This document provides an overview of the history and architecture of the Linux operating system. It discusses how Linux originated as a free alternative to proprietary operating systems like DOS, Mac OS, and UNIX. Key individuals in the development of Linux include Linus Torvalds and Richard Stallman. The document also outlines the core components of Linux like the kernel, shell, and system utilities, as well as common uses of Linux as a desktop, server, and firewall platform.
This ppt gives information about:
1. Administering the server
2. Correcting installation problems
3. Setting up user accounts
4. Connecting to the network
5. Configuring utilities
What is Linux?
Command-line Interface, Shell & BASH
Popular commands
File Permissions and Owners
Installing programs
Piping and Scripting
Variables
Common applications in bioinformatics
Conclusion
This ppt gives information about:
1. Administering the server
2. Correcting installation problems
3. Setting up user accounts
4. Connecting to the network
5. Configuring utilities
What is Linux?
Command-line Interface, Shell & BASH
Popular commands
File Permissions and Owners
Installing programs
Piping and Scripting
Variables
Common applications in bioinformatics
Conclusion
Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware.
Shell: A Command-Line Interpretor that connects a user to Operating System and allows to execute the commands or by creating text script.
Process: Any task that a user run in the system is called a process. A process is little more complex than just a task.
File: It resides on hard disk (hdd) and contains data owned by a user.
X-windows aka windows: A mode of Linux where screen (monitor) can be split in small “parts” called windows, that allow a user to do several things at the same time and/or switch from one task to another easily and view graphics in a nice way.
Text terminal: A monitor that has only the capability of displaying text stuff, no graphics or a very basic graphics display.
Session: Time between logging on and logging out of the system.
Presentation on Debian Operating System. In this presentation auther describes the Debian OS and Its Facility and Fetures point-by-point and How Debian Invented. It is also usefull for CSE Student for the presentation of their OS Subject.
Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware.
Shell: A Command-Line Interpretor that connects a user to Operating System and allows to execute the commands or by creating text script.
Process: Any task that a user run in the system is called a process. A process is little more complex than just a task.
File: It resides on hard disk (hdd) and contains data owned by a user.
X-windows aka windows: A mode of Linux where screen (monitor) can be split in small “parts” called windows, that allow a user to do several things at the same time and/or switch from one task to another easily and view graphics in a nice way.
Text terminal: A monitor that has only the capability of displaying text stuff, no graphics or a very basic graphics display.
Session: Time between logging on and logging out of the system.
Presentation on Debian Operating System. In this presentation auther describes the Debian OS and Its Facility and Fetures point-by-point and How Debian Invented. It is also usefull for CSE Student for the presentation of their OS Subject.
Basic Information About Linux. This helps you to know about the basic details of linux, such as architecture, kernel design, process management, file management and etc.
History of Linux
Brain behind development
Why Linux
GNU
Why GNU ?
Where can you find Linux?
Linux is Best!!
Core components of Linux
File system
Drive letter’s
Security
Facts about Linux
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. • Introduction to linux
• Brief History of linux
• Architecture of linux
• Role of Linux
• Commands in linux
• Linux vsWindows
3. • In 80’s, Microsoft’s DOS was the dominated OS
for PC
• Apple MAC was better, but expensive
• UNIX was much better, but much, much more
expensive. Only for minicomputer for commercial
applications
• People was looking for a UNIX based system,
which is cheaper and can run on PC
• Both DOS, MAC and UNIX were proprietary, i.e.,
the source code of their kernel is protected
• No modification is possible without paying high
license fees
4. Established in 1984 by Richard Stallman, who believes that software
should be free from restrictions against copying or modification in order to
make better and efficient computer programs.
GNU is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix”
Aim at developing a complete Unix-like operating
system which is free for copying and modification
Companies make their money by maintaining and
distributing the software, e.g. optimally
packaging the software with different tools
(Redhat, Slackware, Mandrake, SuSE, etc)
Stallman built the first free GNU C Compiler in
1991. But still, an OS was yet to be developed
5. • A famous professor Andrew Tanenbaum developed Minix, a
simplified version of UNIX that runs on PC
• Minix is for class teaching only. No intention for commercial
use.
• In Sept 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year student of
Computer Science at the University of Helsinki, developed the
preliminary kernel of Linux, known as Linux version 0.0.1.
• Soon more than a hundred people joined the Linux camp. Then
thousands. Then hundreds of thousands.
• It was licensed under GNU General Public License, thus
ensuring that the source codes will be free for all to copy, study
and to change.
6. In order to encourage wide
dissemination of his OS, Linus
made the source code open to
public. At the end of 1992 there
were about a hundred Linux
developers. Next year there were
1000. And the numbers multiplied
every year.
Linux: No of Users
Source: The Linux Counter
Recent estimates say about 29 million people use Linux worldwide. The effects of the
dot-com bust, IT slowdown and global economic recession can be clearly seen.
7. • Red Hat Linux : One of the original Linux distribution. The commercial, nonfree
version is Red Hat Enterprise Linux, which is aimed at big companies using Linux
servers and desktops in a big way. (NJIT)
• Free version: Fedora Project.
• Debian GNU/Linux : A free software distribution. Popular for use on servers.
However, Debian is not what many would consider a distribution for beginners, as
it's not designed with ease of use in mind.
• SuSE Linux : SuSE was recently purchased by Novell. This distribution is
primarily available for pay because it contains many commercial programs,
although there's a stripped-down free version that you can download.
• Mandrake Linux : Mandrake is perhaps strongest on the desktop. Originally based
off of Red Hat Linux.
• Gentoo Linux : Gentoo is a specialty distribution meant for programmers.
8. • The Linux Kernel
• Shell
• System Utilities
• Application Programs
8
9. • Kernel
The Linux kernel includes device driver support for a large number of PC hardware devices
(graphics cards, network cards, hard disks etc.), advanced processor and memory
management features, and support for many different types of filesystems (including DOS
floppies and the ISO9660 standard for CDROMs).
System Utilities
These system utilities are designed to be powerful tools that do a single task extremely well
(e.g. grep finds text inside files while wc counts the number of words, lines and bytes inside a
file). They are used in maintaining the file system, editing text files, managing running
processes, and installing new software packages.
• Application programs
Linux distributions typically come with several useful application programs as standard.
Examples include the emacs editor, xv (an image viewer), gcc (a C compiler),g++ (a C++
compiler), xfig (a drawing package), latex (a powerful typesetting language)
and soffice (StarOffice, which is an MS-Office style clone that can read and write Word,
Excel and PowerPoint files).
10. • A shell is a command interpreter that allows you to type commands from the keyboard
to interact with the operating system kernel.
• Linux supports two forms of command input: through textual command line shells
similar to those found on most UNIX systems (e.g. sh - the Bourne shell, bash - the
Bourne again shell and csh - the C shell) and through graphical interfaces (GUIs) such
as the KDE and GNOME window managers.
• Various shells
sh (Bourne Shell) The sh shell was the earliest shell, being developed for UNIX
back in the late 1970s.
bash (Bourne-Again Shell) The bash shell is an improved version of the sh shell
and is one of the most popular shells today. It’s the default shell used by most Linux
distributions.
csh (C Shell) The csh shell was originally developed for BSD UNIX. It uses a
syntax that is very similar to C programming.
tsch The tsch shell is an improved version of the C Shell. It is the default shell used
on FreeBSD systems.
zsh (Z Shell) The Z Shell is an improved version of the bash shell.
10
11. • Stability
• Security
• Portablity
• Speed
• Cost
• Multiprocessing and other high-end features
• Applications
13. First, there has been a historical lack of desktop
productivity applications available for Linux.
The second issue is that the average user tends to find
Linux somewhat intimidating.
14. • File Server Using the Network File System (NFS) or
Samba service, Linux can be configured to provide
network storage of users’ files.
• Print Server Using the Common UNIX Printing System
(CUPS) and Samba services together, Linux can be
configured to provide shared printing for network users.
• Database Server Linux works great as a database server.
There are a variety of database services available for
Linux servers, including MySQL and PostgreSQL.
15. • Web Server Linux is also widely deployed as a Web
server. The most popular Web service currently used on
Linux is the ApacheWeb server.
• E-Mail Server There are a variety of different e-mail
services available for Linux that can turn your system
into an enterprise-class e-mail server.
16. • Linux is extremely stable. Simply put, a Linux server
rarely crashes. It just keeps running and running.Fast
• Linux servers are very fast. Many benchmark tests have
been run pitting Linux servers against other server
operating systems.
• Linux servers are much less expensive. Most other server
operating systems charge expensive per-seat licensing
fees, making them very expensive to deploy in large
networks.
17.
18. (root)
•Store drives
•Accessing data using folders
•Root directory- beginning of file
system
•When you log on the the Linux OS
using your username you are
automatically located in your home
directory.
19. • /bin : Important Linux commands available to the average user.
• /boot : The files necessary for the system to boot. Not all Linux
distributions use this one. Fedora does.
• /dev : All device drivers. Device drivers are the files that your Linux
system uses to talk to your hardware. For example, there's a file in the
/dev directory for your particular make and model of monitor, and all
of your Linux computer's communications with the monitor go through
that file.
• /etc : System configuration files.
• /home : Every user except root gets her own folder in here, named for
her login account. So, the user who logs in with “abc” has the directory
/home/abc, where all of her personal files are kept.
• /lib : System libraries. Libraries are just bunches of programming code
that the programs on your system use to get things done.
20. • /mnt : Mount points. When you temporarily load the contents of a CD-ROM
or USB drive, you typically use a special name under /mnt. For
example, many distributions (including Fedora) come, by default, with the
directory /mnt/cdrom, which is where your CD-ROM drive's contents are
made accessible.
• /root : The root user's home directory.
• /sbin : Essential commands that are only for the system administrator.
• /tmp : Temporary files and storage space. Don't put anything in here
that you want to keep. Most Linux distributions (including Fedora) are set
up to delete any file that's been in this directory longer than three days.
• /usr : Programs and data that can be shared across many systems and
don't need to be changed.
• /var : Data that changes constantly (log files that contain information
about what's happening on your system, data on its way to the printer, and
so on).
24. “..” is the location of the directory below current one
25. To list the files in the current directory
use “ls”
26. • ls has many options
-l long list (displays lots of info)
-t sort by modification time
-S sort by size
-h list file sizes in human readable format
-r reverse the order
• “man ls” for more options
• Options can be combined: “ls -ltr”
27. List files by time in reverse order with long
listing
31. Various ways to display a file in Unix
• cat
• less
• head
• tail
32. • Dumps an entire file to standard output
• Good for displaying short, simple files
33. • “less” displays a file, allowing forward/backward
movement within it
return scrolls forward one line, space one page
y scrolls back one line, b one page
• use “/” to search for a string
• Press q to quit
34. • “head” displays the top part of a file
• By default it shows the first 10 lines
• -n option allows you to change that
• “head -n50 file.txt” displays the first 50 lines of file.txt
42. To remove a file “recursively”: rm –r
Used to remove all files and directories
Be very careful, deletions are permanent in Unix/Linux
43. Each file in Unix/Linux has an associated
permission level
This allows the user to prevent others from
reading/writing/executing their files or
directories
Use “ls -l filename” to find the permission
level of that file
44. • “r” means “read only” permission
• “w” means “write” permission
• “x” means “execute” permission
In case of directory, “x” grants permission to list directory
contents
48. If you own the file, you can change it’s permissions with
“chmod”
• Syntax: chmod [user/group/others/all]+[permission] [file(s)]
• Below we grant execute permission to all:
49. • Make sure the program has executable permissions
• Use “./” to run the program
54. • Programs can output to other programs
• Called “piping”
• “program_a | program_b”
program_a’s output becomes program_b’s input
• “program_a > file.txt”
program_a’s output is written to a file called “file.txt”
• “program_a < input.txt”
program_a gets its input from a file called “input.txt”
55.
56.
57. • To count the characters, words, and lines in a file use
“wc”
• The first column in the output is lines, the second is
words, and the last is characters
58.
59. To search files in a directory for a specific
string use “grep”
60. • To compare to files for differences use “diff”
• Try: diff /dev/null hello.txt
• /dev/null is a special address -- it is always empty, and
anything moved there is deleted
61. DOS Linux Description
cls clear Clear screen
copy cp Copying files
cd/chdir cd Change directory
del/erase rm Removing files
dir ls Listing of directories
rename mv Renaming a file
attrib chmod Change file permissions
tree ls -r List file recursively
assign ln Create file/directory
links
edit file.txt pico, vi Create or edit a file
backup tar To backup data
rd rmdir Removes directory
62. COST
LINUX WINDOWS
Online
Downloads
Free Not Available
Retail Price,
CD
$50 $300
• Financial Differences
Companies have to spend millions for
licenses for ever individual windows computer
For Linux companies don’t have to spend
anything
• Technical Differences
Keeping up to date by Upgrading
Linux is Backward Compatible unlike
Windows
• End-User Differences
No commercial word processor for Linux,
which matches the quality for Windows
Windows is a Proprietary Technology:
Applications will only work on Windows
Linux – Open Source
NT – easy for non-programmer
Linux – programmer-based culture
63. “When is it best to use Linux and when should some
other operating system be preferred?”
It all depends on the user