOHOL
CAFFEINE
NICOTINE
COCAINE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS
NEET AIIMS PG PREPARATION
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms that distort thinking, perception, and behavior. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition defined by fundamental distortions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in early adulthood. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to reduce positive symptoms as well as psychosocial support. The causes are complex and involve genetic, neurological, developmental, and environmental factors.
- Affective disorders include persistent mood disorders like depression that cause socio-occupational dysfunction. Depression is the most common mental disorder.
- The document outlines depression and bipolar affective disorder, their diagnostic criteria, clinical features, management, and when to refer patients. Depression is a leading cause of disability and its early identification and treatment improves outcomes. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania or hypomania with or without depression.
The document provides an overview of antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history and classification of antipsychotics and their mechanisms of action. First generation antipsychotics act primarily as dopamine antagonists, while second generation drugs also act as serotonin antagonists. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, metabolic issues, and tardive dyskinesia. Newer treatments target glutamate receptors or have novel mechanisms of action like partial dopamine agonism to provide antipsychotic effects with fewer side effects.
This document discusses lithium, a mood stabilizing drug used to treat bipolar disorder. It describes lithium's indications, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, dosage, therapeutic levels, side effects, toxicity, contraindications, and the nurse's role in monitoring patients taking lithium. Key responsibilities for nurses include assessing renal and thyroid function before starting lithium, ensuring regular dosing, monitoring for side effects, maintaining fluid balance, and obtaining frequent lithium level and lab tests.
This document discusses anxiety disorders. It defines anxiety and pathological anxiety, and notes that anxiety disorders are associated with neurotransmitter imbalances involving serotonin, noradrenaline, and GABA. It then describes several types of anxiety disorders including panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The document outlines biological and medical causes of anxiety disorders and lists common symptoms. It concludes with a discussion of assessment, management through pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and medications used to treat different anxiety disorders.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injuryAzfer Ibrahim
1) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause various neuropsychiatric issues including mood disorders, cognitive deficits, and behavioral changes.
2) Common mood disorders after TBI include depression in 25-50% of patients in the first year, as well as increased risks of mania/hypomania and anxiety disorders.
3) Frequent cognitive deficits involve problems with memory, attention, concentration, language, and executive functioning that can cause long-term impairment.
Here are my responses to the case vignettes:
Case 1:
Q1: Diagnosis - Bipolar I disorder, current episode manic
Q2: Management - Conduct a thorough assessment. Start treatment with mood stabilizer (lithium or valproate) plus atypical antipsychotic. Consider hospitalization given severity of symptoms. Provide psychoeducation to family.
Case 2:
Q1: Diagnosis - Bipolar I disorder, current episode depressed
Q2: Management - Conduct assessment. Start antidepressant under cover of mood stabilizer due to risk of switching. Consider ECT given severity. Provide psychoeducation and support to family.
Case 3:
Q1:
Cluster C Personality Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
Schizophrenia is linked to over a dozen genes that regulate neuronal connectivity, synaptogenesis, NMDA glutamate receptors, and neuronal migration. It is also regulated by four genes: BDNF, Dysbindin, DISC1, and neuregulin. Schizophrenia is postulated to have four stages: stage 1 from birth to 15 with full functioning; stage 2 from 15-20 with subtle symptoms; stage 3 from 20-40 with acute positive symptoms and relapses; and stage 4 from 40-60 with prominent negative and cognitive symptoms and continuing disability.
Depressive illness can be characterized by a major depressive episode involving depressed mood and loss of interest for at least two weeks, accompanied by additional symptoms. Depression is a significant contributor to the global disease burden. The lifetime risk of developing a severe depressive episode is 12-16%. Neurobiological factors like the GSK3beta gene and decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor are implicated in depression. Physical symptoms are commonly the chief complaint in depressed patients, and there is overlap in the neurochemistry of depression and pain involving serotonin and norepinephrine. Untreated somatic depression can lead to structural brain changes and increased risk of persistent pain.
Delirium is an acute, potentially reversible brain dysfunction manifested by neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is common in hospitalized elderly patients, post-operatively, and in those withdrawing from alcohol. Core features include impaired consciousness, attention, cognition, and perception. Treatment involves identifying and addressing underlying causes, providing supportive care and reorientation, and administering antipsychotic medications like haloperidol to treat the delirium itself. Prognosis depends on severity and underlying causes, with higher mortality risks for those with longer or persistent delirium.
Dr. V. Swarajya Lakshmi presented on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat severe mental illnesses. ECT involves inducing seizures in anesthetized patients using electric currents administered through electrodes placed on the head. It is effective for treating depression, mania, and schizophrenia. While its exact mechanisms are unclear, ECT is thought to impact neurotransmitter systems in the brain. It carries risks but is considered safe when properly administered. ECT remains an important treatment option for severe and treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions.
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders like mania or depression. It affects a person's thoughts, emotions, and potentially their actions. It is considered a disorder of both the mind and emotions. Schizoaffective disorder can be of the bipolar, depressive, or mixed type depending on the symptoms present. Treatment involves medications like antipsychotics and mood stabilizers as well as psychotherapy and life skills training. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, promoting functioning, and supporting treatment compliance.
This document provides a summary of typical antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history of antipsychotics beginning with phenothiazines in the 1950s. It then classifies typical antipsychotics and describes their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, indications, precautions, adverse reactions, and reviews several individual drugs including chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, and zuclopenthixol.
1. Ethanol is absorbed from the intestine and reaches peak levels after 30 minutes from an empty stomach. It undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver, where 90-98% is oxidized to acetate.
2. Effects of ethanol include CNS depression in a dose-dependent manner, relieving anxiety but also causing behavioral disinhibition. Toxic doses can cause respiratory depression and coma.
3. Long-term heavy drinking is associated with increased risk of hypertension, cardiomyopathy, strokes, skeletal muscle damage, nutritional deficiencies, anemia, and impaired immune function. Tolerance and dependence can develop with chronic use.
This document provides an overview of assessing and caring for older adults with mental illnesses. It discusses key concepts like dementia, delirium, and screening tools. Nurses play an important role in screening for cognitive issues using tools like the Mini-Mental State Examination and supporting patients. The presentation aims to help nurses understand common conditions, distinguish between dementia and delirium, and properly manage and support older adults with mental illnesses.
The document discusses mood stabilizers, including their history, mechanisms of action, indications, monitoring, and side effects. It notes that lithium was the first mood stabilizer approved by the FDA for mania in 1970. Other common mood stabilizers mentioned are anticonvulsants such as valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics. The effectiveness and safety of combination treatments is also summarized.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors. It is marked by psychosis like delusions and hallucinations. The exact causes are unknown but genetics and brain chemistry imbalances are thought to play a role. Diagnosis involves symptoms lasting at least six months including two or more of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior. Treatment aims to minimize symptoms and involves antipsychotic medications as well as psychotherapy. First generation antipsychotics mainly block dopamine receptors while second generation drugs also target serotonin receptors, with fewer side effects. However, there is currently no cure for schizophrenia.
1.Detect presence of liver disease.
2.Distinguish among different types of liver diseases.
3.Estimate the extent of known liver damage.
4.Follow the response of treatment
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms that distort thinking, perception, and behavior. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition defined by fundamental distortions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in early adulthood. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to reduce positive symptoms as well as psychosocial support. The causes are complex and involve genetic, neurological, developmental, and environmental factors.
- Affective disorders include persistent mood disorders like depression that cause socio-occupational dysfunction. Depression is the most common mental disorder.
- The document outlines depression and bipolar affective disorder, their diagnostic criteria, clinical features, management, and when to refer patients. Depression is a leading cause of disability and its early identification and treatment improves outcomes. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania or hypomania with or without depression.
The document provides an overview of antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history and classification of antipsychotics and their mechanisms of action. First generation antipsychotics act primarily as dopamine antagonists, while second generation drugs also act as serotonin antagonists. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, metabolic issues, and tardive dyskinesia. Newer treatments target glutamate receptors or have novel mechanisms of action like partial dopamine agonism to provide antipsychotic effects with fewer side effects.
This document discusses lithium, a mood stabilizing drug used to treat bipolar disorder. It describes lithium's indications, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, dosage, therapeutic levels, side effects, toxicity, contraindications, and the nurse's role in monitoring patients taking lithium. Key responsibilities for nurses include assessing renal and thyroid function before starting lithium, ensuring regular dosing, monitoring for side effects, maintaining fluid balance, and obtaining frequent lithium level and lab tests.
This document discusses anxiety disorders. It defines anxiety and pathological anxiety, and notes that anxiety disorders are associated with neurotransmitter imbalances involving serotonin, noradrenaline, and GABA. It then describes several types of anxiety disorders including panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The document outlines biological and medical causes of anxiety disorders and lists common symptoms. It concludes with a discussion of assessment, management through pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and medications used to treat different anxiety disorders.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injuryAzfer Ibrahim
1) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause various neuropsychiatric issues including mood disorders, cognitive deficits, and behavioral changes.
2) Common mood disorders after TBI include depression in 25-50% of patients in the first year, as well as increased risks of mania/hypomania and anxiety disorders.
3) Frequent cognitive deficits involve problems with memory, attention, concentration, language, and executive functioning that can cause long-term impairment.
Here are my responses to the case vignettes:
Case 1:
Q1: Diagnosis - Bipolar I disorder, current episode manic
Q2: Management - Conduct a thorough assessment. Start treatment with mood stabilizer (lithium or valproate) plus atypical antipsychotic. Consider hospitalization given severity of symptoms. Provide psychoeducation to family.
Case 2:
Q1: Diagnosis - Bipolar I disorder, current episode depressed
Q2: Management - Conduct assessment. Start antidepressant under cover of mood stabilizer due to risk of switching. Consider ECT given severity. Provide psychoeducation and support to family.
Case 3:
Q1:
Cluster C Personality Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
Schizophrenia is linked to over a dozen genes that regulate neuronal connectivity, synaptogenesis, NMDA glutamate receptors, and neuronal migration. It is also regulated by four genes: BDNF, Dysbindin, DISC1, and neuregulin. Schizophrenia is postulated to have four stages: stage 1 from birth to 15 with full functioning; stage 2 from 15-20 with subtle symptoms; stage 3 from 20-40 with acute positive symptoms and relapses; and stage 4 from 40-60 with prominent negative and cognitive symptoms and continuing disability.
Depressive illness can be characterized by a major depressive episode involving depressed mood and loss of interest for at least two weeks, accompanied by additional symptoms. Depression is a significant contributor to the global disease burden. The lifetime risk of developing a severe depressive episode is 12-16%. Neurobiological factors like the GSK3beta gene and decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor are implicated in depression. Physical symptoms are commonly the chief complaint in depressed patients, and there is overlap in the neurochemistry of depression and pain involving serotonin and norepinephrine. Untreated somatic depression can lead to structural brain changes and increased risk of persistent pain.
Delirium is an acute, potentially reversible brain dysfunction manifested by neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is common in hospitalized elderly patients, post-operatively, and in those withdrawing from alcohol. Core features include impaired consciousness, attention, cognition, and perception. Treatment involves identifying and addressing underlying causes, providing supportive care and reorientation, and administering antipsychotic medications like haloperidol to treat the delirium itself. Prognosis depends on severity and underlying causes, with higher mortality risks for those with longer or persistent delirium.
Dr. V. Swarajya Lakshmi presented on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat severe mental illnesses. ECT involves inducing seizures in anesthetized patients using electric currents administered through electrodes placed on the head. It is effective for treating depression, mania, and schizophrenia. While its exact mechanisms are unclear, ECT is thought to impact neurotransmitter systems in the brain. It carries risks but is considered safe when properly administered. ECT remains an important treatment option for severe and treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions.
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders like mania or depression. It affects a person's thoughts, emotions, and potentially their actions. It is considered a disorder of both the mind and emotions. Schizoaffective disorder can be of the bipolar, depressive, or mixed type depending on the symptoms present. Treatment involves medications like antipsychotics and mood stabilizers as well as psychotherapy and life skills training. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, promoting functioning, and supporting treatment compliance.
This document provides a summary of typical antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history of antipsychotics beginning with phenothiazines in the 1950s. It then classifies typical antipsychotics and describes their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, indications, precautions, adverse reactions, and reviews several individual drugs including chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, and zuclopenthixol.
1. Ethanol is absorbed from the intestine and reaches peak levels after 30 minutes from an empty stomach. It undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver, where 90-98% is oxidized to acetate.
2. Effects of ethanol include CNS depression in a dose-dependent manner, relieving anxiety but also causing behavioral disinhibition. Toxic doses can cause respiratory depression and coma.
3. Long-term heavy drinking is associated with increased risk of hypertension, cardiomyopathy, strokes, skeletal muscle damage, nutritional deficiencies, anemia, and impaired immune function. Tolerance and dependence can develop with chronic use.
This document provides an overview of assessing and caring for older adults with mental illnesses. It discusses key concepts like dementia, delirium, and screening tools. Nurses play an important role in screening for cognitive issues using tools like the Mini-Mental State Examination and supporting patients. The presentation aims to help nurses understand common conditions, distinguish between dementia and delirium, and properly manage and support older adults with mental illnesses.
The document discusses mood stabilizers, including their history, mechanisms of action, indications, monitoring, and side effects. It notes that lithium was the first mood stabilizer approved by the FDA for mania in 1970. Other common mood stabilizers mentioned are anticonvulsants such as valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics. The effectiveness and safety of combination treatments is also summarized.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors. It is marked by psychosis like delusions and hallucinations. The exact causes are unknown but genetics and brain chemistry imbalances are thought to play a role. Diagnosis involves symptoms lasting at least six months including two or more of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior. Treatment aims to minimize symptoms and involves antipsychotic medications as well as psychotherapy. First generation antipsychotics mainly block dopamine receptors while second generation drugs also target serotonin receptors, with fewer side effects. However, there is currently no cure for schizophrenia.
1.Detect presence of liver disease.
2.Distinguish among different types of liver diseases.
3.Estimate the extent of known liver damage.
4.Follow the response of treatment
Liver function tests (LFTs) are noninvasive blood tests that help evaluate liver health and identify potential liver dysfunction or disease. LFTs measure levels of certain proteins and enzymes to screen for injury to liver cells (hepatocytes) or disruption of bile flow (cholestasis). Common LFTs include bilirubin, albumin, ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT. Elevated levels of certain enzymes and proteins can indicate conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or blockages in the bile ducts. LFT results along with clinical history are used to diagnose liver disease and monitor treatment effectiveness.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO LIVER FUNCTION TEST
BY Dr. Navas Shareef. P.P (MBBS)
THIS PRESENTATION IS MADE IN A SIMPLIFIED FORM SO THAT EVERYONE COULD UNDERSTAND ABOUT A LIVER FUNCTION TEST EASILY
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are used to screen for and diagnose liver dysfunction. It outlines the major metabolic functions of the liver, causes of liver disease, and various markers that can be measured in LFTs to detect hepatic injury and assess liver function. These include liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The document explains what each marker indicates and the typical ranges seen in different types of liver disease. LFTs have limitations but can help identify the general type of liver disorder and monitor disease severity and treatment response.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are used to screen for and diagnose liver dysfunction. It outlines the major metabolic functions of the liver, causes of liver disease, and various markers that can be measured in LFTs to detect hepatic injury and assess liver function. These include liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The document explains what each marker indicates and the typical ranges seen in different types of liver disease.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are used to screen for and diagnose liver dysfunction. It outlines the major metabolic functions of the liver, causes of liver disease, and various markers that can be measured in LFTs to detect hepatic injury and assess liver function. These include liver enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, as well as bilirubin, albumin, globulins, and prothrombin time. Elevations in different markers provide information about the type and severity of liver disease present, such as viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, or obstruction. LFTs have limitations but can help identify abnormalities and monitor disease progression or response to treatment.
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are used to screen for and diagnose liver dysfunction. It outlines the major metabolic functions of the liver, causes of liver disease, and various markers that can be measured in LFTs to detect hepatic injury and assess liver function. These include liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The document explains what each marker indicates and the typical ranges seen in different types of liver disease and injury. LFTs have limitations but can help identify the general type of liver disorder and assess severity.
Evaluation of liver function tests pptDhiraj Kumar
The document discusses liver function tests used to evaluate liver disease. It provides details on various tests including:
- Serum bilirubin, which detects liver cell damage and cholestasis. Elevated levels suggest viral or alcoholic hepatitis.
- Liver enzymes like ALT and AST reflect hepatocyte damage, while alkaline phosphatase, GGT, and 5'NT indicate cholestasis.
- Prothrombin time evaluates synthetic function and is a marker of severity in acute liver disease.
- Albumin reflects synthetic capacity but has a long half-life. Prealbumin and coagulation factors are more sensitive markers.
- Transient elastography can stage fibrosis non-invasively
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs), which are blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's liver. It describes various LFTs that measure different aspects of liver function, including injury, biosynthesis, and biliary obstruction. Common LFTs examined are total bilirubin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and GGT. Elevations in certain LFTs can indicate liver diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer. The tests are important for detecting early liver issues, assessing severity, and monitoring treatment effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of chronic liver disease (CLD) including:
- CLD results from long-term inflammation and damage to the liver that can progress to cirrhosis over 6 months. Common causes include alcohol, viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and genetic/autoimmune conditions.
- Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to jaundice, abdominal pain/swelling, bleeding, confusion and liver failure. Complications include portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and liver cancer.
- Investigations include blood tests of liver function and damage, imaging like ultrasound/CT, and biopsy. Prognosis is assessed using Child-Pugh or MELD scores. Management focuses on treating the underlying
Liver function tests (LFTs) evaluate liver health and detect liver damage. LFTs measure enzymes released from damaged liver cells (ALT, AST), synthetic function (albumin, clotting factors), and signs of obstruction (bilirubin, ALP, GGT). Elevations in ALT and AST indicate hepatocyte injury while increased bilirubin, ALP, and GGT suggest cholestasis or blockage of bile flow. LFTs help diagnose liver diseases, determine severity, monitor treatment effectiveness, and assess operative risk or need for transplantation.
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been renamed to metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) to better reflect its pathogenesis.
- MASLD includes hepatic steatosis in the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors like obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
- Risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of MASLD were discussed with emphasis on lifestyle modifications, weight loss, treatment of cardiometabolic conditions, and potential pharmacotherapy.
This document provides an overview of liver function tests, including definitions, normal ranges, and indications. It discusses the various types of liver enzymes and what each evaluates, such as ALT and AST for hepatocellular damage and alkaline phosphatase and GGT for cholestasis. Approaches to abnormal liver function test results are also covered, examining elevated bilirubin, enzymes, and the ratios between different values to determine the underlying cause of liver disease or damage.
ANESTHESIA FOR PTS WITH LIVER DISEASE.pptxrijjorajoo
This document discusses anesthesia considerations for patients with liver disease undergoing surgery. It emphasizes the importance of optimizing liver function preoperatively through correcting electrolyte imbalances and coagulopathies. During surgery, careful monitoring is needed due to risks of hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability. Anesthetic agents are chosen and dosed cautiously due to potential liver metabolism. Postoperatively, patients are at high risk for complications and may require intensive care due to risk of further hepatic decompensation from the surgery. The overall goal of perioperative care is to maintain hepatic blood flow and oxygen delivery to prevent additional liver injury.
Controverse in terapia cu statine in hepatopatiile cronice difuzeALEXANDRU ANDRITOIU
sunt prezentate rezultate din studii si cazuri clinice particulare, exemplificand-se dislipidemia din diverse afectiuni hepatice difuze si rolul terapiei cu statine, intre riscuri si beneficii la acesti pacienti
This document provides an overview of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It defines NAFLD and discusses its prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis involving insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation, natural history including progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis, clinical features such as elevated liver enzymes and asymptomatic presentation, diagnosis using imaging and biopsy, and treatment options focusing on weight loss through diet and exercise. The pathogenesis involves fat accumulation due to insulin resistance followed by lipid peroxidation and inflammation. Sustained weight loss through lifestyle changes is the primary treatment recommendation.
This document discusses a case of alcoholic liver disease being investigated by Dr. N. Gautam. It provides background information on liver anatomy, alcohol metabolism, and the pathophysiology and clinical presentations of alcoholic liver disease. It describes the typical laboratory investigations performed for ALD including liver enzymes, bilirubin, proteins, and coagulation factors. The document then presents findings from a 45-year-old chronic alcoholic male patient presenting with abdominal pain, jaundice and altered sensorium, with laboratory results consistent with severe alcoholic hepatitis.
- Hepatocellular injury patterns are seen with elevated AST and ALT and are often caused by drugs, alcohol, viral hepatitis, steatohepatitis, autoimmune conditions, and genetic disorders. Cholestatic patterns feature elevated alkaline phosphatase and can be from intrahepatic causes like primary biliary cirrhosis or extrahepatic causes like gallstones, cholangiocarcinoma, or chronic pancreatitis. Isolated hyperbilirubinemia may indicate hemolysis, liver disease, or genetic conditions affecting bilirubin metabolism.
Similar to Prescribing psychiatric medicines in liver disease (20)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
3. Scope of this presentation
• Functions of liver
• Clinical features of liver disease
• Understand the few definitions in defining liver diseases
• Causes of liver diseases
• Judicial use of laboratory investigation in assessment of liver disease
• Models and scoring system in the evaluation of liver disease
• Alterations of pharmacokinetics in liver disease
• Why this is important in psychiatric practice
6. Liver : Functions
• The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate, protein and lipid
metabolism:
Gluconeogenesis ,Glycogenolysis ,Glycogenesis ,Glycogenesis , Glucose buffer
function, Amino acid synthesis, Protein metabolism (synthesis as well as
degradation), Cholesterol synthesis Lipogenesis, the production of triglycerides
(fats), Lipoprotein synthesis and Beta oxidation.
• Synthesis of proteins and hormones
Albumin, Acute phase proteins. Clotting factors, Steroid binding and other
hormone binding proteins
Erythropoietin, IGF-1, Thrombopoietin, Angiotensinogen, 25 hydrxoy
choolecalciferol
10. Clinical features cont….
Pigmentation of face Pallor Jaundice
KF ring Parotid swelling Gynaecomastia
Spider naevi Palmar erythema Leuconychia
Dupyutren’s contracture Half and half nail Asterixis
Testicular atrophy Scratch marks Echymotic patches
Muscle wasting Clubbing Edema
Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Ascites Dilated veins
Caput medusa
11.
12.
13. Few definitions
• Hepatitis : inflammation of the liver
• Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis represents a late stage of progressive hepatic
fibrosis characterized by distortion of the hepatic architecture and the
formation of regenerative nodules
• Compensated cirrhosis: Patients with compensated cirrhosis do not
have symptoms related to their cirrhosis, but may have asymptomatic
esophageal or gastric varices
• Decompensated cirrhosis : have symptomatic complications related
to cirrhosis, including those related to hepatic insufficiency jaundice,
and those related to portal hypertension ascites, variceal
hemorrhage, or hepatic encephalopathy.
14. Few definitions….
• Acute liver failure : Development of severe acute liver injury with
encephalopathy and impaired synthetic function (INR of ≥1.5) in a
patient without cirrhosis or preexisting liver disease in <26 weeks.
• Chronic liver failure: Development of liver injury characterized by
encephalopathy and impaired synthetic function (INR of ≥1.5,
albumin < 30g/l), with or without evidence of portal hypertension in a
patient without cirrhosis or preexisting liver disease in > 26 weeks
• NAFLD : in which fat builds up in the liver
• NAFL :hepatic steatosis is present without evidence of significant
inflammation
• NASH : Hepatic steatosis is associated with hepatic inflammation
17. Laboratory investigations in the liver disease
• To assess the extent of hepatocellular damage
• To assess the hepatocellular functions
• To assess the patency of biliary systems and venous drainage
• To assess the possible causes of the disease
• To assess the severity and stage the disease process
• To assess the associated co morbidities
• To assess the efficacy of treatments for liver disease
• To monitor the progression of a disease such as viral or
alcoholic hepatitis.
18. Lab Investigations…
• AST-ALT-ALP
• Bilirubin – total/indirect
• Albumin
• INR
• Glucose (RBS)
• Na-K, PH
• FBC/plt
• Ammonia
• Viral serologies
• ANA-ASMA-AMA
• Ceruloplasmin
• Iron profile, PCM levels
• Blood cultures
The pattern of
abnormalities on these
tests is more accurate
than any of the
individual tests
19. • ALT is present in highest concentration in the liver. AST is found, in
decreasing order of concentration, in the liver, cardiac muscle,
skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, pancreas, and AST is less specific
than ALT for liver disease.
• AST and ALT are elevated in most liver diseases.
• Elevations up to eight times (300 IU/l) the upper limit of normal
are nonspecific and may be found in any liver disorders.
• AST , ALT > 1000 occur in disorders associated with extensive
hepatocellular injury, such as acute viral hepatitis, ischemic
hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis and acute drug- or toxin-induced
liver injury (PCM toxicity)
20. • The AST/ALT ratio is approximately 0.8 in normal subjects.
• AST > ALT in alcoholic liver disease and a ratio greater than
2:1 is suggestive of this disorder
• Several other patterns of laboratory abnormalities may also
be supportive of the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease:
• >2 folds rise in the GGT in patients whose AST to ALT ratio is
> 2 strongly suggests alcohol abuse
• High AST and ALT levels can occur in patients with primary
muscle disease, A concurrent increase in CPK, LDH levels
suggests muscle source
21. NAFLD
• NAFLD may present solely with mild elevations of the serum
aminotransferases.
• The diagnosis of NAFLD requires all of the following
• Demonstration of hepatic steatosis by imaging or biopsy
• Exclusion of significant alcohol consumption
• Exclusion of other causes of hepatic steatosis.
• NAFLD is subdivided into nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
• NAFLD is more common in women, and associated with obesity,
type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia and metabolic
syndrome.
22. • Ratio of AST to ALT is usually less than one (ALT > AST)
• The initial evaluation to identify the presence of fatty
infiltration of the liver is radiologic imaging including
ultrasonography, CT, or MRI
• Radiologic imaging cannot identify inflammation. Thus, the
differentiation between NAFL and NASH requires a liver biopsy
23. • Tests of hepatic injury/inflammation:
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
• Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
• The tests of liver function:
• INR, PT, Albumin, Bilirubin ( measures the liver's ability to detoxify metabolites and
transport organic anions into bile)
• Indicators of cholestasis
• ALP>>AST/ALT
• Conjugated bil>> unconjugated
• ↑GGT,
• USG- Intrahepatic biliary duct dilation
24.
25. Evaluation of liver disease
• Establishing the etiologic diagnosis: hepatocellular, cholestatic or
mixed
• Estimating the disease severity (grading): active or inactive, mild to
severe
• Establishing the disease stage: acute or chronic, pre-cirrhotic,
cirrhotic, or end stage
26. Models and scoring systems to assess the severity
of liver diseases
• The prognosis of liver disease is highly variable since it is influenced by a
number of factors, including etiology, severity, presence of complications, and
comorbid diseases
• NAS :
• NAFLD activity score is a validated score that is used to grade disease
activity in patients with NAFLD.
• The NAS is the sum of the biopsy's individual scores for steatosis
• NAS of 1 or 2 corresponds to NAFL, 3 to 4 corresponds to borderline NASH,
and a score ≥5 corresponds to NASH
• Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score (CTP)
• CTP has been shown to accurately predict outcomes in patients with
cirrhosis and portal hypertension. widely used to assess the risk of mortality
in cirrhotic patients.
28. • Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD)
• Estimates the survival probability of a patient with end-stage liver disease
• Include bilirubin, INR and serum creatinine
• Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score
• A multivariate model predicting mortality in alcoholic hepatitis.
• Include age, bilirubin (day 1 and 6 to 9), blood urea, PT, WBC
Day 28
survival ( % )
Day 84
survival ( % )
Day 1 score
GAHS <9 87 79
GAHS >9 46 40
Day 6-9 score
GAHS <9 93 86
GAHS >9 47 37
31. Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics
• Hepatic disease may lead to
• Increased or decreased absorption,
• Altered first pass metabolism (development of portosystemic
shunts that may carry a drug absorbed from the gut through
the mesenteric veins directly into the systemic circulation)
• Variable bioavailability after oral administration
• Drug accumulation
• Failure to form an active or inactive metabolite
• Alteration in drug protein binding, and kidney function.
• Drug distribution In the patients with liver cirrhosis: (oedema
and ascites)volume of distribution of hydrophillic drugs is
increased
• Reduction in intrinsic hepatic clearance
32. Some examples of drugs with high and low
hepatic extraction
High extraction ratio Low extraction ratio
Antidepressants
Chlorpromazine/haloperidol
Calcium channel blockers
Morphine
Glyceryl trinitrates
Levodopa
Propranolol
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs
Diazepam
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Warfarin
Portosystemic shunts will decrease hepatic
blood flow and lower hepatic clearance thus risk
toxicity of drugs with high extraction ratio
33. Hepatic enzyme induction and inhibition
• Liver microsomal enzyme inducers: drugs that increase the activities
of liver microsomal enzymes and increase the metabolism of itself
and other drugs.
• Induction of drug metabolism can lead to unexpected drops in drug
concentration or the build up of metabolites.
• Liver microsomal enzyme inhibitors : drugs that decrease the
activities of liver microsomal enzymes and decrease the metabolism
of itself and other drugs.
• Inhibition of drug metabolism can lead to unexpected accumulation
of drugs.
• The major organ involved in the metabolism is liver, and major
enzyme is CYP 450.
34. Alcohol and liver drug metabolism
• An acute ingestion of alcohol may inhibit a drug's metabolism by competing
with the drug for the same set of metabolizing enzymes.
• Hepatic enzyme induction may occur with chronic excessive alcohol
ingestion resulting in increased clearance of certain drugs (for example
phenytoin, benzodiazepines).
• After these enzymes have been induced, they remain so in the absence of
alcohol for several weeks after cessation of drinking.
• Some enzymes induced by chronic alcohol consumption transform some
drugs (for example paracetamol) into toxic compounds that can damage the
liver
35.
36. Factors to consider when prescribing in liver disease
• Determine the degree of hepatic impairment, by hepatic enzyme
levels , bilirubin level, PT/INR , albumin and possibly as ultrasound of
the liver with portal vein Doppler study.
• Ascertain how much the drug depends on hepatic metabolism
• If > 90% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine, then hepatic
impairment is unlikely to play a significant role in accumulation of the drug
• If there is doubt about the degree of hepatic impairment or the drug
has a narrow therapeutic index, then lower the recommended
starting dose by 50% and titrate to effect under careful supervision -
'start low and go slow’
• Determine possible interactions between the new drug and any drugs
the patient is already taking
37. Why this is important in psychiatric practice
• Drugs used in the psychiatric practice are itself hepatotoxic , which
may induce the hepatic insult
• Hepatocellular -Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Risperidone, Sertraline,
Trazodone, valproate
• Cholestasis- Chlorpromazine
• Mixed –Amitriptyline, Carbamazepine, Cyproheptadine,
Phenobarbital, Phenothiazines, Phenytoin and Trazodone
• Presence of liver impairment will affect the drugs pharmacokinetics in
many ways, which ultimately result in high or low blood levels of drug
• Psychiatric drugs depend on hepatic metabolism and hepatic
excretion
• Drugs High extraction ratio will be shunted to systemic circulation
due to reduced Porto-hepatic blood flow secondary to portal
hypertension
• Antidepressants, Chlorpromazine/haloperidol
38. • Alcoholism is common among psychiatric patients , pharmacokinetic
interaction between alcohol and drugs is more complex
• SSRI are liver enzyme inhibitors therefore there is a possibility of toxic
accumulation of concurrent medication.
• Patient with psychiatric illness may be having drugs for medical
condition which may be altering the effectiveness of psychiatic medicine
via altered liver metabolism
39. How to work out the individual drug
pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interections
• Lets use the tech
40.
41. • A lady of 65 years who is living alone , has been suffering from weakness,
polyuria, weight gain and occasional diarrhoea for two months. She is
hospitalized because of dysarthria , confusion and drowsiness for 48 hours.
She was suffering from depression for long time and took treatments
• FBC
• Hb- 10.5 , WBC 11 000 N 80, L 16 PLT 280
• RBS -5.4 mmol/L
• Na- 155 mmol/L, K- 6.1 mmol/L
• Bicarb – 11.8
• Creat – 1.5 mg/dl
• TSH - 18 (0.3- 5 mIU/ L
• ECG- low voltage , CXR- normal, CT Brain- age specific cerebral atrophy
• What is the most possible diagnosis?
• Suggest three investigations?
42. Take home message
• Prescribing in hepatic impairment is less well defined when compared to
guidelines for prescribing in renal failure.
• Hepatic dysfunction is less overt and may not be apparent until much of the
functioning liver is lost.
• Knowledge of the metabolism of drugs eliminated by the liver is useful along
with close monitoring of the patient for unwanted adverse effects related to
possible toxicity.
• Drugs with a narrow therapeutic range that are extensively metabolized by the
liver (> 20% by hepatic metabolism) should be avoided or used with extreme
caution in patients with significant liver disease
• When introducing long-term treatment with a drug with high hepatic clearance
or a narrow therapeutic index, assess liver function (clinically and with baseline
liver function tests)