New criticsm
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New Criticism was a literary theory that emphasized close reading of texts and considered works of literature as self-contained artifacts rather than as expressions of external biographical or historical contexts. It dominated American literary criticism between 1940-1960. New Critics believed the meaning of a text came from analyzing its formal elements like symbols, metaphors, and literary devices rather than the author's intentions or a reader's subjective response. They advocated an objective interpretation based solely on what was contained within the text itself.
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New criticism
- New Criticism emerged in the 1940s-1960s as a reaction against biographical and historical criticism that focused on external context like an author's life.
- New Critics examined only what was in the text itself using close reading of elements like metaphor, irony, tension and ambiguity to interpret a work's true meaning.
- They believed the text should be treated as a self-contained object and that meaning comes from analyzing linguistic devices rather than the author's intent or a reader's subjective response.
Structuralism as a literary Movement....
Structuralism as a Literary Movement
The document discusses structuralism as a literary movement that emerged in the 1950s led by Claude Levi-Strauss. Structuralism holds that human activities and products like language are structured systems and not natural. It focuses on how underlying structures shape surface level meaning. Structuralism examines how language constructs reality and how literary texts are structured to produce meaning through relationships between elements. Some key aspects are that structures determine each element's position, structures deal with coexistence over change, and structures are the "real things" beneath surface meanings.
New Historicism
New Historicism is a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same historical period together. It was coined by Stephen Greenblatt in 1980 and was influenced by Michel Foucault's theory. Unlike old historicism, new historicism gives equal weight to literary and non-literary texts and sees them as constantly informing each other. It places literary texts in the context of historical documents from the same time period rather than seeing history as a background to literature.
New Criticism
The New Criticism was a formalist style of literary criticism that emerged in the first half of the 20th century. It viewed texts as self-contained and focused on analyzing elements within the text like irony, ambiguity, and paradox to discover implied themes. Key figures in developing New Criticism included I.A. Richards, William Empson, and T.S. Eliot. The approach was popularized through works by Cleanth Brooks and others in the 1940s-1950s. New Criticism emphasized close reading of texts over historical context or authorial intent.
Reader response theory ppt
Reader response theory emerged in the 20th century with a primary focus on the reader's interaction with the text. It emphasizes that meaning is created through this interaction rather than being inherent in the text itself. The theory acknowledges that different readers will have different subjective responses and interpretations of a text based on their own experiences and perspectives. It also recognizes that a single reader may derive varying meanings from multiple readings of the same text over time.
Structuralism theory
This document provides an overview of structuralism and the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure. It defines structuralism as studying the basic units and rules that make up any system. For language, the units are words and the rules are grammar. Saussure viewed language as a system of signs, where each sign is a combination of a signifier (sound image) and signified (concept). He also distinguished between langue (the system) and parole (individual usage), and discussed syntagmatic (linear) and associative relations between linguistic units.
postmodernism elements in the novelThe Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid
The document provides an overview of the novel "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses the themes of the novel like identity, racism, fundamentalism, passion, and globalization. It also summarizes the postmodern writing techniques used in the novel, including dramatic monologue, irony, appropriate language use, and shifting points of view. The settings of the novel in New York City and Lahore are also described.
New criticism
The document discusses New Criticism, a 20th century literary theory focused on close reading of texts. Key points:
- New Criticism examines literature as autonomous objects, ignoring authorial intent and historical context.
- It emphasizes analyzing how elements within a work (like language and structure) work together to create unified meaning.
- New Critics pioneered close reading to examine tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities in the text and how they are resolved.
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New criticism
- New Criticism emerged in the 1940s-1960s as a reaction against biographical and historical criticism that focused on external context like an author's life.
- New Critics examined only what was in the text itself using close reading of elements like metaphor, irony, tension and ambiguity to interpret a work's true meaning.
- They believed the text should be treated as a self-contained object and that meaning comes from analyzing linguistic devices rather than the author's intent or a reader's subjective response.
Structuralism as a literary Movement....
Structuralism as a Literary Movement
The document discusses structuralism as a literary movement that emerged in the 1950s led by Claude Levi-Strauss. Structuralism holds that human activities and products like language are structured systems and not natural. It focuses on how underlying structures shape surface level meaning. Structuralism examines how language constructs reality and how literary texts are structured to produce meaning through relationships between elements. Some key aspects are that structures determine each element's position, structures deal with coexistence over change, and structures are the "real things" beneath surface meanings.
New Historicism
New Historicism is a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same historical period together. It was coined by Stephen Greenblatt in 1980 and was influenced by Michel Foucault's theory. Unlike old historicism, new historicism gives equal weight to literary and non-literary texts and sees them as constantly informing each other. It places literary texts in the context of historical documents from the same time period rather than seeing history as a background to literature.
New Criticism
The New Criticism was a formalist style of literary criticism that emerged in the first half of the 20th century. It viewed texts as self-contained and focused on analyzing elements within the text like irony, ambiguity, and paradox to discover implied themes. Key figures in developing New Criticism included I.A. Richards, William Empson, and T.S. Eliot. The approach was popularized through works by Cleanth Brooks and others in the 1940s-1950s. New Criticism emphasized close reading of texts over historical context or authorial intent.
Reader response theory ppt
Reader response theory emerged in the 20th century with a primary focus on the reader's interaction with the text. It emphasizes that meaning is created through this interaction rather than being inherent in the text itself. The theory acknowledges that different readers will have different subjective responses and interpretations of a text based on their own experiences and perspectives. It also recognizes that a single reader may derive varying meanings from multiple readings of the same text over time.
Structuralism theory
This document provides an overview of structuralism and the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure. It defines structuralism as studying the basic units and rules that make up any system. For language, the units are words and the rules are grammar. Saussure viewed language as a system of signs, where each sign is a combination of a signifier (sound image) and signified (concept). He also distinguished between langue (the system) and parole (individual usage), and discussed syntagmatic (linear) and associative relations between linguistic units.
postmodernism elements in the novelThe Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid
The document provides an overview of the novel "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by Mohsin Hamid. It discusses the themes of the novel like identity, racism, fundamentalism, passion, and globalization. It also summarizes the postmodern writing techniques used in the novel, including dramatic monologue, irony, appropriate language use, and shifting points of view. The settings of the novel in New York City and Lahore are also described.
New criticism
The document discusses New Criticism, a 20th century literary theory focused on close reading of texts. Key points:
- New Criticism examines literature as autonomous objects, ignoring authorial intent and historical context.
- It emphasizes analyzing how elements within a work (like language and structure) work together to create unified meaning.
- New Critics pioneered close reading to examine tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities in the text and how they are resolved.
Superfanicom The Tenets Of Liberal Humanism
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Reader Response Theory emerged in the 1930s and focuses on the reader's interaction with the text rather than the author's intentions. It is based on the idea that meaning is created through this interaction between reader and text, not inherent in the text itself. Key proponents include Stanley Fish, Wayne Booth, and Louise Rosenblatt. The theory assumes that literature is performative and each reading produces a unique interpretation. The reader plays an active role in determining meaning, not just passively receiving the author's message. Reader Response Theory emphasizes the importance of both text and reader in constructing meaning and reality through individual interpretation.
New Historicism
This document provides an overview of New Historicism. It defines New Historicism as a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same time period in parallel to understand how events were interpreted and what those interpretations reveal about the interpreters. Key figures in New Historicism mentioned are Stephen Greenblatt, J.W. Lever, Jonathan Dollimore, and H.Aram Veeser. The document also discusses how New Historicism analyzes works like Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in their original historical context.
New Criticism
This document provides an overview of New Criticism as a literary theory that emerged in the early 20th century. It discusses how New Criticism rejected the biographical and historical approaches that were dominant at the time, instead advocating for an approach that focuses solely on analyzing the text itself through close reading. The document traces the origins and key figures of New Criticism, such as T.S. Eliot, John Crowe Ransom, and F.R. Leavis. It explains the core tenets of New Criticism, including rejecting authorial intention and reader response in favor of searching for an objective meaning within the text. The document also covers how New Criticism analyzes formal elements through close reading and compares
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This is a brief presentation of the basic concepts introduced by Russian formalism. It might be considered as a suitable departing point to the understanding of this literary theory.
New historicism
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Umaba Gohil on the topic of New Historicism. New Historicism aims to understand literary works through their historical context and time/place of composition. It views culture as text and literature as reflecting and commenting on its sociocultural context. New Historicists study both canonical and non-canonical works and take an interdisciplinary approach, discussing politics, class and power in relation to literature.
Aristotle's concept of tragedy
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Introduction to literary theories
This document provides an overview of various literary theories that can be used to analyze texts, including reader response theory, formalist criticism, archetypal criticism, cultural/post-colonial criticism, historical/biographical criticism, new historical criticism, psychological criticism, Marxist criticism, feminist criticism, structuralism, and postmodern theory. It describes the key assumptions and approaches of each theory and provides examples of how each lens can be applied when evaluating literature.
What is formalism?
Formalism is a 20th century Russian school of literary criticism that analyzes texts based on grammar, syntax, and literary devices rather than historical or cultural context. It began in two groups in the 1910s that stressed the importance of form over content. Key aspects of formalism included viewing literature as a special use of language, focusing on the formal functions and textures of texts, and considering how something is said rather than what is said. Important concepts introduced by formalists include defamiliarization, making the familiar strange, and foregrounding, or deautomatization through techniques like punctuation.
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The document discusses structuralism in linguistics, focusing on concepts introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure. It defines structuralism and outlines Saussure's key ideas, including that language is a system of signs composed of a signifier and signified. Saussure saw languages as being governed by their own internal rules rather than mirroring the external world. He also distinguished between langue (the system of a language) and parole (individual instances of language use).
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Theory of meaning by Ogden and Richards
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Imagism was a poetic movement established in 1912 by American and English poets including Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle, and Richard Aldington. It reacted against overly sentimental and emotionally dishonest "genteel" poetry of the time. Imagist poems aimed to present vivid, concise images and events with exact language and without excessive sentiment. They were influenced by Japanese haiku poems and sought to capture a single moment or image. Key aspects included direct treatment of the subject, precise word choice, and presentation of an intellectual and emotional complex within an instant. The movement published in journals and anthologies between 1914-1917.
Functionalism
Functional linguistics claims that language use is functional, with the main function being to make meanings. These meanings are influenced by social and cultural context. Language use involves a semiotic process of choosing meanings. Jakobson identifies six communication functions associated with the communication process: referential, aesthetic, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual. Halliday sees language as a social/cultural phenomenon. He identifies seven functions language serves for children: instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, and representational. Systemic functional linguistics analyzes language in terms of context, semantics, lexico-grammar, and phonology-graphology. It sees three types of meanings encoded simultaneously
Absurdism
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NEW CRITICISM AND CULTURAL MATERIALISM.pptx
The document discusses New Criticism, a formalist literary theory movement from the mid-20th century. New Criticism emphasized close reading of texts to discover how they functioned as self-contained aesthetic objects, independent of authorial intent or reader interpretation. Key concepts of New Criticism included the intentional and affective fallacies, ambiguity, irony, paradox, and tension within a text. New Criticism formulated a method of close reading to uncover a text's meaning through examining elements like speakers, audience, setting, and central metaphors.
11_Literary_Theory.ppt
This document provides an overview of literary theory and criticism, beginning with definitions and outlining some of the major approaches and their histories, including New Criticism, structuralism, Marxist criticism, reader-response criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, and ecocriticism. It discusses key figures like I.A. Richards, Frye, Barthes, and Derrida. It also contrasts New Criticism with reader-response theory and outlines some critiques of New Criticism's approach. Finally, it considers the relationship between theories and Theory as an academic institution and discourse.
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The document discusses the history and development of the modern novel. It begins by defining the novel and its distinguishing length from other forms. It then outlines some antecedents and traces the origins of the modern novel to 18th century Britain. Major developments included the romantic novel of the early 19th century and the realism of Victorian novels. Characteristics of the modern novel include subjectivity, psychological exploration, stream of consciousness techniques, and a reflection of 20th century disillusionment. Some key modern novelists mentioned are Thomas Hardy, D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf.
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Reader Response Theory emerged in the 1930s and focuses on the reader's interaction with the text rather than the author's intentions. It is based on the idea that meaning is created through this interaction between reader and text, not inherent in the text itself. Key proponents include Stanley Fish, Wayne Booth, and Louise Rosenblatt. The theory assumes that literature is performative and each reading produces a unique interpretation. The reader plays an active role in determining meaning, not just passively receiving the author's message. Reader Response Theory emphasizes the importance of both text and reader in constructing meaning and reality through individual interpretation.
New Historicism
This document provides an overview of New Historicism. It defines New Historicism as a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same time period in parallel to understand how events were interpreted and what those interpretations reveal about the interpreters. Key figures in New Historicism mentioned are Stephen Greenblatt, J.W. Lever, Jonathan Dollimore, and H.Aram Veeser. The document also discusses how New Historicism analyzes works like Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in their original historical context.
New Criticism
This document provides an overview of New Criticism as a literary theory that emerged in the early 20th century. It discusses how New Criticism rejected the biographical and historical approaches that were dominant at the time, instead advocating for an approach that focuses solely on analyzing the text itself through close reading. The document traces the origins and key figures of New Criticism, such as T.S. Eliot, John Crowe Ransom, and F.R. Leavis. It explains the core tenets of New Criticism, including rejecting authorial intention and reader response in favor of searching for an objective meaning within the text. The document also covers how New Criticism analyzes formal elements through close reading and compares
Russian formalism
This is a brief presentation of the basic concepts introduced by Russian formalism. It might be considered as a suitable departing point to the understanding of this literary theory.
New historicism
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Umaba Gohil on the topic of New Historicism. New Historicism aims to understand literary works through their historical context and time/place of composition. It views culture as text and literature as reflecting and commenting on its sociocultural context. New Historicists study both canonical and non-canonical works and take an interdisciplinary approach, discussing politics, class and power in relation to literature.
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This document summarizes Aristotle's concept of tragedy based on his definition and analysis of its key elements. The most important elements are plot, character, and hamartia (tragic flaw). A good plot involves a change in fortune from happiness to misery for a protagonist who is neither perfectly good nor bad. It also includes a peripety (reversal) or discovery. The plot aims to arouse emotions of pity and fear in the audience through the hero's downfall, culminating in a catharsis or release of these emotions. Character and hamartia relate to creating a believable yet imperfect hero. Other elements like language, spectacle, and thought/diction are less crucial but should still be done well.
Introduction to literary theories
This document provides an overview of various literary theories that can be used to analyze texts, including reader response theory, formalist criticism, archetypal criticism, cultural/post-colonial criticism, historical/biographical criticism, new historical criticism, psychological criticism, Marxist criticism, feminist criticism, structuralism, and postmodern theory. It describes the key assumptions and approaches of each theory and provides examples of how each lens can be applied when evaluating literature.
What is formalism?
Formalism is a 20th century Russian school of literary criticism that analyzes texts based on grammar, syntax, and literary devices rather than historical or cultural context. It began in two groups in the 1910s that stressed the importance of form over content. Key aspects of formalism included viewing literature as a special use of language, focusing on the formal functions and textures of texts, and considering how something is said rather than what is said. Important concepts introduced by formalists include defamiliarization, making the familiar strange, and foregrounding, or deautomatization through techniques like punctuation.
Structuralism in linguistics
The document discusses structuralism in linguistics, focusing on concepts introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure. It defines structuralism and outlines Saussure's key ideas, including that language is a system of signs composed of a signifier and signified. Saussure saw languages as being governed by their own internal rules rather than mirroring the external world. He also distinguished between langue (the system of a language) and parole (individual instances of language use).
Modernism and modern poetry
Modernism was a comprehensive movement that began in the late 19th century and influenced art forms internationally in the 20th century. It involved breaking from established traditions in terms of form and style. Modernism was a reaction against academic traditions of the 19th century and embraced change and the present. Some key aspects of modernism included experimentation, individualism, fragmentation, and the use of symbols and impressions. Modernist works also often lacked linear plots and clear resolutions. The movement was influenced by events like World War I and changes in science, technology, and society during industrialization.
Theory of meaning by Ogden and Richards
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Imagism overview
Imagism was a poetic movement established in 1912 by American and English poets including Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle, and Richard Aldington. It reacted against overly sentimental and emotionally dishonest "genteel" poetry of the time. Imagist poems aimed to present vivid, concise images and events with exact language and without excessive sentiment. They were influenced by Japanese haiku poems and sought to capture a single moment or image. Key aspects included direct treatment of the subject, precise word choice, and presentation of an intellectual and emotional complex within an instant. The movement published in journals and anthologies between 1914-1917.
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Absurdism
Absurdism is a philosophy that views the universe as illogical and senseless. It arises from the conflict between the human desire to find meaning in life and the inability to do so. The Theater of the Absurd emerged in the 1950s from playwrights in response to the atrocities of WWII and decline of religion. These plays focus on the meaninglessness of life, use nonsensical language and repetition, and lack logical cause and effect.
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These are the readings that need to be chosen fromYou can find.docx
These are the readings that need to be chosen from
You can find them online via Google
The first one has already been pasted for you
Week One: Identity and Post - Civil War Poetry
1. Emily Dickinson," I'm Nobody! Who Are You?"
I'm nobody! Who are you?
Are you nobody, too?
Then there's a pair of us — don't tell!
They'd banish us, you know.
How dreary to be somebody!
How public, like a frog
To tell your name the livelong day
To an admiring bog!
2. Walt Whitman: Author Bio
3. Walt Whitman, "Song of Myself"
4. Walt Whitman, "A Noiseless Patient Spider"
Week Two: Social Realism, gendered/feminist criticism, and how to write about literature.
Mark Twain: Author Bio
Mark Twain, War Prayer
Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Author Bio
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper:
Robert Frost: Author Bio
Robert Frost: "Mending Wall"
Edwin Arlington Robinson: Author Bio
Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
Edith Wharton: Author Bio
Edith Wharton, Roman Fever
PLUS:
Mark Twain The Story of the Bad Little Boy
APUS
Assignment
Rubric
Lower Level
U/G
100-200
Courses
EXEMPLARY
LEVEL
A
18-20
ACCOMPLISHED
LEVEL
B
16-17
DEVELOPING
LEVEL
C
14-15
BEGINNING
LEVEL
D
11-13
Points
Earned
Purpose and
Audience
(20 Points)
The writing
engages the
reader with an
original approach
to the subject. It
may encompass
conflicting ideas
and inspires the
reader to
contemplate the
relationship of
complex ideas.
The writing
clearly goes
beyond the
minimum
requirements of
the assignment.
It attempts to
engage the
reader through
originality and
presentation of
complex ideas.
The writing
meets the
minimum
requirements of
the assignment.
It offers insight
into the subject
through basic
logic and the
presentation of
ideas based on
some evidence.
The writing fails
to meet the
minimum
requirements of
the assignment.
It offers little
insight into the
subject and has
serious flaws in
logic and
omissions in
evidence.
/20
Thesis and
Support
(20 Points)
The writing has a
clearly articulated
original thesis
and subordinate
ideas supported
by reliable and
relevant evidence
based on original
research. Main
ideas are not lost
in surrounding
supporting
evidence.
The writing has a
clearly articulated
thesis supported
by appropriate
evidence and
sound logic.
Minor gaps in
logic and
argument may
appear. Main
ideas can be
distinguished
from supporting
evidence with
some effort.
The writing has a
clear thesis and
related
subordinate ideas
supported by
clear thinking and
appropriate
evidence. Logical
arguments may
be one-sided or
incomplete.
The writing may
need a more
clearly articulated
thesis and/or
appropriate
related
subordinate
ideas. Fuzzy logic
may be evident
and adequate
supporting
evidence is
lacking.
/20
Organization
(20 Points)
The writing flows ...
Lit__Theory.ppt
This document provides an overview of various theories and approaches to literary criticism from the 20th century. It discusses formalism/New Criticism, which focuses on analyzing the internal elements of a work itself. Reader-response criticism examines how each unique reader interprets a text based on their own experiences. Biographical criticism analyzes an author's life to better understand their work. Sociological and Marxist criticism examine the social contexts in which works are produced and set. New Historicism positions literature within its historical time period and contexts. Psychoanalytic criticism analyzes works through concepts from Freudian psychology like the unconscious and archetypes. Mythological approaches look at recurring themes and characters across cultures.
Lit__Theory.ppt
This document provides an overview of various theories and approaches to literary criticism from the 20th century. It discusses formalism/New Criticism, which focuses on analyzing the internal elements of a work without external context. Reader-response criticism examines how each unique reader interprets a text. Biographical criticism analyzes an author's life in relation to their work. Sociological criticism situates literary works within their social context, including feminist criticism and Marxist criticism. New historicism views literature as an expression of historical forces. Psychoanalytic criticism analyzes works to reveal insights about the human mind, drawing from Freudian concepts. The mythological approach examines archetypes in literature through the ideas of Carl Jung.
ENG 607-Literary Theory and Criticisms -slideshare.pdf
The document discusses literary criticism and theory. It defines literary criticism as the interpretation, analysis, classification and judgment of literary works. It also discusses different types of literary theories that inform criticism, such as mimetic theory, pragmatic theory, expressive theory, and objective theory. The document also summarizes different approaches to literary criticism like historical/biographical, moral/philosophical, formalism/new criticism, and psychoanalytical approaches.
Criticism and its appoaches by muhammad sabry
The document discusses various approaches to literary criticism. It begins by defining literary criticism as the evaluation, analysis and interpretation of literature. It then describes several major approaches:
1) Formalism examines the intrinsic elements of a text like style, structure and imagery.
2) Cultural criticism analyzes how works reflect and influence culture.
3) Psychological criticism applies theories like Freudian analysis to understand characters' hidden motives.
4) New Historicism interprets works in the context of the time period in which they were written or set.
The document provides brief overviews of numerous other approaches including feminism, Marxism, reader-response, post-colonial, deconstruction, ecoc
Literary Notes Powerpoint Presentation.ppt
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a work.
Literary Criticism Notes.ppt
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a text.
PPT Week 6.ppt
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a text.
Literary-Criticisms.pdf
Literary criticism involves analyzing works of literature to understand what is important about the text, such as its structure, context, themes, and how it manipulates the reader. There are many different schools of literary criticism that provide different lenses for examining literature, such as formalism, which focuses only on elements within the text, and reader-response criticism, which emphasizes the reader's role in interpreting the work. Understanding literature requires considering multiple critical perspectives.
INTRO TO lI TERARY THEORY LEC for 1.pptx
This document provides background information on literary theory, criticism, and literature. It defines literature as creative written works and expressions of life through language. Literary theory is the body of ideas and methods used to interpret and analyze literature from different perspectives, acting as a lens or toolbox. Literary criticism involves making judgements about literature's artistic merits by examining what an author tried to express and how successfully on the basis of principles like truth, symmetry, and idealization. The origins of modern literary theory date back to structural linguistics in the 1950s while its popularity as an academic subject grew from the 1960s-1980s.
Reader Response Theory/Formalism
In this ppt you know about how formalist do literary analysis of any text. They focus on different things like
Form
Diction
Unity
These three basic things focus on formalist analysis of any literary text especially poem.
In this ppt you also find comprehensive information about reader Response Theory.
And different types of reader Response Theory.
Intentional fallacy
1. The intentional fallacy refers to judging a literary work based on the author's intended meaning rather than analyzing what is presented in the text itself.
2. W.K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe Beardsley introduced the concept of the intentional fallacy in their 1954 essay to argue that an author's intentions are neither known nor important for literary analysis or criticism.
3. The intentional fallacy was an important concept in New Criticism, which emphasized close analysis of literary texts without consideration of authorial intent, biography, or historical context.
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These are the readings that need to be chosen fromYou can find.docx
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ENG 607-Literary Theory and Criticisms -slideshare.pdf
More from MurugesanAnnalakshmi
Formalism
Formalism is a literary theory that focuses exclusively on the literal elements of a text such as form, structure, and language use rather than historical or biographical contexts. The Russian Formalists in particular studied how poetic language makes ordinary things seem unfamiliar through techniques like defamiliarization. They sought to analyze the evolution of literary forms through close examination of a work's formal components. Key figures included Victor Shklovsky, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Roman Jakobson, who analyzed the poetic function of language. Formalism emphasizes that a text's form is inherently tied to its meaning and views literature as autonomous objects for study.
FAMILY VOCABULARY
This document provides information on talking about family and relatives, asking for and giving directions, and thanking others in basic English communication. It includes examples of family relationships like father, mother, siblings, in-laws, nephews, nieces and cousins. It also gives examples of phrases used for giving directions using terms like go, take, and turn, as well as transition words like after that, then, next. Finally, it lists expressions that can be used for thanking others like thanks, thank you very much, and saying you are grateful.
Basic english for communication
This document provides an overview of six important topics for basic English communication: greetings and introductions, types of greetings, introducing yourself and others, talking about yourself, how to frame questions, and forming close-ended and open-ended questions. It defines greetings, introduces three types of greetings (formal, informal, and gesture greetings), and offers dos and don'ts for greetings. It also defines what a self-introduction is, identifies the four main parts of a question, and provides examples of close-ended and open-ended questions.
Brainstorming and Mindmapping
Mind mapping and brainstorming are effective techniques for generating ideas. Mind mapping creates a visual representation of ideas and their relationships, with concepts written or drawn around a central topic and connected with lines or arrows. Brainstorming involves generating many ideas within a group in a non-judgmental environment, typically lasting 15-45 minutes. Both techniques encourage creativity and building on others' ideas without criticism to develop potential solutions.
speaking-Role play
A mentor expresses concern over his ward's poor performance and encourages improvement. An MLA debates the lack of drinking water in their constituency during a legislative assembly. A person tries to persuade a bank manager to increase the amount of their loan. Friends discuss the health hazards of smoking. The pre and post lockdown scenarios are differentiated from a psychological perspective through a role play technique.
#Neurolinguistic#
Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that are involved in language comprehension, production, and acquisition. It is an interdisciplinary field that uses techniques such as neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and lesion studies to investigate topics such as the localization of language processes in the brain, the time course of language processing, and experimental paradigms involving language tasks. Some important early figures in the field were Broca, who linked expressive language ability to the left inferior frontal gyrus, and Wernicke, who discovered a link between understanding language and the left temporal lobe.
#Applied linguistics#
This document provides an overview of the field of applied linguistics. It defines applied linguistics as using linguistic theories, methods and findings to explain and solve language problems that arise in other domains. The primary concerns of applied linguistics are second language acquisition theory, second language pedagogy, and their interrelationship. The document outlines several domains of applied linguistics, including language teaching and learning, testing, sociolinguistics, and computational linguistics. It also discusses the interdisciplinary nature of applied linguistics and how it combines with fields like psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics. The overall aim is to investigate language learning and teaching problems and find practical solutions.
#Semantic#
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It analyzes the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. There are two main types of meaning - conceptual meaning, which is the basic meaning conveyed by a word's literal use, and associative meaning, which refers to connotations a word carries. Semantics also studies semantic roles that indicate the relationship between words in a sentence, such as agent, theme, and instrument. Synonyms are words with closely related meanings, while antonyms are words with opposite meanings.
#Pragmatics#
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context contributes to meaning in human communication. It examines how language is used in social situations and how people make language choices based on their audience. Some key concepts in pragmatics include deixis, which uses expressions like pronouns to point to people, places, and things in context; reference and inference, which looks at how speakers choose referring expressions based on their assumptions of a listener's knowledge; and speech acts, which are the actions performed through utterances like apologies, requests, etc. Politeness is also an important aspect of pragmatics, as it examines how people maintain each other's public self-images and use face-saving language choices in
#Morphology#
Morphology is the study of word structures and formation, focusing on morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, like nouns and verbs, and bound morphemes, or affixes, which must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes include inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical functions without changing word class, and derivational morphemes, which sometimes change the word's part of speech. Morphology examines the rules of word formation in a given language.
#Grammar# in Linguistics
This document discusses different approaches to grammar and analyzing sentence structure. It describes traditional prescriptive grammar that aimed to set rules based on Latin. It also describes descriptive grammar that aims to objectively describe how languages are used. The document also discusses analyzing immediate constituents, or how words group together into phrases. Labeling constituents with parts of speech allows sentence structure to be represented diagrammatically.
Psychological approach
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy in the late 19th/early 20th century. He believed unconscious drives, especially sexuality, dictated human behavior. Psychoanalytic criticism applies his theories to analyze literature by examining authors' and characters' states of mind. Freud proposed the mind has three parts: the id seeks pleasure; the ego mediates reality; the super-ego incorporates social norms. Carl Jung expanded on this, believing shared unconscious memories he called archetypes are manifest in myths and literature. Psychoanalytic criticism explores these universal symbols in works.
Language varieties
An idiolect is the unique language used by an individual that can be influenced by regional dialects, social contexts, professions, and knowledge of multiple languages. A register or style is a type of language used in a specific social setting defined by levels of formality or culturally recognized contexts like baby talk or joking exchanges between friends. Settings influence registers through degrees of formality and language appropriate for social situations.
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds within the same syllable. They involve a change in the position of the tongue or lips between two vowel sounds, such as the sound in "boy" which starts with an "o" sound and ends with an "i" sound. Common diphthongs in English include "oi", "ou", "ow", "oy", and "au".
Consonants
This document discusses the classification and description of consonants in English. It explains that consonants are speech sounds produced with partial or complete closure of the vocal tract, dividing consonants into categories based on their articulation, manner of articulation, and place of articulation. The document lists the 24 consonant sounds in English, categorizing them as oral or nasal sounds, and also discusses the three approximant/semi-vowel sounds of /w/, /r/, and /j/, which are phonetically vowels but function phonologically as consonants.
Vowels
Vowels are speech sounds produced without obstruction in the vocal tract. There are 20 vowels in English, which are either pure (monophthongs) or impure (diphthongs). Vowels are described by tongue height and position, and lip position. They can be short or long. Long vowels take two dots in front of them in phonetic transcription, while short vowels do not. The document then provides examples of common spellings and phonetic transcriptions for each English vowel sound. It discusses tongue height and position in more detail, and concludes by summarizing the description of English vowels and emphasizing that the analysis refers to sounds rather than letters.
Phonetics
Phonetics is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and representation through symbols. Phonology studies how different languages organize sounds to convey meaning. There are three main branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics examines how sounds are produced; acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds; and auditory phonetics looks at how sounds are perceived. English sounds are classified into two categories - consonants and vowels.
The origin of language
The document discusses several theories about the origins of human language:
1) Divine creation - that language was a gift from God and humans were born with the innate ability to use language.
2) Natural evolution - humans evolved a language acquisition device and vocalizations quickly developed into a creative linguistic system, perhaps providing an advantage over Neanderthals.
3) Invention hypotheses - early words developed from imitating sounds ("ding-dong"), emotional expressions ("pooh-pooh"), animal noises ("bow-wow"), or hand gestures ("ta-ta").
4) Early language was used for tasks like moving stones or war cries to stimulate collective effort ("yo-he-ho"). While early humans appeared 150,
The organs of speech
The document discusses the organs of speech, which are the parts of the mouth used to produce speech sounds. It identifies the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, glottis, and various parts of the tongue as the organs of speech. These organs can be divided into active articulators, which do most of the movement when sounds are made, usually the lower lip or tongue, and passive articulators, which do little movement and provide the place of articulation against which the active articulator presses. The hard palate, soft palate, and glottis and their specific functions in speech production are further described.
Human&;animal communication
Human language is defined as an arbitrary system of vocal symbols used for interpersonal communication that can catalog things, processes, and events in the human environment. Animal communication is limited to conveying biological needs, while human language allows communication about any topic. Key differences are that human language is arbitrary, with sounds having meaning independent of what they reference, it has rules for combining sounds, and allows for displaced communication about topics beyond the immediate environment through creativity with words.
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New criticsm
- 2. New Criticism era ( 1940 – 1960) • It appeared as a reaction toward Biographical and Traditional Historical criticism, which was focused on extra-text materials, such as the biography of the author. Name given to a style of criticism advocated by a group of a cademics writing in the first half of the 20th century. Origin The New Criticism is a type of formalist literary criticism that reached its height during the 1940 s and 1950s and that received its name from John Crowe Ransom’s 1941 book The New Criticism.
- 3. We discuss new criticism into 2 ways New Criticism As a literary theory As a way to Reading text
- 4. Cleanth Brooks R.P. Blackmur Robert Penn Warren W.K. Wimsat
- 5. IA Richard's Practical Criticism: A Study of Literary Judgement (1929). Cleanth Brooks's The Well Wrought Urn (1947). Michael Schmidt and Grevel Lindop‘ s British Poetry Since 1960 (1972). Calvin Bendient‘ s Eight Contemporary Poets (1974). P.R. King's Nine Contemporary Poets: A Critical Introduction (1979). Christopher Ricks‘ s The Force of Poetry (1987
- 6. How new criticism see a Text Text Complete work of art It example to validate our interpretation source to analyze and Get true meaning
- 7. • Intentional fallacy, term used in 20thcentury literary criticism to describe the problem inherent in trying to judge a work of art by assuming the intent or purpose of the artist who created it. • Affective fallacy, according to the followers of New Criticism, the misconception that arises from judging a poem by the emotional effect that it produces in the reader. The concept of affective fallacy is a direct attack on impressionistic criticism, which argues that the reader’s response to a poem is the ultimate indication of its value.
- 8. ” Close reading “ • The only way we can know if a given author’s intention or a given reader’s interpretation which actually represent the true meaning is by carefully examine
- 9. • For NC, the complexity of a text is created by the multiple and often conflicting meaning in it. • These meaning are a product primarily of four kinds of Linguistic devices : -paradox -ambiguity - irony- tension Ambiguity • It occurs when a word, image, or event generates two or more different meaning. # e.g. : "Thanks for dinner. I’ve never seen potatoes cooked like that before." (Jonah Baldwin in the filmSleepless in Seattle , 1993) Paradox • It typically arise from false assumptions, which then lead to inconsistencies between observed and expected behavior. # e.g. : "Someday you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again." (C.S. Lewis to his godchild, Lucy Barfield, to whom he dedicated The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe )
- 10. Irony • a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. # e.g. : Once in the winter the rector would come to dine , and her husband would beg her to go over the list and see that no devorcees were included, except those who had showed signs of penitence by being remarried to very wealthy ( Edirth Wharton’s House of Mirth (1950) Tension a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense or when there is suspense in the story
- 11. How can New Criticism help us understand the text ? • New Criticism is a powerful tool for those of us that have problems understanding a work of literature. • NC formulated a method of reading, a simple formula that will help us unlock the meaning of a text How do we discover or unlock that meaning ? By following a simple formula • Who is speaking in the text ? ( not the author, not the poet, whoever/whatever created the text but it is created by the text itself.) • Who is being spoken to? or • Who is the addressee? or • Who is the implied reader of the text? • Where is the setting ? When it is ? • What is the central metaphors of the text ?
- 12. Those are called Formal Elements of a text Image, symbols, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization and plot
- 13. CONCLUSION Sometimes New Critics did believe that the text warranted a discussion of its psychological, sociological, or philosophical elements because those elements were obviously integral to the work’s characterization or plot. • New Critics also called their approach objective criticism because their focus on each text’s own formal element ensured, they claimed, that each text —each object being interpreted — would itself dictate how it would be interpreted.