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Lithosphere 1 notes
The document provides an overview of the lithosphere and the rock cycle. It discusses how the lithosphere is composed of the solid crust and upper mantle. It then describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the processes involved in the rock cycle that create and recycle each rock type, including crystallization, melting, weathering, erosion, deposition, and heat/pressure. Key features of each rock type are also outlined.
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Lithosphere 1 notes
- 1. LITHOSPHERE 1 Rocks & Minerals ppt.by Robin D. Seamon HOOK VIDEO: Making of North America (55 min)
- 2. COMPOSITION VOCABULARY: lithosphere crust mantle asthenosphere pedosphere inner core outer core plasticity convection radioactivedecay 6 steps of rock cycle uplift
- 3. Lithosphere: solid layer comprised of crust& Asthenosphere (upper mantle)
- 4. Lithosphere: solid layer comprised of crust& asthenosphere (upper mantle)
- 5. Lithosphere: solid layer comprised of crust& asthenosphere (upper mantle) Pedosphere: soil layer • The Lithosphere is dynamic (changing) • Heat from the center • Energy from the Sun
- 6. OUTSIDE: • Sun’s Energyon the atmosphere and water make: • Wind • Currents • Evaporation- Water Cycle • This causes weather & larger patterns of climate • It influences Water Cycle which controls weathering, erosion, & deposition
- 7. INSIDE: • Decay ofradioactive isotopes • The release of this heat causes: • churning of the molten rock inside • Release of heat through cracks/vents in the crust • Convection causes plates of crust to move about 99% of rock inside the Earth is greater than 2,000˚F (radioactive decay generates the heat)
- 8. CRUST Crust: (0.2 –1.1 % crust or 4-43 miles deep) 700˚F- 1,500˚F • Solid • Outermost layer affected by solar radiation, weathering, & erosion
- 9. MANTLE • (45 %of interior) hot magma 7,000˚F • Plastic (so hot it is malleable) • Upper part that supports the plats is called the asthenosphere
- 10. • (54% ofinterior) Fe, Ni 10,000˚F • Inner Core: solid metal • Outer Core: liquid HOT CORE
- 11. Geothermal: relating to heat insidethe earth DEEPEST man-made hole: Kola Superdeep borehole- NW Russia • 40,000 ft & then too hot to dig more Crust 21 miles deep in Baltic Region At 7.4 miles, 300˚F Average oil well is ~ 1 mile Scientists try to harness this geothermal Energy for renewable Energy source
- 12. Rock Cycle VOCABULARY: subduction uplift crystallization heat &pressure weathering/erosion/deposition Compaction/cementation Melting
- 13. ROCK CYCLE Rock Cycle:process by which new crust is continually being recycled The crust has forces acting upon it through the Rock Cycle that changes its shape like you would clay: • Pulled apart • Compressed together • Subducted • Melted • Weathered VIDEO: Bill Nye Rock Cycle 3 min
- 14. What powers theRock Cycle? 1. Gravity: creates pressure 2. Convection: caused by heat; makes pressure
- 15. PROCESSES: 1. crystallization 2. heat& pressure 3. weathering/erosion/deposition 4. Compaction/cementation 5. Melting -ACTIVITY LINK http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/rock-cycle.html VIDEO: Rocks and Minerals (4 min)
- 16. Each type ofrock can turn into the other kind of rocks! LAB
- 17. ROCKS & MINERALS VOCABULARY: rockregional metamorphism mineral contact metamorphism Mineral classifications MOHS Hardness scale strata clastic igneous metamorphic sedimentary intrusive/plutonic extrusive/volcanic crystalline/chemical organic sedimentary foliated non-foliated
- 19. VIDEO: What isa mineral (3 min)
- 20. 1.Color 2.Luster: the waya surface reflects light 3.Streak: the color of a mineral in powdered form (how it rubs against a streak plate) 4.Cleavage- the tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces /Fracture- tendency of a mineral to break unevenly 5.Hardness: how easy/hard it is to scratch; on Mohs scale 1=soft to 10=hard 6.Density: how much matter in a given space (cm3) IDENTIFYING MINERALS VIDEO: Mineral Characteristics Tests (2 min)
- 21. COLOR- Easy to recognize but notas reliable Quartz Variations Colorless Minerals
- 22. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/grocha/mineral/images/cleavage.jpg Quartz Fracture CLEAVAGE: tendency of a mineralto split on smooth, flat surfaces
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- 24. geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/streak.htm :www.championjewelery.us/ STREAK: the colorof a mineral when rubbed against a course surface (streak plate)
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- 26. OTHER PROPERTIES: Magnetism: magnetite& pyrrhotite attract iron Fluorescence: calcite & fluorite glow under UV light Taste: halite is salty-tasting http://commons.wikimedia.org/wi ki/File:Fluorescent_minerals_hg. jpg http://www.msnucleus.org/m embership/html/k- 6/rc/minerals/2/rcm2_5a.html http://www.mchenry.edu/d epts/EAS/courses/eas170/ minerals/pages/Magnetite. htm http://euromin.w3sites.n et/mineraux/images/15 864.jpg
- 27. Chemical reaction: calcitewill become bubbly (fizz) when a drop of weak acid is on it (basalt, limestone, marble sandstone) Optical properties: a thin, clear piece of calcite placed over an image will make a double image Radioactivity: minerals containing radium or uranium
- 28. ROCKS • Minerals- naturallyoccurring chemical compound with a defined composition & crystalline structure • Rock- solid combination of different minerals
- 29. 3 Main Kindsof Rocks: • Igneous- • intrusive • extrusive • Metamorphic- • foliated • Non-foliated • Sedimentary- • clastic • organic • chemical VIDEO: The Rock Cycle: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic (4 min)
- 30. Igneous rock- rockformed from cooling magma • Intrusive igneous (plutonic): crystalizes inside the earth slowly (hot in there) making larger crystals • Extrusive igneous (volcanic): crystalizes fast outside the earth (cooler) making fewer crystals KINDS OF MAGMA: Mafic- richer in Mg & Fe & Ca (darker color) • hotter, thinner flows Felsic- richer in Si, Na,& K (lighter color) • Cooler, thicker flows granite, rhyolite Continental crust gabbro, basalt Oceanic crust
- 31. IGNEOUS ROCKS- KeyFeatures:
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- 34. Intrusion: place wheremagma fills a crack under the surface & crystalizes.
- 35. Sedimentary rock: madefrom weathered remains of parent rock or plant/animal remains STEPS: 1. Weathering & Erosion of parent rock 2. Deposition: dropping off sediment 3. Bedding: layering; creates pressure 4. Pressure: turns sediment into new rock • Hold fossils that describe Earth’s early life forms • The strata (layers) help determine relative age of rock
- 36. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS- KeyFeatures:
- 37. Clay sediment makes shale Sandsediment makes sandstone Mineral deposits in water make limestone Coal- Dead plants & animals make fossil fuels Gravel, shell, & fossils make conglomerate Clastic Sedimentary: mechanical weathering debris Organic Sedimentary: accumulation of plant/animal debris
- 38. Crystalline (Chemical) Sedimentary:dissolved materials precipitate from a solution Flint/ Chert (These Silicon dioxide crystals grow within soft sediments that will become limestone/chalk) Iron Ore (iron ore deposits began forming when 1st photosynthetic organisms began releasing O2- rusting the dissolved Fe in the water) 1.8 bya VIDEO Tutorial: Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks (8 min)
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- 40. Metamorphic rock: rockis under heat & pressure for a long time so that it chemically &/or physically changes into another type of rock 1. Regional metamorphism: Pressure • Make Foliated rocks- banded pattern due to direct heat/pressure, flattening out the minerals into a sheet pattern 2. Contact metamorphism: Heat • Make Non-foliated rocks- form around igneous intrusions where temperature is high, but pressure is relatively low
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- 42. METAMORPHIC ROCKS- KeyFeatures:
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- 45. METAMORPHIC ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK 1. OCEAN RAIN MAGMA SEDIMENTARY ROCK 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. EH1 UNITCHECK 3 A- crystallization B- melting C- erosion D- deposition E- heat & pressure F- uplift G- burial and compaction C D G E F B A
- 46. Mineral Reference TableLINK Rock ID Reference Table LINK RESOURCE Link: https://www.radford.edu/jtso/GeologyofVirginia/Minerals/GeologyOfV AMinerals1-3a.html