The document discusses the operating system (OS) and focuses on Linux, detailing its history, features, advantages, and disadvantages. It highlights that Linux is an open-source and free OS that offers stability and security compared to Windows, as well as its structural differences. The document concludes by noting the wide adoption of Linux across various devices and applications.

1. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Affiliated to Institution of G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi
BCA,Linux
Enviornment,20306
Priyanka Rattan
Assistant Professor

2. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
What is an Operating System?
• The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up when you turn
on your computer and runs underneath all other programs - without it
nothing would happen at all.
• In simple terms, an operating system is a manager. It manages all the
available resources on a computer, from the CPU to memory to hard disk
accesses.
• Tasks the operating system must perform:
– Control Hardware - The operating system controls all the parts of the
computer and attempts to get everything working together.
– Run Applications - Another job the OS does is run application
software. This would include word processors, web browsers, games,
etc...
– Manage Data and Files - The OS makes it easy for you to organize
your computer. Through the OS you are able to do a number of things
to data, including copy, move, delete, and rename it. This makes it
much easier to find and organize what you have.

3. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
LINUX History
• Linux a UNIX clone is a operating system that supports the concept of
transparency.
• In 1969,AT &T bell Lab introduced the UNIX operating system. This was based on
C language.
• In 1991,a undergraduate student Linus Torvalds at the university of Helsinki,
Finland was working on a special educational experimental purpose operating
system called Minix.
• Linus Torvalds created it
– with assistance from programmers around the world
– First version 0.01 posted on Internet in August 1991
• Linus Torvald created his own version of Minix known as Linux.

4. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Features of Linux
• Linux is Free.
• Open source
• Secure.
• Multi-user
• Multitasking
• Linux is portable to any hardware platform.
• Linux is very stable - computers running Linux almost
never crash
• Linux is very efficient it can smoothly manage
extremely huge amounts of data
• Linux comes with networking facilities
• Linux is case sensitive i.e. WHO is not same as who

5. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Linux vs. Windows
• Linux is free while windows operating system is not
freely available.
• Linux is open source right from the beginning while
windows is not open source.
• Microsoft is only liable for producing all the flavors of
Windows, while various Linux distribution come from
different companies.
• Windows typically uses FAT32 or NTFS file systems
while Linux typically uses the ext2 or ext3 file systems.
• Windows lists all drives separately (A:,C:,D:, etc…),
with “My Computer” at the highest level while Linux
starts its highest level at “/” and drives can be mounted
anywhere underneath it.

6. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Advantages
• Linux is more secure than other OS
• It does not infect from viruses
• Linux uses ext2 file system which is superior
in performance and reliability to file system
provided by windows operating system
• Linux provides advanced disk
mangement(RAID)which makes it possible to
automatically duplicate stored data on several
hard drives.
• Multi-user, multitasking,stable.

7. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Disadvantages
• Slightly difficult to install and configure.
• Difficult to learn for windows users or
beginners.

8. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Linux Distributions

9. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Linux Distributions
Distributions Home Page
Red Hat Linux http://www.redhat.com/
Caldera OpenLinux http://www.caldera.com
/
SuSE Linux http://www.suse.com/
Corel Linux http://www.corel.com/

10. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Architecture of Linux
User
shell
kernel

11. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Kernel
• The kernel is a program that constitutes the
central core of the OS.
• Managing memory: Allocation and de-
allocation of memory
• Scheduling: Enabling each user to work
efficiently
• Organizing data transfer between I/O devices
and memory
• Accept the instructions from shell and execute
them

12. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Shell
• Shell is the OS command interpreter .
• Shell is a program which interprets commands
given by user.
• Shell commands can be used to automate
various programming tasks
• It is the interface between user and the kernel.
• Shell allows background processing
• A variety of shells supported by Linux are:
Bourne shell, Korn shell, C shell.

13. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Linux File System
It follows tree or hierarchical directory structure.
It starts with root directory. It is represented by forward slash(/).
Data files are stored in directories (folders).
– Directories may be nested as deep as needed.
– A single disk can store thousand of file.
– To manage these files, OS provides a file system.
– Similar files can be grouped in a directory
– Under the root directory, there are various directories.

14. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Conclusion
• Linux is everywhere-from the high
performance servers to mobile handsets and
even airport kiosks where you can quickly get
some news or arrange your travel.