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Fatty liver disease is caused by an excessive buildup of fat in the liver, over 5-10% of the liver's weight. Choline, inositol, methionine, betaine hydrochloride, and oxibetaine are compounds that help the liver metabolize and break down fat. Choline is essential for fat metabolism as a methyl donor and is obtained through foods like liver, eggs, meat, and broccoli. Inositol and methionine also help remove fat from the liver, with oranges/cantaloupe and egg whites as sources. Betaine hydrochloride increases fat breakdown and stomach acid, while quinoa contains betaine.
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Calcium is essential for many physiological processes in the body. It makes up 1-1.5% of total body weight, with 99% located in bones and teeth. Dietary sources include dairy products, eggs, fish, and leafy greens. The recommended daily intake is 500 mg for adults and 1200 mg for children. Calcium is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum through an active transport process requiring energy and carrier proteins. Homeostasis is maintained by calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin which regulate absorption from the intestine and resorption from bones. Imbalances can cause hypercalcemia with symptoms like confusion and arrhythmias, or hypocalcemia/
Fructose metabolism
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CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS
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PHENYLALANINE METABOLISM
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- Defects in fructose metabolism can cause disorders like essential fructosuria (deficiency of fructokinase) or hereditary fructose intolerance (deficiency of aldolase B). Patients with these defects need to restrict dietary fructose intake.
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KETONE BODIES METABOLISM
This document summarizes ketone body metabolism. It describes that ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate) are produced in the liver from fatty acids during periods of low carbohydrate availability like starvation and untreated diabetes. The liver converts fatty acids into ketone bodies which can be used as fuel by other tissues. High glucagon and low insulin levels promote ketone body formation and their levels in the blood (ketonemia) and urine (ketonuria) increase if their production exceeds utilization, causing the metabolic condition of ketosis.
CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS
Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in a multi-step process located in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the rate-limiting step and is regulated by transcription, covalent modification, and competitive inhibitors like statins. Cholesterol is transported by LDL and HDL and is used for cell membrane structure, steroid hormone synthesis, or storage.
PHENYLALANINE METABOLISM
Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase in the liver. Tyrosine can then be incorporated into proteins or converted to important compounds like melanin, thyroid hormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine involves multiple enzymatic steps and requires cofactors like biopterin, ascorbic acid, and molecular oxygen. Disorders in these pathways can lead to conditions like albinism or Parkinson's disease.
Essential fatty acids
The document discusses essential fatty acids, which are fatty acids that humans must ingest through their diet as the body cannot produce them. There are two fatty acids classified as essential: alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6). Some other fatty acids can also become conditionally essential under certain health conditions. Essential fatty acids are important for cell membrane structure, transport of lipids in blood, cell signaling, and producing eicosanoids which act as local hormones. Good dietary sources of essential fatty acids include various plant oils, fatty fish, eggs, and meat. Deficiencies can impact health conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation.
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This document summarizes several glycogen storage diseases caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and breakdown. Key points include: glycogen storage diseases are inherited disorders characterized by abnormal glycogen deposition; deficiencies in enzymes like glucose-6-phosphatase and acid maltase can cause hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and other issues; the organs and severity of symptoms vary depending on the specific enzyme deficiency.
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Ketogenesis
There are three important ketone bodies - aceto-acetate, acetone, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Ketone body synthesis occurs in the liver from acetyl-CoA but their utilization occurs in other tissues like cardiac muscle and brain. Ketone bodies are produced during periods of fasting or starvation and act as an alternative fuel source. Increased ketone body production can lead to metabolic acidosis if the buffering system is overwhelmed by too many hydrogen ions being released.
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Fatty liver refers to excess triglyceride deposition in liver cells. The balance between factors that cause fat deposition and removal determines if fatty liver develops. Fatty liver can result from increased fat mobilization from adipose tissue, increased fatty acid synthesis in the liver, toxic liver injury, or decreased fat oxidation in the liver. Alcoholism is a common cause as alcohol is broken down into compounds that reduce fat breakdown in the liver. Without treatment, fatty liver can progress to cirrhosis as fat accumulation damages liver cells. Certain nutrients called lipotropic factors help prevent fatty liver by aiding in fat mobilization from the liver.
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Metabolism of Brached Chain Amino Acid (Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine)
Branched chain amino acids include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. They are broken down by the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in mitochondria. A defect in this enzyme can cause branched chain ketoaciduria, where patients accumulate branched chain amino acids and their keto acids in their urine, which smells like maple syrup or burnt sugar. This rare genetic disorder impairs other amino acid transport and protein synthesis, and can lead to seizures, vomiting, ketoacidosis, coma, and death if not treated with a low-branched chain amino acid diet and thiamine supplementation.
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Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients.
The inorganic elements (minerals) constitute only small potion of body weight.
Human body needs number of minerals for its functioning.
Ketone bodies
They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.
4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.
Overview of lipid metabolism
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Politeknik ibrahim sultan hh514 nutriton
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ALANINE TRANSAMINASE (ALT)
1. The document discusses alanine aminotransferase (ALAT/ALT), an enzyme that plays important roles in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
2. ALT catalyzes the reversible transfer of amino groups between glutamate and pyruvate, and is important for liver gluconeogenesis and the glucose-alanine cycle.
3. Clinically, ALT levels are measured as a biomarker for liver health, with elevated levels indicating potential liver damage from conditions like hepatitis, fatty liver disease, or alcohol use.
Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
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Fatty liver refers to excess triglyceride deposition in liver cells. The balance between factors that cause fat deposition and removal determines if fatty liver develops. Fatty liver can result from increased fat mobilization from adipose tissue, increased fatty acid synthesis in the liver, toxic liver injury, or decreased fat oxidation in the liver. Alcoholism is a common cause as alcohol is broken down into compounds that reduce fat breakdown in the liver. Without treatment, fatty liver can progress to cirrhosis as fat accumulation damages liver cells. Certain nutrients called lipotropic factors help prevent fatty liver by aiding in fat mobilization from the liver.
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Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are produced when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. They serve as an alternative energy source for tissues when glucose is limited, such as during fasting or diabetes. Ketone bodies are synthesized in the liver through a series of reactions starting with acetyl CoA. Their production is regulated by substrate availability, fatty acid oxidation, ATP levels, and the enzyme HMG CoA synthase. Tissues such as the brain can use ketone bodies for energy through another series of reactions. Excessive ketone body production causes ketosis, characterized by ketonemia, ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis. Ketosis is managed by restoring carbohydrate metabolism and correcting electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
Phenylalanine & tyrosine amino acid metabolism
Phenylalanine
Conversion to tyrosine
Tyrosine
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Metabolic products
Functions
Disorders of tyrosine metabolism
Urea cycle and disorder
The document discusses the urea cycle, which involves a cyclic set of chemical reactions that occur in the liver to convert ammonia into urea for excretion. It details the 5 enzyme-catalyzed reactions, participating amino acids and cofactors. One molecule of urea requires 3 ATP and utilizes ammonia, bicarbonate, and aspartate. The cycle is regulated by N-acetyl glutamate and compartmentalized between mitochondria and cytosol. Disorders cause hyperammonemia due to deficient enzymes, with earlier blocks causing more severe symptoms like vomiting and lethargy.
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Branched chain amino acids include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. They are broken down by the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in mitochondria. A defect in this enzyme can cause branched chain ketoaciduria, where patients accumulate branched chain amino acids and their keto acids in their urine, which smells like maple syrup or burnt sugar. This rare genetic disorder impairs other amino acid transport and protein synthesis, and can lead to seizures, vomiting, ketoacidosis, coma, and death if not treated with a low-branched chain amino acid diet and thiamine supplementation.
Mineral metabolism
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients.
The inorganic elements (minerals) constitute only small potion of body weight.
Human body needs number of minerals for its functioning.
Ketone bodies
They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.
4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.
Overview of lipid metabolism
Lipid metabolism involves the oxidation of fatty acids to produce energy. There are three main types of fatty acid oxidation: beta, alpha, and omega. Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria and breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA via a four-step process. Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the liver through a series of reactions. Ketone bodies such as acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are produced from acetyl-CoA in the liver during periods of low glucose and provide energy for other tissues. Lipoproteins such as chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL are involved in transporting lipids between tissues.
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Proteins are essential nutrients that make up about 15% of the body and are involved in many bodily functions. They are composed of amino acids, which are the building blocks that form various proteins when arranged in different configurations. It is essential to obtain 9 amino acids through diet as the body cannot produce them. Good sources of complete protein include meat, dairy, eggs, nuts, seeds, beans and grains. Healthy adults should aim to consume between 50-175 grams of protein per day depending on calorie needs and lifestyle.
Choline_Transition Dairy Cows_Fatty Liver.pptx
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Links to PowerPoint presentations in poultry diseases, medications, and immunity in addition to soft skills courses
Share to benefit others
ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
Link to download more presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/gJGGnPY
امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination and immunity
Link to download presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/g2ef7DP
كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
Link to download presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/g8W7TYq
Presentations are continuously updated
المكتبة متجددة باستمرار
Chapt18 nutrition and metabolism
This document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism. It discusses the main macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) required by the human body. For each nutrient, it describes sources, digestion, uses, and dietary requirements. The document also covers energy expenditure, balance between intake and output, and factors that influence desirable weight.
Protein 101
Protein is an essential nutrient that provides amino acids for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body's tissues. It is made up of 20 amino acids, 9 of which must be obtained through food. Animal proteins like meat and dairy are considered "complete" as they contain all essential amino acids, while plant proteins like grains are "incomplete." The amount of protein needed varies from 0.4-1g per pound of body weight depending on activity level and goals like muscle building or fat loss. High protein diets have not been shown to harm health if calories are managed. Good sources of protein include meat, eggs, dairy, nuts, and legumes.
Protein
Proteins are essential components that are required for growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues. They are made up of amino acids, including eight essential amino acids that must be obtained through diet. Proteins are classified based on their amino acid content as complete, partially complete, or incomplete. Complete proteins from animal sources contain all essential amino acids, while plant proteins are typically partially complete or incomplete. Consuming complementary plant proteins can improve their nutritional value. Proteins are needed for many important bodily functions and a deficiency can lead to health issues.
Amino Acids
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins in the human body. Some are essential and must be obtained through diet, while others can be synthesized in the body. The document discusses the 12 amino acids alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and threonine. Each amino acid's functions in the body and where they are typically found are described.
Choline - An essential Nutrient.pptx
Choline - An essential Nutrient.pptxIC Fitness Club ® - Best Personal Trainer Course in Delhi and Sports Nutrition Course in Delhi
Choline is an essential nutrient important for cell membrane structure, neurotransmitter synthesis, lipid metabolism, DNA methylation, and brain development.
IC Fitness Club ® - Best Personal Trainer Course in Delhi and Sports Nutrition Course in Delhi
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Protein_POSITIVE HOMEOPATHY
Protein is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of good health. It provides energy and is the second most abundant compound in the body after water. The recommended daily intake is 0.75g of protein per kilogram of body weight. Protein is made up of amino acids, and different foods contain different combinations and amounts of amino acids. Animal sources contain a full range of essential amino acids, but plant sources can also provide all essential amino acids when combined. Maintaining a varied diet with moderate protein intake from a variety of sources supports health and weight management goals.
Top 10 high protein foods to include in your diet
Protein is a macromolecule that is essential for muscle building and growth
in the body. Our hair and nails contain proteins. Amino acids, which are the
building blocks of proteins, make them up.
They are found in human bodies in a variety of forms, including antibodies,
messenger proteins, structural components, and enzymes, and they are
necessary for body cell activity and control. They participate in a wide
range of activities.
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Chapter 2
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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- 3. Fatty liver Fatty liver disease (steatosis) is a common condition caused by having too much fat build up in your liver. A healthy liver contains a small amount of fat. It becomes a problem when fat reaches 5% to 10% of your liver’s weight.
- 10. Choline; Choline is the major lipotrope in mammals and other known lipotropes are important only insofar as they contribute to the synthesis of choline. Choline is essential for fat metabolism. Choline functions as a methyl donor and it is required for proper liver function. Though choline can be synthesized from methionine or serine, mammals don’t produce a sufficient amount on their own. Liver, eggs, wheat bran, meat, and broccoli are dietary sources of choline.
- 11. Inositol ; Inositol exerts lipotropic effects as well. An “unofficial” member of the B vitamins, inositol has even been shown to relieve depression and panic attacks. Oranges and cantaloupe are high in inositol.
- 12. Methionine ; Methionine, an essential amino acid, is a major lipotropic compound in humans. When estrogen levels are high, the body requires more methionine. Estrogens reduce bile flow through the liver and increase bile cholesterol levels. Methionine helps deactivate estrogens. Egg whites are high in methionine.
- 13. Betaine hydrochloride ; Betaine hydrochloride is a powerful lipotropic and increases gastric acid.Betaine itself (in a non-hydrochloric form, also known as TMG or Trimethylglycine) also has a lipotropic effect. Quinoa is high in betaine. Oxibetaine; is another agent listed as a lipotropic compound.