The document provides an overview of networking basics, including definitions, network types (LAN, WAN), transmission media (wired and wireless), and the OSI model. It covers the components of various network topologies, connectivity methods, and communication protocols, emphasizing the importance of establishing network connections and understanding the roles of network devices. Additionally, it discusses the differences between client/server and peer-to-peer networks, as well as protocols like TCP/IP and the characteristics of cables such as twisted pair and fiber optic.

1. Networking Basics Designed by Mufix Download link @ www.Mufix.org E-mail [email_address]

2. Agenda Overview What is a Network? Establishing Network Connectivity OSI Model Physical Components DataLink Protocols Network Protocols Other Terms and Definitions

3. What is a Network? A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information)

4. How can I connect two PC’s ?

5. Why Networking? Sharing information — i.e. data communication Do you prefer these? Or this?

6. Cont …….. Sharing hardware or software E.g. print document Centralize administration and support E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same administrative or support application from their PCs

7. How many kinds of Networks? Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify networks in different ways Based on transmission media : Wired (“UTP,STP”(TP), coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless Based on network size : LAN and WAN (and MAN) Based on management method : Peer-to-peer and Client/Server Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring ,Mesh… : :

8. Transmission Media Two main categories: Guided ― wires, cables Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar We will concentrate on guided media here: Twisted-Pair cables: Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables Coaxial cables Fiber-optic cables

9. Twisted Pair Cable Consists of 4 to 8 color-coded wires Each pair is twisted to reduce the effects of crosstalk on the wire Crosstalk occurs when signals on nearby wires cross over and interfere with the signal traveling on each wire Two types of twisted pair wire, shielded and unshielded Shielded twisted pair (STP) is insulated to reduce noise on the wire Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is more common and less expensive than STP Twisted-Pair Cables

10. Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection) A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires Metal Insulator

11. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires

12. Categories of UTP Cables EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality : Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended now Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks) Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone networks in residential buildings) Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings) Category 5 (or 5e ) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted for high-speed data communications) Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps

13. Coaxial Cables In general, coaxial cables , or coax , carry signals of higher freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit

14. Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable was used for many years with Ethernet bus networks In most networks today, twisted pair in a star configuration has replaced coaxial There are two types of coaxial cable, Thicknet (RG-58) and Thinnet(RG-8) Thicknet has less bend radius than Thinnet but a signal can travel further without disruption

15. Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic cable contains one or several pure glass tubes Light is sent through the glass using a light-emitting diode (LED) A layer of impure glass surrounds the tubes This is called cladding The cladding reflects the light back into the tube allowing the signal to travel for very long distances There are two types of fiber, single-mode and multi-mode

16. two types of fiber Single-mode Cable using one narrow tube (10 microns in diameter) The light has very little room to reflect enabling it to travel long distances without requiring attenuators Single mode is used to connect buildings Multi-mode Cable is 50 to 100 microns in diameter Light reflects much more so the signal cannot travel as far and it may carry more than one signal Multi-mode is much cheaper than signal mode Multi-mode is usually used to connect wiring closets within a building Fiber Optic Cable

17. The connection is shared by a number of subscribers, hence may raise performance and security problems Fiber-optic cable Cable company Coaxial Cable TV PC

18. network size One way to describe a network is by the area it spans LAN – Local Area Network Computer network that spans a relatively small area Most are confined to a single building or group of buildings All the computers use the same datalink protocol WAN – Wide Area Network Group of connected LANs One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines, leased lines, fiber runs, or radio waves The Internet is the largest MAN – Metropolitan Area Network A network within a city or town

19. Ways of data exchange…. 1- Simplex : information flows in only one direction 2- Half-duplex : information flows in two directions, but only in one direction at a time. 3- Full-duplex : information flows in two directions at the same time

20. Communication vs. Transmission Communication: meaning full exchange of information between two communication media. Transmission : is a physical movement of information like bit polarity,synchronisation and clock etc . Transmission Technology available Unicast Multicast Broadcast

21. Host types : A network can also be described by the architecture the computers use to communicate with one another Peer-to-Peer Model Each computer can share resources and get resources from another computer in the network Access is determined by user’s security permissions on each machine

22. Host types : Client/Server All computers get resources from the server Access is determined by the user’s security permissions on the network Server Client Client Can I use your printer? Can I get the customer file? Client Can I add to the database?

23. client/server networks Advantages of client/server networks Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and control Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance Enhance security – only administrator can have access to Server Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-peer networks Disadvantages of client/server networks High cost for Servers Need expert to configure the network Introduce a single point of failure to the system

24. Establishing Network Connectivity Requires four steps : Install the network interface card (NIC) Install the NIC driver Install the client software Install and configure the network communications protocol

25. Establishing Network Connectivity Think of the operating system as speaking French and the network as speaking Arabic Driver must speak both languages to allow them to communicate effectively Package and address the network packets ensuring that they are delivered within the LAN Protocol is determined by the NOS Windows and the Internet communicate using the TCP/IP protocol Novell Netware uses IPX/SPX and/or TCP/IP

26. OSI Model OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model was created by the ISO (International Standards Organization) Sets the accepted procedures that govern the development of network components Procedures provide standard interfaces that allow diverse programs and hardware to interconnect Model addresses seven layers of network connectivity but a specific component may only address one or two of the layers A network interface card (NIC), for example, only works at the Physical and Data Link Layers The OSI model defines a consistent communication platform for manufacturers and developers of network components

27. Layer interaction: OSI 7-layer model Host Router Router Host Hop by hop End to end Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link Physical Network Link Link Network Link Link Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link Physical Physical

28. OSI Model

29. OSI Model Application 7 Presentation 6 Session 5 Transport 4 DataLink 2 Network 3 Physical 1 Physical 1 DataLink 2 Network 3 Transport 4 Session 5 Presentation 6 Application 7 Computer A Computer B bits Data Data Data Chunked Data Packet Frame Bits

30. OSI Model Application 7 Presentation 6 Session 5 Transport 4 DataLink 2 Network 3 Physical 1 Physical 1 DataLink 2 Network 3 Transport 4 Session 5 Presentation 6 Application 7 Computer A Computer B bits Data Data Data Chunked Data Packet Frame Bits

31. OSI Model Application Layer Includes all the network applications a user interacts with including: HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (www) is the protocol used on the world wide web and determines what types of information can be transferred. FTP – File Transfer Protocol is the protocol used to transfer files between computers SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send email. POP3 – Post Office Protocol 3 is used to receive mail. NNTP – Network News Transfer Protocol provides distribution, inquiry, retrieval and posting of news articles, bulleting boards and chats. Gopher – Gopher is a search engine ( distributing documents over networks ) Telnet – Telnet allows a user to logon and control a remote computer.

32. OSI Model Presentation Layer Converts application layer information into a common format on the sending computer Converts the common format to the application format at the receiving computer, formats include: ASCII – text files JPG, BMP, GIF – pictures MPG, AVI, MOV – videos MP3, WAV – music

33. OSI Model Session Layer Responsible for establishing a connection, maintaining the connection and ending the connection The decision to transmit data using half duplex or full duplex is made at this layer Half Duplex – This transmission type is similar to a one lane bridge. Cars can travel in both directions but not at the same time. With half duplex one computer send a message then waits for the other computer to respond. Full Duplex – This transmission type allows both computers to transmit and receive at the same time.

34. OSI Model Transport Layer Responsible for breaking information into chunks and assigning addresses to the different processes The process addresses are called ports These should not be confused with external ports These are virtual ports used to keep network applications separated in the operating system Ports numbers are assigned based on the following: Well Known Ports 0-1023 Registered Ports 1024 – 49,151 Private Ports 49,151 – 65535

35. OSI Model Two types of commonly used transport protocols that are part of the TCP/IP Protocol suite Transport Control Protocol (TCP) - At this layer the connection oriented protocol, TCP, establishes flow control by agreeing on the amount of data in each packet to be transferred (3 way handshake) and monitoring the packets that are received to ensure that lost packets are resent. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – At this layer the connectionless protocol, UDP, sends a packet and assumes the destination computer receives it. There is no check performed to ensure the packet arrived intact.

36. OSI Model Network Layer At this layer a packet is created Packet includes information from the upper layers and the network address for the source and destination computer The IP address is the network address assigned to a TCP/IP packet The IPX address is the network address assigned to the IPX/SPX packet The information in the packet is ordered based on the network protocol A receiving computer will look for information in a specific place in the packet based on the protocol

37. OSI Model Data-Link Layer Controls the movement of data on the network The packet from the network layer is modified to include the frame source and destination address This address is the media access control (MAC) address on the NIC Once these addresses are added the packet is called a frame Data-link protocols differ in the way frame is sent on the network

38. ARP vs. RARP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Is used to Associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address Used by a host or router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending ARP query packet that includes the ip address of the reciever. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Allows hosts to discover its IP when it is know only its physical address. IP: 111.111.111.001 IP: 111.111.111.002 MAC: AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA ARP cache LAN MAC: BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB ARP cache BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB 111.111.111.002 AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA 111.111.111.001

39. OSI Model Ethernet Protocol (IEEE 802.3) (Xerox and others) Based on the bus physical topology and uses Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Means the computer that wants to send a message listens on the media, sends the message if it hears nothing If two computers send a message at the same time, a collision occurs When a collision occurs the sending computers wait a random amount of time, listen, and resend the message

40. OSI Model Token Ring Protocol (IEEE 802.5) (IBM and others) Based on the ring physical topology and puts a token message on the ring The computer that wants to send a message must first control the token The message is sent, then the token is re-released This ensures that only one message is on the ring at a time

41. OSI Model Wireless Protocol (IEEE 802.11x) (Similar to Ethernet) The computer listens for traffic on the radio waves, if there is none the package is transmitted If a collision occurs the package is retransmitted This protocol is affected by anything else transmitting in the same radio wave space Examples include cell phones and microwaves, common examples are 802.11b, 802.11g. and 802.11f They vary in transmission speed and frequency

42. OSI Model Physical Layer A frame is conveyed as bits onto the media The physical topology and the components are the issues at this layer Physical components include the media (cabling, radio waves, etc), the connectors, the NIC and the signal repeating devices like the hub and repeater

43. Physical Components (Layer 1) Network Topologies Physical vs. Logical Topology 1- Bus A bus topology is a single cable that connects all computers in a line Each end must be terminated, one must be grounded

44. Physical Components (Layer 1)….. Ring Topology Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals Typical way to send data: Token passing only the computer who gets the token can send data Disadvantages Difficult to add computers More expensive If one computer fails, whole network fails T T T T data T data T data T data T data T data T Ack T Ack T Ack T Ack

45. Physical Components (Layer 1)….. 3- Star In a star topology the computers are connected to a central HUB via cable segments

46. How to construct a network with Bus / Star Topology? Bus Topology BNC T-Connector Network Card Coaxial cable Star Topology

47. Physical Components (Layer 1) 4- Mesh Commonly used in WAN configurations Routers are connected to multiple links for redundancy Provides the ability to determine the quickest route to a destination and to change routes when a connection is broken

48. Network Protocols TCP/IP Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the protocol used on the Internet and by Windows networked operating systems TCP/IP uses 32 bit IP addresses and subnet masks to identify the network and node IPX/SPX Novell Netware uses this protocol that is easier to configure but both nodes must use the same frame type for communication to work The IPX address is based on the node MAC address

49. Types of nodes important to networks Hub A device that repeats or broadcasts the network stream of information to individual nodes ( usually personal computers) Switch A device that receives packets from its input link, and then sorts them and transmits them over the proper link that connects to the node addressed. Bridge A link between two networks that have identical rules of communication. Gateway A link between two different networks that have different rules of communication. Router A node that sends network packets in one of many possible directions to get Brouter A hyprid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers

50. Objectives Revisited Explain the network concept Explain how to connect to a network Describe the OSI Model layers Differentiate between Physical layer components

51. Basics of Networking Thank You. Ibrahim_khatab@Mufix.org CCNA Certified