Bahria Universiry Karachi Campus- Bs English, Semester 5.
Definition of literary criticism and theory.
Comparison between both the terms.
Types of theories and approaches to literary criticism.
Difference between Theoretical and Practical CriticismHema Goswami
Theoretical criticism, practical criticism, theories,experimental or applied criticism, dof perspective, mint to world and world to mind direction of fit
Difference between Theoretical and Practical CriticismHema Goswami
Theoretical criticism, practical criticism, theories,experimental or applied criticism, dof perspective, mint to world and world to mind direction of fit
Int. to Literary Theory & Literary Criticism
Compiled By Belachew W/Gebriel (bellachew@gmail.com)
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
This is the presentation I had during my master class presentation. I hope by sharing this topic here I can help students who are having difficulty in understanding this lens in Literary Criticism
Neoclassical Literary Criticism
Compled by: Belachew Weldegebriel (Assistant Professor/English Literature)
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Jimma, Ethiopia
This is a brief presentation of the basic concepts introduced by Russian formalism. It might be considered as a suitable departing point to the understanding of this literary theory.
Int. to Literary Theory & Literary Criticism
Compiled By Belachew W/Gebriel (bellachew@gmail.com)
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
This is the presentation I had during my master class presentation. I hope by sharing this topic here I can help students who are having difficulty in understanding this lens in Literary Criticism
Neoclassical Literary Criticism
Compled by: Belachew Weldegebriel (Assistant Professor/English Literature)
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Jimma, Ethiopia
This is a brief presentation of the basic concepts introduced by Russian formalism. It might be considered as a suitable departing point to the understanding of this literary theory.
The students are in dire need of something that helps them to understand basic concepts in simple language. This presentation attempts to explain key concepts like Criticism, types of criticism, critical theory and about other literary terms.
Take the quiz to discover what poem you have been assigned to discus.docxbriankimberly26463
Take the quiz to discover what poem you have been assigned to discuss this week;
"On Being Brought From Africa to America" By: Phillis Wheatley
2.Look through the critical approaches in the Week 4 lesson, and CHOOSE 2 that you think could be used to analyze the poem you chose.
Literary Critical Theory:
Interpretive Strategies
1. Historicism considers the literary work in light of "what really happened" during the period reflected in that work. It insists that to understand a piece, we need to understand the author's biography and social background, ideas circulating at the time, and the cultural milieu. Historicism also "finds significance in the ways a particular work resembles or differs from other works of its period and/or genre," and therefore may involve source studies. It may also include examination of philology and linguistics. It is typically a discipline involving impressively extensive research.
2. New Criticism examines the relationships between a text's ideas and its form, "the connection between what a text says and the way it's said." New Critics/Formalists "may find tension, irony, or paradox in this relation, but they usually resolve it into unity and coherence of meaning." New Critics look for patterns of sound, imagery, narrative structure, point of view, and other techniques discernible on close reading of "the work itself." They insist that the meaning of a text should not be confused with the author's intentions nor the text's affective dimension--its effects on the reader. The objective determination as to "how a piece works" can be found through close focus and analysis, rather than through extraneous and erudite special knowledge.
3. Archetypal criticism "traces cultural and psychological 'myths' that shape the meaning of texts." It argues that "certain literary archetypes determine the structure and function of individual literary works," and therefore that literature imitates not the world but rather the "total dream of humankind." Archetypes (recurring images or symbols, patterns, universal experiences) may include motifs such as the quest or the heavenly ascent, symbols such as the apple or snake, or images such as crucifixion--all laden with meaning already when employed in a particular work.
4. Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret what a text really indicates. It argues that "unresolved and sometimes unconscious ambivalences in the author's own life may lead to a disunified literary work," and that the literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. Psychoanalytic critics focus on apparent dilemmas and conflicts in a work and "attempt to read an author's own family life and traumas into the actions of their characters," realizing that the psychological material will be expressed indirectly, encoded (similar to dreams) through principles such as "condensation," "displacement," and "symbolism."
5. Femini.
I hope, it is quite helpful for the beginner to understand the concept of contemporary Literary theory. Students can take the help to study and understand the basics of contemporary literary theory. It includes concise concepts, tenets and components to make the strategic study for competitive examination at one specific study material.
Browse these common theories. When considered singularly and collectively, they're useful approaches to great works of literature for interpreting and finding meaning.
Literary Theory New Criticism A theory that is not concerned w.docxsmile790243
Literary Theory
New Criticism
A theory that is not concerned with context -- historical, biographical, intellectual; not interested in the intent, affect or meaning of the author or the reader-response reaction of the reader. It is solely concerned with the text itself -- its language and organization; how the text speaks for itself. This approach would involve an intense reading of the text (used mostly in poetry analysis) in which the language and style is closely examined, without giving any consideration to the meaning or emotion of the writer or the reader (also known as Formalist Criticism)
Reader-Response
The reader takes an active role in deciphering meaning. A poem, for instance, has no real existence or meaning until it is read; its meaning can only be discussed by its readers. We differ about interpretations only because our ways of reading differ. It is the reader who applies the code in which the message is written and in this way actualizes what would otherwise remain only potentially meaningful. Hence, the reader is not a passive recipient of an entirely formulated meaning, but an active agent in the making of meaning. The meaning of the text is never self-formulated by the writer; the reader must act upon the textual material in order to produce meaning.
Feminist Theory
Since traditional literary theory is based on patriarchal systems (male-dominated writing and criticism), the feminist critics wish to divorce themselves from any one particular past theory as they focus on redefining literature from a feminine perspective. In so doing, critics focus on female characters; redefining women’s roles in literature and life, and examining the treatment of women in literature from a woman’s point of view.
Historicism
In Historicism, critics view literary history as part of a larger cultural history. Historicists studied literature in the context of social, political and cultural history, and they viewed a nation’s literary history as an expression of its evolving spirit. Studying the particular period of history during which a piece of literature was written could give the reader the necessary background on that writer’s point of view and his influences. Biographical Criticism examines an author's life history in order to gain insight into his literary work.
Psychological Criticism
Critics view literature through the lens of modern psychology, exploring human behavior (conscious, subconscious and unconscious), literary language and symbolism. Psychological criticism often employs three approaches: the creative process of the author, the author's motivation and behavior, and the psychoanalysis of an author's fictional characters. Sociological Criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received, and explores the relationship between artist and society.
Marxist Criticism
A form of sociological criticism which focuses on the economic and political elements of art. M ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. ➔ The term ‘criticism’ is often
understood to be:
the act of finding fault; censure;
disapproval.
➔ But the term ‘criticism’ as it is used in
this course signifies:
the act of interpreting, analyzing and
making judgments of individual and
comparative worth of works of art
such as literature
The Term
‘Criticism’
3. What is literary criticism?
➔ Literary criticism is the interpretation, analysis, classification and ultimately
the judgment of literary works.
➔ It is usually in the form of a critical essay, but in-depth book reviews can
sometimes be considered as literary criticism.
➔ Criticism may examine a particular literary work, or may look at an author's
writings as a whole.
4. Who is a Literary Critic?
➔ A literary critic is someone who argues on behalf of an interpretation or
understanding of the particular meaning(s) of literary texts.
➔ Attempts to explain and reach a critical understanding of what literary texts
mean in terms of their aesthetic, as well as social, political, and cultural
statements and suggestions.
➔ Seeks to reach a logical and reasonable understanding of what a text’s author
intends for it to mean, and what different cultures and ideologies render it
capable of meaning.
5. Literary Theory
➔ Different lenses critics use to view
and talk about literature, that allow
critics to consider works of art based
on certain assumptions within that
school of thought/theory.
➔ E.g. if a critic is working with certain
Marxist theories, they might focus on
how the characters in a story interact
based on their economic situation.
6. Literary Criticism vs Literary Theory
➔ Literary criticism is the practice of
interpreting and writing about
literature as the latter, in turn, strives
to make sense of the world.
➔ There are many different
approaches we can take to critical
analysis.
➔ Literary theory is the study of the
principles which inform how critics
make sense of literary works.
➔ Literary theories provide a
framework for the discussion or
criticism of a text.
For example, a feminist literary critic might take the feminist theories of Helene
Cixous, and seek to reach a critical understanding of a novel such as Jane
Austen’s Pride & Prejudice.
7. THEORETICAL
Discusses the nature of
literature, and the relation
between literature, critics
and society.
DESCRIPTIVE
Tends to explain the
piece of literature as it
is, in its original form
PRESCRIPTIVE
Argues on how it
ought to be.
PRACTICAL
Focuses on the
examination of
individual text
E.g Aristotle’s
observations on tragedy
are descriptive, rather
than prescriptive.
E.g. Neoclassical era
marks strictly prescriptive
doctrines of criticism.
E.g. Psychoanalytic theory of Freud explores
the role of consciousnesses and the
unconscious in literature including that of the
author, reader, and characters in the text.
E.g. Dryden’s examination of Ben
Jonson’s
play The Silent Woman at the end
of his Essay of Dramatic Poesy.
Types of Literary Criticism
8. Critical Theories of Literature
Historical/Biographical Approach:
➔ Views literature as the reflection of an
author's life and times (or of the
characters' life and times).
➔ It is necessary to know about the author
and the political, economical, and
sociological context of his times in order
to truly understand his works.
Moral / Philosophical Approach:
➔ Asserts that the larger purpose of
literature is to teach morality and to probe
philosophical issues.
➔ Authors intend to instruct the audience in
some way.
9. New Historicist Approach:
➔ New historicist critics view literature as part of
history, and furthermore, as an expression of
forces on history.
➔ The work tells us something about the
surrounding ideology (slavery, rights of women,
etc.)
➔ Traditional (or “Old”) historicism is, by its
nature, a subjective narrative, usually told from
the point of view of the powerful, the “winners.”
Most cultures, once dominated by another, are
forced to forget their past. Literature,
especially, gives subjective voice to the
oppressed. (e.g.: slave narratives)
Formalism / New Criticism
➔ Involves a close reading of the text all
information essential to the interpretation
of a work must be found within the work
itself.
➔ Focuses on analyzing irony, paradox,
imagery, and metaphor.
➔ Also interested in the work's setting,
characters, symbols, and point of view.
➔ No need to bring in outside information
about the history, politics, or society of the
time, or about the author's life.
10. Psychological Approach:
➔ Views works through the lens of
psychology.
➔ Looks either at the psychological
motivations of the characters or of the
authors themselves e.g. Oedipus
complex.
➔ Most frequently applies Freudian
psychology to works, but other
approaches also exist.
Feminist Approach:
➔ the ways in which literature (and other
cultural productions) reinforce or
undermine the economic, political, social,
and psychological oppression of women
➔ Role of women in the literary work;
representations of women Power
structures between men and women
➔ The female/feminine experience
11. Marxist Approach:
➔ Karl Marx perceived human history to have
consisted of a series of struggles between
classes--between the oppressed and the
oppressing.
➔ Focus on the ideological content of a
work; Explicit and implicit assumptions
and values about race, culture, class, and
power.
➔ Texts are political in nature, responding to
larger social and material constructs.
Postcolonial Approach:
➔ Focuses on the reading and writing of literature
written in previously or currently colonized
countries.
➔ The literature is composed of colonizing
countries that deals with colonization or
colonized peoples.
➔ Greatly interested in the cultures of the
colonizer and the colonized, postcolonial theory
seeks to critically investigate what happens
when two cultures clash and one of them
ideologically fashions itself as superior and
assumes dominance and control over the other.