What is formalism?
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Formalism is a 20th century Russian school of literary criticism that analyzes texts based on grammar, syntax, and literary devices rather than historical or cultural context. It began in two groups in the 1910s that stressed the importance of form over content. Key aspects of formalism included viewing literature as a special use of language, focusing on the formal functions and textures of texts, and considering how something is said rather than what is said. Important concepts introduced by formalists include defamiliarization, making the familiar strange, and foregrounding, or deautomatization through techniques like punctuation.
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Literary Criticism, II, Russian formalism
Russian formalism was a school of literary criticism that originated in Russia around 1915 and focused on analyzing the form and stylistic devices used in literature rather than their social or historical context. The movement emphasized making aspects of language unfamiliar through techniques like defamiliarization to draw attention to a text's artificiality and how it conveys meaning through form over content. Key concepts included literariness, the idea that literary language is distinguished from ordinary language by its use of devices like metaphor, rhyme and rhythm.
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This document provides an overview of Russian Formalism, a school of literary criticism that originated in Russia during World War I. It emphasizes studying the form of literary works rather than their content. Key aspects discussed include the belief that literary language is different from everyday speech, the importance of devices like defamiliarization, and notable Russian formalist thinkers like Victor Shklovsky and Boris Eichenbaum. The document also discusses the later Bakhtin School that attempted to reconcile formalism with Marxism, and the impact and influence of Russian Formalism on literary analysis and linguistic circles in both Europe and America.
Formalism
Formalism is a literary theory that focuses exclusively on the literal elements of a text such as form, structure, and language use rather than historical or biographical contexts. The Russian Formalists in particular studied how poetic language makes ordinary things seem unfamiliar through techniques like defamiliarization. They sought to analyze the evolution of literary forms through close examination of a work's formal components. Key figures included Victor Shklovsky, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Roman Jakobson, who analyzed the poetic function of language. Formalism emphasizes that a text's form is inherently tied to its meaning and views literature as autonomous objects for study.
Formalism
Formalism is a literary theory that focuses on the formal elements of a work, such as its language, structure, and literary techniques, rather than its historical context. It emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction against symbolism and romanticism. Major figures included the Russian Formalists like Roman Jakobson and Victor Sholovsky, who studied devices like rhyme, rhythm, and foregrounding. Formalism emphasizes that these formal elements are what make a work literary and produce aesthetic effects through defamiliarization of language. It influenced later structuralism but was limited by not accounting for representation of ideas or interpretation dependent on other elements.
New Historicism
This document provides an overview of New Historicism. It defines New Historicism as a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same time period in parallel to understand how events were interpreted and what those interpretations reveal about the interpreters. Key figures in New Historicism mentioned are Stephen Greenblatt, J.W. Lever, Jonathan Dollimore, and H.Aram Veeser. The document also discusses how New Historicism analyzes works like Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in their original historical context.
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Literary Criticism, II, Russian formalism
Russian formalism was a school of literary criticism that originated in Russia around 1915 and focused on analyzing the form and stylistic devices used in literature rather than their social or historical context. The movement emphasized making aspects of language unfamiliar through techniques like defamiliarization to draw attention to a text's artificiality and how it conveys meaning through form over content. Key concepts included literariness, the idea that literary language is distinguished from ordinary language by its use of devices like metaphor, rhyme and rhythm.
New historicism
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Umaba Gohil on the topic of New Historicism. New Historicism aims to understand literary works through their historical context and time/place of composition. It views culture as text and literature as reflecting and commenting on its sociocultural context. New Historicists study both canonical and non-canonical works and take an interdisciplinary approach, discussing politics, class and power in relation to literature.
Russian Formalism
This document provides an overview of Russian Formalism, a school of literary criticism that originated in Russia during World War I. It emphasizes studying the form of literary works rather than their content. Key aspects discussed include the belief that literary language is different from everyday speech, the importance of devices like defamiliarization, and notable Russian formalist thinkers like Victor Shklovsky and Boris Eichenbaum. The document also discusses the later Bakhtin School that attempted to reconcile formalism with Marxism, and the impact and influence of Russian Formalism on literary analysis and linguistic circles in both Europe and America.
Formalism
Formalism is a literary theory that focuses exclusively on the literal elements of a text such as form, structure, and language use rather than historical or biographical contexts. The Russian Formalists in particular studied how poetic language makes ordinary things seem unfamiliar through techniques like defamiliarization. They sought to analyze the evolution of literary forms through close examination of a work's formal components. Key figures included Victor Shklovsky, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Roman Jakobson, who analyzed the poetic function of language. Formalism emphasizes that a text's form is inherently tied to its meaning and views literature as autonomous objects for study.
Formalism
Formalism is a literary theory that focuses on the formal elements of a work, such as its language, structure, and literary techniques, rather than its historical context. It emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction against symbolism and romanticism. Major figures included the Russian Formalists like Roman Jakobson and Victor Sholovsky, who studied devices like rhyme, rhythm, and foregrounding. Formalism emphasizes that these formal elements are what make a work literary and produce aesthetic effects through defamiliarization of language. It influenced later structuralism but was limited by not accounting for representation of ideas or interpretation dependent on other elements.
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This document provides an overview of New Historicism. It defines New Historicism as a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same time period in parallel to understand how events were interpreted and what those interpretations reveal about the interpreters. Key figures in New Historicism mentioned are Stephen Greenblatt, J.W. Lever, Jonathan Dollimore, and H.Aram Veeser. The document also discusses how New Historicism analyzes works like Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in their original historical context.
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Russian formalism ppt file.pptx
The document provides an overview of Russian Formalism, a literary theory that emerged in Russia in the early 20th century. It discusses the main figures and ideas of the movement, which rejected impressionistic criticism and aimed to develop a scientific study of literature. Key concepts included defamiliarization, distinguishing between the story and plot of a work, and the idea that literary language differs from practical language. Russian Formalism influenced later schools like Structuralism and focused on analyzing the form rather than content of literature.
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Formalism (Literary Theory)
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Russian Formalism was a movement in literary criticism and interpretation that emerged in Russia in the early 20th century. It was championed by philologists and literary historians who sought to move beyond psychologism and biographism in literary scholarship. The Russian Formalists analyzed the internal linguistic and structural features of literary works, rather than their content or context. They asserted that these formal elements comprise the "literariness" of a text. Though suppressed by the Soviet government in the 1930s, Russian Formalism influenced later movements like American New Criticism and theorists like Barthes, de Man, Kristeva and Jameson.
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Arnold and his criticism
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
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Literary criticism involves analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and discussing literature. It examines elements like genre, structure, and value. Literary criticism aims to understand what literature is, what purpose it serves, and what value it possesses. It provides frameworks for interpreting works through considering aspects like historical context, social influences, and symbolic meanings embedded in the text. Different schools of criticism offer various lenses for revealing important aspects of literary works.
New criticism
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- New Critics examined only what was in the text itself using close reading of elements like metaphor, irony, tension and ambiguity to interpret a work's true meaning.
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This document provides an overview of T.S. Eliot's important literary works and critical writings. It discusses his poems such as The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and The Wasteland. Eliot's critical essays examined the nature of criticism and analyzed authors like the Metaphysical poets. The document also examines Eliot's theories of tradition, impersonality, and the objective correlative. It analyzes how Eliot defended the Metaphysical poets and influenced the development of literary criticism.
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Sidney's "Apology for Poetry" argues that poetry is a divine and socially useful art form. It summarizes Sidney's main points that poetry: (1) is the first form of education and instruction for humanity; (2) acts as a channel for divine inspiration; and (3) can teach virtue while delighting readers more effectively than history or philosophy. The work refutes claims that poetry is a lie, unprofitable, or leads to sin by asserting poetry's noble aim to inspire readers rather than corrupt them.
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Russian Formalism emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction against previous historical, biographical, and psychological approaches to literary study. It emphasized close analysis of the formal literary elements and devices within a text over external concerns. Major Russian Formalist theorists included Victor Shklovsky, Boris Eichenbaum, and Roman Jakobson. They viewed literature as a system made up of autonomous components that make familiar things strange through defamiliarization. By the late 1920s, Russian Formalism declined due to outside pressure and doubts about its purely formal approach.
A Study of Poetry | Critical Essay by Matthew Arnold
Matthew Arnold's essay criticizes poetry and criticism. He argues that poetry will provide enduring comfort through its ideas. Arnold proposes evaluating poetry through "real," "historic," and "personal" estimates. The "real estimate" judges poetry objectively based on creative merit, while the "historic estimate" prioritizes historical context over artistic value. The "personal estimate" relies on subjective tastes. Arnold advocates the "touchstone method" of comparing works to classics like Homer, Dante and Shakespeare to assess poetic quality. He analyses various poets like Chaucer, Dryden and Pope through this framework.
Russian formalism
This is a brief presentation of the basic concepts introduced by Russian formalism. It might be considered as a suitable departing point to the understanding of this literary theory.
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...
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1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
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4.Pragmatics level
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Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Russian formalism ppt file.pptx
The document provides an overview of Russian Formalism, a literary theory that emerged in Russia in the early 20th century. It discusses the main figures and ideas of the movement, which rejected impressionistic criticism and aimed to develop a scientific study of literature. Key concepts included defamiliarization, distinguishing between the story and plot of a work, and the idea that literary language differs from practical language. Russian Formalism influenced later schools like Structuralism and focused on analyzing the form rather than content of literature.
Biographia literaria
This document provides a summary of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 1817 work Biographia Literaria. It discusses that the work is a critical text divided into 24 chapters where Coleridge presents his views on the nature and functions of poetry. Specifically, it examines Coleridge's definition of a poem as an "organic whole" and his distinction between imagination and fancy. It also analyzes Coleridge's concept of primary imagination as the living power that mimics divine creation and shapes perception, as well as his description of the imagination's "esemplastic" ability to shape disparate ideas into one coherent whole.
Primary and secondary imagination
Coleridge distinguishes between primary and secondary imagination. Primary imagination is an involuntary and subconscious faculty that allows humans to perceive and receive sense impressions from the external world. Secondary imagination is a creative and conscious faculty that selects and reshapes the raw materials of primary imagination to create something new. It involves both conscious selection and subconscious infusion. While primary imagination is a universal human ability, secondary imagination is a heightened creative power that allows poets to blend conscious and unconscious elements into new wholes.
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Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
Formalism
Russian Formalism emerged in the early 20th century focusing on analyzing literature through its form and technique rather than external factors. Key figures included Victor Shklovsky, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Roman Jakobson. New Criticism originated in the 1920s-30s emphasizing close reading of texts and their aesthetic qualities over historical context. I.A. Richards, William Empson, and John Crowe Ransom were influential New Critics. While both were formalist schools, Russian Formalism was more theoretical while New Criticism emphasized the practical criticism of individual works.
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Formalism was a school of literary criticism that originated in Russia in the early 20th century. It focused on analyzing the form and structure of texts rather than their context or themes. Formalists believed that literary language is distinct from ordinary language due to its use of defamiliarization, or making the familiar strange. They introduced concepts like fabula, the basic story, and syuzhet, the way it is presented, to distinguish literary from non-literary language. Propp analyzed Russian folktales and identified recurring patterns of characters and plot functions. Overall, formalism shifted emphasis to how writers manipulate form to achieve literary effects.
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The document provides an overview of formalist literary criticism. It discusses the emergence of formalism in early 20th century thought as a reaction against examining literature only through historical context or author biography. It outlines the key ideas and critics of both Russian Formalism and New Criticism, such as their focus on examining the distinctive features of literary language rather than using it practically. Some key concepts discussed include defamiliarization, the intentional and affective fallacies, and close reading. Examples are provided of applying formalist techniques to analyze works like The Scarlet Letter and Don Quixote.
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This document provides an introduction to formalism as a literary theory. It begins by defining formalism as a method that focuses exclusively on the formal literary elements of a text, excluding historical or biographical context. It then outlines some of the key tenets of formalism, including that literature is defined by its unique formal qualities ("literariness") rather than its content or themes. The document also discusses different phases of formalism, including the "machine phase" pioneered by Roman Jakobson and Viktor Shklovsky, which viewed texts as made up of formal devices. In 3 sentences or less, this document introduces formalism as a literary theory focused solely on a text's form over its content or context,
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Formalism is a literary theory that focuses on the inherent features of a text such as grammar, syntax, literary devices, and form rather than historical or cultural context. It was a dominant mode of academic study from the 1940s-1970s. Key aspects of formalism include its scientific approach to literature, view of art as a means of defamiliarization, and idea that a text's meaning comes from its formal structures rather than external influences. Defamiliarization is a technique used by formalist writers to present familiar things or objects in an unfamiliar way in order to enhance perception and appreciation.
Formalism presentation
Formalism is a literary theory that focuses on analyzing inherent features of a text such as grammar, syntax, and literary devices like metaphor, ignoring historical or cultural context. There are different schools of formalism including Russian formalism and New Criticism. Russian formalists aimed to analyze texts scientifically and defined literary techniques like defamiliarization, where common things are presented in unfamiliar ways to enhance perception. Defamiliarization makes objects strange through language, characterization, or illustration to transform ordinary prose into art. Examples include metaphors, Gulliver's Travels, and poems by Wordsworth, Keats, and Plath.
MLS
This course provides an overview of modern literary theories and methodologies. It will familiarize students with major questions and debates in literary studies from the 19th century onward. Students will gain understanding of theoretical paradigms like New Criticism, structuralism, reader-response theory, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, historicisms, feminism, and post-colonial studies. They will learn to analyze literature through these theoretical lenses and apply concepts in close readings. The course aims to help students appreciate the relevance of theory to literary analysis and discussion.
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Presentation1
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions and answers about Russian Formalism, a literary theory that originated in Russia in the early 20th century. Some key ideas of Russian Formalism discussed include its focus on analyzing the form and structure of a text rather than its context or the author's biography. Terms explained include defamiliarization, literariness, and foregrounding. The document aims to test the reader's understanding of concepts central to Russian Formalism through a multiple choice question format.
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The document defines stylistics and discusses its relationship to linguistics and literary criticism. It provides several definitions of stylistics from different scholars, showing that it involves the scientific study of language variation as well as explaining the artistic functions of language in literature. Stylistics relates both linguistics and literary criticism by analyzing the linguistic choices and features used in literary texts. The document also defines style and discusses debates around whether style should be seen as distinct from content or as unified with it. It outlines different views of what constitutes style and how stylistic features can be classified.
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This document discusses the role of literary theory in understanding literature. It provides examples of different literary theories, such as formalism and structuralism, and how they can be used to analyze short stories. Formalism focuses on analyzing individual elements of a work separately, like characters and setting, then combining them to interpret meaning. Structuralism sees the entire text as functioning together and examines signs and how readers interpret them. The document also addresses some critiques of these theories and provides citations for further research.
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What is formalism?
- 1. What is Formalism? Dr Chandeshwar Yadav
- 2. What is Formalism? * Formalism is a 20th century Russian school of literary criticism. * It analyzes, interprets, or evaluates the literary text not only on the basis of grammar and syntax but also on the basis of literary devices such as meter and figures of speech. The formalist approach reduces the importance of a text’s historical, biographical, and cultural context.
- 3. History • It began in two groups: the Moscow Linguistic Circle, led by Roman Jakobson, was founded in 1915 and the Society for the Study of Poetic Language ( Opoyaz ) led by Victor Shklowvsky in 1916
- 4. Characteristics • They both stressed the importance of form and technique over content. • Russian Formalism considers literature as a special use of language, and it is devoted to the analysis of ‘form’ or ‘ howness’ alone.
- 5. • So, literature is the distortion or violation of day to day language. • They focused on the formal aspects of literature, rather than its content. Formalist focus on literary function. It also focus on texture of literary function. • They were close to text and language than society and traditions. • It views literature primarily as a specialized mode of language and proposes a fundamental opposition between literary use of language and the ordinary use of language.
- 6. Victor Shklovsky (1893-1984) • Victor Shklovsky in his essay “Art as Technique” (1916) introduced the concept of defamiliarization.
- 7. Defamiliarization • Defamiliarization means “making it strange.” It is the process of presenting common thing in uncommon way to destroy the familiar perception.
- 8. Jan Mukarovsky ( 1891 – 1975 ) • Jan Mukarovsky in his essay “ Standard Language and Poetic Language” introduces the concept called Foregrounding.
- 9. Foregrounding • Foregrounding is the process of deautomatization. • The formalist observes the physical structure of text, punctuation marks and graph. e.e. cummings in his poem Buffalo Bill ’s defunct who used to ride a watersmooth-silver stallion and break onetwothreefourfive pigeonsjustlikethat…
- 10. Conclusion • Formalism is a literary criticism that considers form and technique as its tool to treat the literary text, not its content. • How something is said is the subject matter of it, It doesn’t consider what is said. • In other words, the text, its form and structure for them are everything, not the tradition, circumstance and society.
- 11. THANKS !!!