The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. It is made up of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane structure as a fluid bilayer with proteins that move freely within. Materials pass through the membrane via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Transport proteins help move substances across the membrane against a concentration gradient through active transport.
Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell
division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication,
the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body
The basic tenets of the cell theory are as follows:
All living things are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
Cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of division.
All cells are the same in regard to chemical composition.
Cells also communicate with each other. Whether in plants, humans, or animals, they connect to create a solid, well formed organism. In humans, cells build tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together to keep the body alive.
Experts estimate that there are around 200Trusted Source cell types in the human body.
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
This presentation include different kind of transport mechanism of different material inside the cell and outside the cell including Passive transport and Active transport mechenism.
Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell
division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication,
the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body
The basic tenets of the cell theory are as follows:
All living things are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
Cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of division.
All cells are the same in regard to chemical composition.
Cells also communicate with each other. Whether in plants, humans, or animals, they connect to create a solid, well formed organism. In humans, cells build tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together to keep the body alive.
Experts estimate that there are around 200Trusted Source cell types in the human body.
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
This presentation include different kind of transport mechanism of different material inside the cell and outside the cell including Passive transport and Active transport mechenism.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and Beyond
MV MLT 102 UNIT 1-STRUCTURE AND FUCTION OF CELL MEMBRANE.pptx
1.
2. ➢The Plasma membrane or the cell
membrane is a thin, biological
membrane present in all eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells that forms a boundary
between the cell and its environment
and regulating the flow of materials in
to and out of cell.
3.
4. ➢The cells maintain an approprite
amount of all molecules within them to
function effectively.
➢So, this plasma membrane acts as a
semi permeable membrane allowing
the entry and exits of certain materials.
➢It is like a gaurd at a gated
community who inspects those who
enter and leave, to make sure that
only people and things needed in the
community are there.
5.
6. ➢The cell membrane was discovered
by a Swiss botanist Carl Naegeli and
C Carmer in 1855.
➢Despite the existance microscopes
from 1600, no-one thought that the cell
membrane existed because all they
could see was the cell wall.
➢Carl Naegeli and Carmer noted that
the surface of the cell was not
continuous and that it was
impermeable to pigments added to
the solution around the cell.
7. ➢They also found that the
photoplasmic surface was more dense
and viscous when compared to the
cytoplasm.
➢They called this surface as the
plasma membrane.
8. • The first insight into chemical nature of
the membrane was obtained by Ernst
Overton in 1890s.
• He knew that the nonpolar solutes
dissolved very easily in the non polar
solvents than polar solvents and the
polar solutes had opposite solubility.
• So, he realised that the substances
entering the cell had to be dissolved in
the outer boundary of cell is due to
lipids.
9. • Irvin Langmuir, in 1917, during his
research in nature of oil film, found that
the membrane was made of monolayer
of lipids and they were arranged
vertically with hydrocarbon chains
away from water and carboxyl groups in
contact with the surface of water.
• This finding was a key in understanding
the lipid bilayer and cell membrane
structure.
10. • The two Dutch scientists E. Gorter and
F. Grendel in 1925 were the first to find
that the membrane was made of two
layers of lipids ( lipid bilayer) with
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic
tails, but they could not explain about
the solute permeability or the surface
tension.
11. • In 1935, Hugh Davson and James
Danielle proposed that the membrane
is made of lipid bilayer and on both
outer and inner surface there was a
lining of globular proteins.
• In 1950 they found that selective
permeability was because of the
presence of protein lined pores within
the lipid bilayer, which allowed the
passage of polar solutes and ions into
and out of cell.
12. • It was in 1972 that S. Jonathan singer
and Garth Nicholson proposed the
Fluid Mosaic Model which is
considered as the central dogma of
membrane biology.
• It describes the structure of cell
membrane as a lipid bilayer with
proteins embeded in it and which is
free to move laterally within the
membrane.
13. • It was first proposed by S. J. Singer
and G. Nicholson in 1972 to describe
the structure of the plasma membrane.
• The fluid mosaic model describes the
plasma membrane as that which
surrounds the cell, which is made up of
two layers of phospholipids and at
body temperature is fluid.
14. • Embedded within this membrane is
variety of protein molecules that acts
as channels and pumps.
• It contains carbohydrates, cholesterol
and other lipids.
• The protein and other substances such
as cholesterol become embedded in
the lipid bilayer, giving the membrane
the look of the mosaic.
15. • Since the plasma membrane has the
consistency of vegetable oil at body
temperature, the proteins and other
substances are able to move freely
laterally.
• That is why the plasma membrane is
described as a fluid mosaic model.
• The fulid mosaic model thoery thereby
states that plasma membrane structure
is a lipid bilayer with mosaic of
proteins embedded in it and moves
freely parallel to the surface of the
membrane.
16. • The fluidity of lipid bilayer was shown
by the technique of fluorescence
recovery.
• The fluorescent dye is used to tag the
lipids and a high density laser beam is
used to bleach the dye in a tiny spot on
the cell surface.
• When observed under fluorescent
microscope, it is seen that within
seconds the bleached spot became
fluorescent again.
• This explained the lateral diffusion of
phospholipids.
25. • To maintain cell functions, many
biological molecules enter and leave
the cell.
• All materials that the cell gets from its
environment or sends to the
environment, Passes through this
semipermeable plasma membrane.
• Membrane transport is esseltial for
cellular life.
26.
27.
28. ❖Chemicals that can pass through the
membrane are:-
▪ Water
▪ Carbon dioxide
▪ Oxygen
▪ Small polar molecules such as ammonia
▪ Lipids such as cholesterol
❖Chemicals that cannot pass through the
membrane are:-
▪ All ions including hydrogen ions
▪ Large polar molecules like glucose
▪ Aminoacids
▪Macromolecules such as proteins,
polysachharides
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. ▪Small uncharged polar molecules like
water, urea, ethanol, have an exceptions as
they can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.
❖There are certain factors that affect
the diffusion across the cell membrane:
▪ Size of solute
▪ Solute polarity
▪ Temperature
▪ Lipid solubility
34.
35.
36.
37. ▪The substances to be moved binds to these
proteins and this complex will bind to a
receptor site and then be transported across
the membrane.
▪This process does not require energy as
molecules are moving down the concentration
gradient.
▪Polar and charged solutes such as glucose,
fructose, galactose and some vitamins are
transported by facilitated diffusion.
38.
39. ▪A solution with lower solute concentration
than inside of cell is called hypotonic
solution.
▪It causes the cell to swell and burst as it
causes movement of water to inside of cell.
▪A solution with higher solute concentration
than inside of cell is called hypertonic
solution.
▪This causes osmosis of water from inside of
cell to outside leading to shrinkage of cell.
40.
41. Eg, transportation of sodium out of cell and
potassium into the cell.
❖There are two forms of active transports:-
42. ▪
▪
▪
When the process uses chemical energy in
the form of ATP, redox energy or photon
energy to transport substances across the
membrane, it is called primary active
transport.
The energy is derived directly from the
breaskdown of ATP or some other high
energy phosphate compounds.
The proteins act as pumps to transport
ions.
43. ▪ Most of the enzymes that perform this
transport are transmembrane ATP-ase.
▪ A primary ATP-ase which is universal to all
animal cells is sodium- potassium pump
which maintains the cell potential.
44. ▪ When the process uses electrochemical
gradient to transport substances, it is called
secondary active transport.
▪ Here the energy is derived secondarily from
energy that has been stored in the form of
ionic concentration differences between the
two sides of a membrane, created in the first
place by primary active transport.
45. ▪ The pore forming proteins act as channels
across the cell membrane for transporting
substances.
▪ The energy stored in Na+, H+ concentration
gradient is used to transport other solutes
or ions.
46.
47.
48.
49. ➢This pump is called a P-type ion pump
because the ATP interactions phosphorylate
the transport protein and causes a change in
its confirmation.
50. ➢It is an antiporter enzyme located in the
plasma membrane of the cells, which
transport potassium ions from the extra
cellular fluid to the cytoplasm and sodium
ions from the cytoplasm to outside of the
cell.
➢The pump is present in all the cells of the
body, and it is responsible for maintaining
the sodium and potassium concentration
difference across the cell membrane as well
as establishing a negative electrolyte
potential inside the cells.
51. ➢It was discovered by Danish scientist
Jens Christian Skou in 1950.
➢It was investigated by the passage of
radioactively labelled ions across the plasma
membrane.
➢It showed that the sodium and potassium
ions on both sides were interdependent
which suggested that the same carrier
protein transported both the ions.
➢This carrier protein is a complex of two
globular proteins namely αsubunit
andβsubunit which has receptor sites for
transport of three sodium ions out of cell for
every two potassium ions pumped in.
52.
53. 4. Now, two potassium ions binds at the
receptor sites present on the portion of
protein that is near to outside of the
carrier protein.
5. The ATP is then activated and the energy
released causes confirmational change in
the protein causing potassium ions to be
released into the cell.
6. The returns to its first stage-steady to
receive new sodium ions, so that the
cycle can begin all over again.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58. • It is the movement of substances out of the
cell in the form of the secondary vesicles,
which fuses with the plasma membrane and
then releases its contents into the
extracellular fluid.
• It is important in the expulsion of waste
materials out of the cell, and the secretion of
enzymes and hormones.
• Neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes,
hormones are released from cell by
exocytosis.
59. • It is the movement of substances from extra
cellular fluid into cell in the form of vesicles.
• The large polar molecules that cannot pass
through the plasma membrane enters the cell
by endocytosis.
• This process requires energy in the form of
ATP.
66. ➢ It attracts the substance tobe absorbed
by forming a membrane depression or a
coated pit on the membrane.
➢ When sufficient molecules have been
attracted, the pocket will pinch off
forming a coated vesicle in the
cytoplasm.
➢ Inside the cytoplams the vesicle shed off
their coats and then fuse with other
membrane bound structures releasing
their contents.
➢ E.g, Uptake of iron, cholesterol by the
cell occurs by receptor mediated
endocytosis.
67.
68. • Cell junction is a type of structure that
exists in the tissues and organs.
• It is a multi-protein complex that
occurs between the neighbouring cells
which helps in communication between
them.
• There occurs a specialized
modification of the plasma membrane
at the point of contact, forming a
function or a bridge.
69.
70. • Also known as occluding junction, is
the closest contact between adjacent
cells providing a tight seal, preventing
the leakage of mlecules cross the cells.
• It is found just beneath the apical
region (portion of cell exposed to
lumen is apical surface) of cell around
the cell circumference.
71. • Since they are tight seals limiting the
passage of molecules and ions, most
materials actually enter the cells by diffusion
or active transport.
• The tight junction is formed by proteins
called claudins and occludins which are
arranged in strands along the line of junction
creating a tight seal.
• It is usually seen in epithelial cells, ducts of
liver, pancreas and urinary bladder.
72.
73. • These are protein complexes that occur
at cell to cell junction in epithelial and
endothelial tissues which provides
strong mechanical attachments
between adjacent cells.
• It is built from proteins cadherins and
catenins.
74. • The cytoplasmic face of the cell has actin
filaments and these actin bundules of one
cell joins with the actin bundles of the
neighbouring cells providing a strong
mechanical attachment.
• The space between the neighbouring cell
membranes are about 20-25 nm.
• This kind of junction is seen in heart muscles
and they hold the cardiac muscles together
when it expands and contracts.
75.
76. • They are specialized intracellular
channels which are brought into
intimate contact with a gap of about 2-3
nm between the adjacent cells.
• They directly form a connection
between the cytoplasm of adjacent cell
so that molecules, ions, electrical
impulse pass directly from cell to cell.
77. • The intracellular channels are like hollow
cylinders and they are called as connexons.
• These connexons are madeup of proteins
called connexin.
• The two adjcent connexons form a
hydrophilic channel of 3 nm diameter and it
is through this channel that the ions and
molecule pass.
• Gap junction is seen in muscles and nerves.
In heart tissue helps in regular heart beat, in
brain it is seen in cerebellum and it helps in
muscular activity.
78.
79.
80. • These are intracellular junctions which form
a strong adhesion between adjacent cells.
• It enables the cell to resist any stress.
• The intermediate filaments (presents
intracellularly) of adjacents cells join with
eachother to form the strong adhesions so
that they can function as a single unit.
• They are usually seen in orgns subjected to
mechanical stress like skin, heart and neck
of uterus
81.
82. • It is a type of cell junction seen in plants.
• These are microscopic channels that connect
the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
• It penetrates through the cell wall and it
provides an easy route for movement of ions,
small molecules like RNA and proteins.