Criticism: Psychoanalytic, Cultural Criticism, and Structuralism
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Psychoanalytic criticism analyzes literary texts to understand the unconscious desires and anxieties of the author by interpreting the text as a manifestation of the author's psyche, similar to analyzing dreams. It seeks to understand unresolved emotions and psychological conflicts in the author through the behavior of characters. Cultural criticism aims to break down hierarchies between high and low culture and analyze popular culture as well as classics. It examines political and social reasons for valuing certain aesthetic works over others. Structuralism views literature as a system of signs and seeks to understand the underlying organizational codes and patterns that regulate all literature through sociological and anthropological analysis of works in broader context.
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Carl Jung developed the concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Archetypes are universal symbols that are shared across cultures and literature, buried deep in our collective unconscious. Archetypal criticism examines literature for these archetypes. Some common archetypes include characters like the hero, mentor, mother, father; natural symbols like the sun, fire, water; colors; and situations involving quests, journeys, initiation, creation and destruction. When analyzing works, critics look for these recurring archetypal patterns and symbols to understand how the work connects with deep unconscious meanings.
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Described below are nine common critical approaches to the literature. Quotations are from X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia’s Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, Sixth Edition (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), pages 1790-1818.
· Formalist Criticism: This approach regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.” All the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of form—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.—that are found within the text. A primary goal for formalist critics is to determine how such elements work together with the text’s content to shape its effects upon readers.
· Biographical Criticism: This approach “begins with the simple but central insight that literature is written by actual people and that understanding an author’s life can help readers more thoroughly comprehend the work.” Hence, it often affords a practical method by which readers can better understand a text. However, a biographical critic must be careful not to take the biographical facts of a writer’s life too far in criticizing the works of that writer: the biographical critic “focuses on explicating the literary work by using the insight provided by knowledge of the author’s life.... [B]iographical data should amplify the meaning of the text, not drown it out with irrelevant material.”
· Historical Criticism: This approach “seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced it—a context that necessarily includes the artist’s biography and milieu.” A key goal for historical critics is to understand the effect of a literary work upon its original readers.
· Gender Criticism: This approach “examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works.” Originally an offshoot of feminist movements, gender criticism today includes a number of approaches, including the so-called “masculinist” approach recently advocated by poet Robert Bly. The bulk of gender criticism, however, is feminist and takes as a central precept that the patriarchal attitudes that have dominated western thought have resulted, consciously or unconsciously, in literature “full of unexamined ‘male-produced’ assumptions.” Feminist criticism attempts to correct this imbalance by analyzing and combatting such attitudes—by questioning, for example, why none of the characters in Shakespeare’s play Othello ever challenge the right of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery. Other goals of feminist critics include “analyzing how sexual identity influences the reader of a text” and “examin[ing] how the images of men and women in imaginative literature reflect or reject the social forces that have historically kept th ...
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Literary criticism involves analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and discussing literature. It examines elements like genre, structure, and value. Literary criticism aims to understand what literature is, what purpose it serves, and what value it possesses. It provides frameworks for interpreting works through considering aspects like historical context, social influences, and symbolic meanings embedded in the text. Different schools of criticism offer various lenses for revealing important aspects of literary works.
Literary theory and criticism
Bahria Universiry Karachi Campus- Bs English, Semester 5.
Definition of literary criticism and theory.
Comparison between both the terms.
Types of theories and approaches to literary criticism.
Contemporary Literary Theory _ Study Material
I hope, it is quite helpful for the beginner to understand the concept of contemporary Literary theory. Students can take the help to study and understand the basics of contemporary literary theory. It includes concise concepts, tenets and components to make the strategic study for competitive examination at one specific study material.
Literary Criticism
This document defines and explains literary criticism. It begins by exploring the origins and definitions of "critic" and "criticism" from Greek roots. A critic is defined as someone who expresses a reasoned opinion on a subject's value, truth, or technique. Criticism is the analysis and judgment of a literary work. The document then defines literary criticism as the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature through various lenses or paradigms. It provides examples of different schools of literary criticism and explains them on a map with four variables: the work itself, the author, other texts, and the audience. The goal of literary criticism is to understand what is important about a text and its influences.
Assignment InstructionsWrite a 500-750 word essay on one of the fo.docx
Assignment Instructions
Write a 500-750 word essay on one of the following topics. The word count does not include formatting or the works cited page.
Write a critical analysis of one of the works from weeks 1 or 2. An overview of approaches can be found
here
, but many are quite straightforward. Psychological, gender, sociological, biographical, and historical are all approaches that many use naturally in viewing a work. However, if your interest lies elsewhere, feel free to choose another approach.
Compare and contrast two of the stories from weeks 1 and 2. Be sure that you have isolated a strong and debatable thesis on which to build the essay. Simply pointing out the differences is not analysis. Toward that end, you may want to focus on a specific element of the stories.
If there's an aspect of the stories from these two weeks that particularly interests you, you may choose your own topic, but you must run it by me first to be sure it is headed in an analytical direction.
Your essay should be formatted in
MLA style
, including double spacing throughout. All sources should be properly cited both in the text and on a works cited page. As with most academic writing, this essay should be written in third person. Please avoid both first person (I, we, our, etc.) and second person (you, your).
In the upper left-hand corner of the paper, place your name, the professor’s name, the course name, and the due date for the assignment on consecutive lines. Double space your information from your name onward, and don't forget a title. All papers should be in Times New Roman font with 12-point type with one-inch margins all the way around your paper. All paragraph indentations should be indented five spaces (use the tab key) from the left margin. All work is to be left justified. When quoting lines in literature, please research the proper way to cite short stories, plays, or poems.
You should use the online APUS library to look for scholarly sources. Be careful that you don’t create a "cut and paste" paper of information from your various sources. Your ideas are to be new and freshly constructed. Also, take great care not to plagiarize.
Whatever topic you choose you will need a debatable thesis. A
thesis
is not a fact, a quote, or a question. It is your position on the topic. The reader already knows the story; you are to offer him a new perspective based on your observations.
Since the reader is familiar with the story, summary is unnecessary. Rather than tell him what happened, tell him what specific portions of the story support your thesis.
Formalist Criticism:
This approach regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.” All the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of
form
—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.—that are found within the text. A primary goal for formalist critic ...
Many 20 Th Century.docx
This document provides instructions for a literary analysis assignment. Students are asked to write a 3-4 page analysis of a short story that incorporates research from outside sources while advancing their own interpretation. The analysis must use one of several approaches, such as a formal, historical, biographical, sociological, philosophical, or psychological analysis. Students are expected to accurately cite at least 3 research sources in MLA format to support their own thesis about the short story. Examples of potential topics are given for each analytical approach.
Introduction to literary theories
This document provides an overview of various literary theories that can be used to analyze texts, including reader response theory, formalist criticism, archetypal criticism, cultural/post-colonial criticism, historical/biographical criticism, new historical criticism, psychological criticism, Marxist criticism, feminist criticism, structuralism, and postmodern theory. It describes the key assumptions and approaches of each theory and provides examples of how each lens can be applied when evaluating literature.
Take the quiz to discover what poem you have been assigned to discus.docx
Take the quiz to discover what poem you have been assigned to discuss this week;
"On Being Brought From Africa to America" By: Phillis Wheatley
2.Look through the critical approaches in the Week 4 lesson, and CHOOSE 2 that you think could be used to analyze the poem you chose.
Literary Critical Theory:
Interpretive Strategies
1. Historicism considers the literary work in light of "what really happened" during the period reflected in that work. It insists that to understand a piece, we need to understand the author's biography and social background, ideas circulating at the time, and the cultural milieu. Historicism also "finds significance in the ways a particular work resembles or differs from other works of its period and/or genre," and therefore may involve source studies. It may also include examination of philology and linguistics. It is typically a discipline involving impressively extensive research.
2. New Criticism examines the relationships between a text's ideas and its form, "the connection between what a text says and the way it's said." New Critics/Formalists "may find tension, irony, or paradox in this relation, but they usually resolve it into unity and coherence of meaning." New Critics look for patterns of sound, imagery, narrative structure, point of view, and other techniques discernible on close reading of "the work itself." They insist that the meaning of a text should not be confused with the author's intentions nor the text's affective dimension--its effects on the reader. The objective determination as to "how a piece works" can be found through close focus and analysis, rather than through extraneous and erudite special knowledge.
3. Archetypal criticism "traces cultural and psychological 'myths' that shape the meaning of texts." It argues that "certain literary archetypes determine the structure and function of individual literary works," and therefore that literature imitates not the world but rather the "total dream of humankind." Archetypes (recurring images or symbols, patterns, universal experiences) may include motifs such as the quest or the heavenly ascent, symbols such as the apple or snake, or images such as crucifixion--all laden with meaning already when employed in a particular work.
4. Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret what a text really indicates. It argues that "unresolved and sometimes unconscious ambivalences in the author's own life may lead to a disunified literary work," and that the literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. Psychoanalytic critics focus on apparent dilemmas and conflicts in a work and "attempt to read an author's own family life and traumas into the actions of their characters," realizing that the psychological material will be expressed indirectly, encoded (similar to dreams) through principles such as "condensation," "displacement," and "symbolism."
5. Femini.
Intro to-literary-criticism
Literary criticism involves analyzing and interpreting works of literature. There are several approaches to literary criticism, including formalist, which focuses on elements like structure and symbolism within the text; biographical, which examines the influence of the author's life; and psychological, which applies theories like Freudian concepts to understand characters. Literary theory provides different lenses through which texts can be interpreted.
Literary Theory New Criticism A theory that is not concerned w.docx
Literary Theory
New Criticism
A theory that is not concerned with context -- historical, biographical, intellectual; not interested in the intent, affect or meaning of the author or the reader-response reaction of the reader. It is solely concerned with the text itself -- its language and organization; how the text speaks for itself. This approach would involve an intense reading of the text (used mostly in poetry analysis) in which the language and style is closely examined, without giving any consideration to the meaning or emotion of the writer or the reader (also known as Formalist Criticism)
Reader-Response
The reader takes an active role in deciphering meaning. A poem, for instance, has no real existence or meaning until it is read; its meaning can only be discussed by its readers. We differ about interpretations only because our ways of reading differ. It is the reader who applies the code in which the message is written and in this way actualizes what would otherwise remain only potentially meaningful. Hence, the reader is not a passive recipient of an entirely formulated meaning, but an active agent in the making of meaning. The meaning of the text is never self-formulated by the writer; the reader must act upon the textual material in order to produce meaning.
Feminist Theory
Since traditional literary theory is based on patriarchal systems (male-dominated writing and criticism), the feminist critics wish to divorce themselves from any one particular past theory as they focus on redefining literature from a feminine perspective. In so doing, critics focus on female characters; redefining women’s roles in literature and life, and examining the treatment of women in literature from a woman’s point of view.
Historicism
In Historicism, critics view literary history as part of a larger cultural history. Historicists studied literature in the context of social, political and cultural history, and they viewed a nation’s literary history as an expression of its evolving spirit. Studying the particular period of history during which a piece of literature was written could give the reader the necessary background on that writer’s point of view and his influences. Biographical Criticism examines an author's life history in order to gain insight into his literary work.
Psychological Criticism
Critics view literature through the lens of modern psychology, exploring human behavior (conscious, subconscious and unconscious), literary language and symbolism. Psychological criticism often employs three approaches: the creative process of the author, the author's motivation and behavior, and the psychoanalysis of an author's fictional characters. Sociological Criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in which it is written or received, and explores the relationship between artist and society.
Marxist Criticism
A form of sociological criticism which focuses on the economic and political elements of art. M ...
Literary theory 101 with notes
This document provides an overview of several literary theories:
Formalist theory focuses only on the language and elements of the text without considering context. New historicism views history broadly and sees texts as products of social constructs rather than just backdrops. Archetypal criticism sees recurring mythic patterns and archetypes influencing literature. Reader response theory examines how readers interpret and make meaning from texts. Race theory analyzes representations of race/ethnicity and their social implications. Marxist, feminist, and gender/sexual orientation theories view art and literature as political and examine themes of power structures, gender roles, and sexual orientation.
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Criticism: Psychoanalytic, Cultural Criticism, and Structuralism
- 1. Criticism Psychoanalytic, Cultural Criticism, and Structuralism
- 3. •It adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. It approaches an author’s work as a kind of textual “talk therapy”.
- 4. •One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are projections of the author's psyche.
- 5. •Like psychoanalysis itself, this critical endeavor seeks evidence of unresolved emotions, psychological conflicts, guilt, ambivalences, and so forth within the author’s literary work. The author's own childhood traumas, family life, sexual conflicts, fixations, and such will be traceable within the behavior of the characters in the literary work.
- 6. •Despite the importance of the author here, psychoanalytic criticism is similar to New Criticism in not concerning itself with "what the author intended." But what the author never intended (that is, repressed) is sought. The unconscious material has been distorted by the censoring conscious mind.
- 7. •Psychoanalytic critics will ask such questions as, "What is Hamlet's problem?" or "Why can't Brontë seem to portray any positive mother figures?"
- 9. •A cultural critic is a critic of a given culture, usually as a whole and typically on a radical basis. There is significant overlap with social and cultural theory.
- 10. • One of the goals of cultural criticism is to oppose Culture with a capital C, in other words, that new of culture which always and only equates it with what we sometimes call "high culture." Cultural critics want to make the term culture refer to popular culture as well as to that culture we associate with the so-called classics.
- 11. •Cultural critics are as likely to write about "Star Trek" as they are to analyze James Joyce's Ulysses. They want to break down the boundary between high and low, and to dismantle the hierarchy that the distinction implies. They also want to discover the (often political) reasons why a certain kind of aesthetic product is more valued than others.
- 13. •The structural critical analysis studies symmetry, trends and patterns for a particular society or for a societal comparative analysis of various societies, underlying patterns of symmetry which are held to be common to all societies.
- 14. •Corroboration is drawn from sociology and anthropology, and the study techniques categorize and evaluate the work in larger context rather than assessing its quality alone.
- 15. •Structuralists view literature as a system of signs. They try to make plain the organizational codes that they believe regulate all literature. •The most famous practitioner is Michael Foucault.