This document provides an introduction to Linux and open source operating systems. It discusses what Linux is, how it was developed as an alternative to Unix, and some popular Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and their desktop environments. It also covers installing and using Linux, installing software, programming on Linux, and using the Linux shell.

1. Linux

2. Key Notes
 Introduction to Open Source.
 What is Linux.
 Linux Distros.
 Which is Suitable for Me.
 Linux Installation Process.
 How to Use Linux.
 Installing Useful Software.
 Linux Shells (Advanced).

3. Open Source
 Is a development methodology.
 Means that people can share their programs
source code with every one for free.
 This type of software is available under terms of
licenses such as GPL, LGPL, AGPL, ISC, MIT.
 Each license puts some rules for the method of
using their code.
 Most famous one is the GPL license used with
Linux.

4. Open Source & Linux
 Unix was the Major used OS in most
universities.
 Unix started asking students to pay money for
the usage and development of the system.
 A professor developed Minix in order to replace
Unix, which was used by Linus Torvalds.
 Linus started to develop the Linux Kernel.
 In the same time Ritchard Stallman started to
develop GNU and constructed Free Software
Foundation.

5. What is Linux?
 Linux is a free open source operating system
kernel built by a student to replace UNIX.
 Linux is the system kernel where GNU is the
tools that system use to operate.
 It was developed in early 1990s but still
developed until now.
 Is the first choice for enterprise world and
geeks.
 Linux can run on many platforms(i386, x86/64,
PPC, Amiga, SPARC, PS3, Super computers).

6. GNU/Linux Architecture
 Linux has a monolithic kernel.
 GNU/Linux uses the structure of layered model.
Process File
Networking Kernel Peripherals
control System
Unix Shells Unix Tools
X Server (X window system)

7. Linux Window Managers.
 Window managers is a graphical software used
to ease the use of the system.
 Linux has many window managers (KDE,
Gnome, xpde, xfce, fluxbox, twm, NextStep,....).

8. Screen shots for WMs


9. Linux Distros.
 As Linux is open source so any one can
develop his own version.
 Linux distros varies in DWM, Applications
provided with each.
 Market imposed on us some distros as
standard (Redhat, Debian, Slackware).
 Most of current distros are based on
Debian(Ubuntu) or Redhat (Fedora).

10. Fedora Desktop

11. Ubuntu Desktop

12. Which is Suitable for Me?
 Redhat is good for enterprise work.
 Debian is good for professional end-users.
 Fedora is good for personal use and developing
 Opensuse is good for training usage
 Mandriva is very good for non technical user.
 Slackware is intended for Advanced
professional users.
 Ubuntu is suitable for ALL !!!

13. Why Ubuntu?
 Ubuntu is a free Linux distros
 Ubuntu is based on Debian which is reliable
and stable.
 Ubuntu is the distribution with the biggest
software repositories.
 Ubuntu has a good hardware support for most
available companies.
 Ubuntu have a lot of variants (Kubuntu,
Xubuntu, Edubuntu, Goubuntu, MIDI Ubuntu).

14. Ubuntu is Widely Used

15. Installing Ubuntu
 Ubuntu comes on a live CD.
 Live CD means that you can use the system
from CD with out installing (boot only).
 The system installation is as easy as installing
a program (Only double click on icon).
 The installation process is very fast and easy
(faster and easier than installing windows).
 Let's see how ???!!

16. First Welcome Screen

17. Choose your Language.

18. Choose your Location

19. Choose Keyboard Layout

20. Prepare Disk Space

21. Who are you?

22. Import Windows® Settings

23. Booting After Installition

24. Login Screen

25. Using Linux
 Linux desktop is very easy to use like windows.
 There are some important elements on desktop
 Computer Disks: Places → Computer.
 Home Directory : Places → Home Folder.
 Configurations : System → Preferences.
 Administration : System → Administration.
 All Programs : Applications → Choose Category.
 Note that all this menus are found under
Gnome only KDE is different.

26. Using Linux (File System)
 Linux uses EXT2, EXT3 file systems and a
swap partition to use as virtual memory.
 Linux can mount FAT16/32 , NTFS , HFS
Drives where windows can't mount EXT drive.
 Under File system there are some Directories:
 /bin: contains UNIX tools and executable Shell tools
 /boot: file needed to boot the system.
 /etc: system configuration files.
 /lib : system and applications libraries.
 /media: mounted drives.

27. Installing Useful Software
 Most of applications available for Linux are free
and open source so it's easy to get.
 Linux has repositories for programs (search &
get).
 Each Linux distribution has a software called
package manager.
 The two most famous packages formats are:
.deb for Debian based system , .rpm for Redhat
based systems.

28. How to Install Applications?
 From Application menu go to Add/Remove.....
 In the windows opened write program name or
description in the search field.
 choose your preferred programs.
 Click “Apply” and wait for download and instillation.
 Now the program is installed and ready to use.
 To install application from shell.
 sudo apt-get install packageName
 Then wait for download and installation.

29. Windows Emulation
 WINE is a windows emulator which is able to
run windows software under Linux.
 Wine can be downloaded via Add/Remove..
 WINE can emulate windows (2.0, 3.0, 95, 98,
NT, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008)
 Wine Doors is a program that downloads some
libraries for WINE to be compatible with most
windows Apps.
 Wine needs (MFC , VC++ runtime, VB runtime,
IE6 libs, DX9c libs, .....).

30. Programming on Linux.
 Linux has dozens of programming languages.
 GNU Compilers Collection has compilers for:
 Ada, C/C++, Fortran and Java.
 The Linux kernel is compiled using GCC.
 Perl, Python are installed on most distros.
 Sun's JDK, JVM can be installed on Linux.
 A lot of IDEs are available for Linux(Eclipse,
Netbeans, Mono, KDevelop, Omnis Studio)

31. Installing Java & Netbeans
 To install Sun Java write this commands:
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-bin
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jdk
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-plugin
 To install Netbeans download the Linux file
then:
 Double click the Icon and continue the setup.
 ./netbeans6.x --javahome:JavaDirectoryPath

32. Installing MySQL & Oracle
 MySQL server must be installed using package
manager:
 sudo apt-get install mysql-server-5.0
 Query browser and other tools can be downloaded via
Add/Remove from Applications menu.
 Download the Oracle deb package from Oracle
website then:
 Double click on the icon.
 Click on install package button and wait for setup to
finish.
 Go to /etc/init.d then write “chmod +x oracle-xe”
 Then start script as root “sudo ./oracle-xe”

33. Linux Shells (UNIX shells)
 Linux uses shells to interact with user in CLI
mode (good for servers and administrators).
 Shells can be accessed by GUI users via
terminals.
 Linux shell is similar to UNIX shell but with
some additional commands.
 Most popular Linux shell is Bash.
 Bash supports scripts with a wide range of
commands.

34. Linux Shell Commands
 cp file1 file2 → copy file1 to file2
 rm fileName → deletes the file.
 mv file1 file2 → rename file1 or moves it to another
location.
 cd directoryName → change directory.
 less fileName → view file content
 clear → clear screen
 man command → view command Manual.
 find fileName → search for file.

35. Linux Shell Commands 2
 ls → list files in current directory.
 ps -u UserName → view all running process for userName.
 kill PID → kill process with a specific ID.
 su → change to root mode.
 sudo “command” → execute command in root mode.
 chmod +x “file” → change file mode to executable.
 ./script.xyz → execute script or file.
 ifconfig → view your network interface configurations.
 history → view history of command you entered.
 reboot → restart system , halt → shutdown the system

36. Shell Configurations
 The shell configurations file of the Bash shell is
found under /home/UseName/.bashrc .
 We can use this file to define new environment
variables to the shell by adding the following
line at the end of the file:
 PATH=$PATH:/xx/yy/zz;
 export PATH
 .bash_history → contains your command history.

.bash_logout → execute command when leaving shell.

37. Bye Bye
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