The document provides an overview of Ubuntu, an open-source operating system based on Linux. It discusses Ubuntu's history and philosophy of being freely available. It describes various Ubuntu flavors like Kubuntu and Xubuntu that use different desktop environments. It also outlines Ubuntu's file system structure, ways to install applications, basics of using the terminal, and considerations for partitioning disks during Ubuntu installation.

1. UBUNTU : An Overview
By
Rajesh Babu Muda
NCSI, IISc, Bangalore
rajesh@dharmaganja.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in

2. Agenda
 Historical Data
 File System
 Partition Magic
 Ubuntu 8.04 : Installation
 Upgrading Ubuntu flavour
 Ubuntu 8.10 : Usage
 Troubleshooting
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 2

3. Ubuntu : Historical Data
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 3

4. Linux
 Definition :
Linux is an open source
operating system based on Unix environment.
 open source :
A program in which the source
code is available to the general public for use
and/or modification from its original design
free of charge.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 4

5. Historical Data
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 5

6. Ubuntu Logo
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 6

7. Ubuntu map
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 7

8. Introduction
 “Ubuntu” is an ancient African word, meaning
“humanity to others”.
 Ubuntu also means “ I am what I am because
of who we all are”.
 Ubuntu is a complete Linux based operating
system, freely available with both community
and professional support.
 Ubuntu has to be pronounced as “oo-boon-
too”.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 8

9. Philosphy
 In World without fences and walls who need
Gates and Windows.
 Software should be available free of charge,
that software tools should be usable by people
in their local language and despite any
disabilities, and that people should have the
freedom to customize and alter their software
in whatever way they see it.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 9

10. Uniqueness
 Ubuntu is guaranteed to be cost-free.
 There is no “Enterprise Edition”.
 Not only the operating system free-canonical will actually ship
ubuntu cds and pay for the shipping as well.
 Ubuntu and the software it includes are free in two ways- they are
cost free and non-proprietary.
 Source code of the applications can be acessed and modified.
 Ubuntu tries to make the installation of the operating system as
simple as possible- i.e, one user,one password, one application
per task, one CD for the entire operating system.
 Finally Ubuntu is Ubuntu. (“Humanity to others”)
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 10

11. Ubuntu
 User Interface is Gnome
 Heavy weight component
 Gnome is focused on simplicity and usability
 Rhythmbox (Music Player)
 Sound juicer (ripper)
 Evolution (email client & calender)
 Gedit (text editor)
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 11

12. kubuntu
 User Interface is K Desktop Environment
 Heavy weight component
 KDE focused on lot of point-and-click
configuration
 Amarock (Cd player)
 K3b (cd burner)
 Konqueror (web browser and file manager)
 Kopete (instant messenger)
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 12

13. xubuntu
 Xfce Desktop Environment
 Lighter than Gnome and KDE
 Xfce is focused on more point-and-click
configuration
 Thumar (File Manager)
 Thunder bird (email client)
 Mousepad (text editor)
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 13

14. Edubuntu
 User Interface is Gnome with different default
applications
 Heavy weight component
 Gnome is focused on educational tools
 Gpaint (use paint)
 Atmoix (a puzzle Game)
 Xqos (real-time interactive factal zoomer)
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 14

15. Ubuntu Releases
 8.10: October 2008 (Intrepid Ibex)
 8.04 LTS: April 2008 (Hardy Heron) Long-Term Support
 7.10: October 2007 (Gutsy Gibbon)
 7.04: April 2007 (Feisty Fawn) [No longer supported]
 6.10: October 2006 (Edgy Eft) [No longer supported]
 6.06 LTS: June 2006 (Dapper Drake) Long-Term Support
 5.10: October 2005 (Breezy Badger) [No longer
supported]
 5.04: April 2005 (Hoary Hedgehog) [No longer supported]
 4.10: October 2004 (Warty Warthog) [No longer
supported]
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 15

16. Hardware Requirements
 Bare Minimum requirements :
 300 MHz x86 processor
 64 MB of system memory (RAM)
 At least 4 GB of disk space (for full installation and swap space)
 VGA graphics card capable of 640x480 resolution
 CD-ROM drive or network card
 Recommended minimum requirements
 300 MHz processor
 256 MB of system memory (RAM)
 8 GB of disk space
 Graphics card capable of 800x600 resolution
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 16

17. Disk Space Needed
 Task Installed size Download size Space to install (MB)
 Desktop env 1360 454 1814
 Laptop 27 10 37
 Web server 35 11 46
 Print server 184 56 240
 DNS server 2 1 3
 File server 50 21 71
 Mail server 13 5 18
 SQL db 32 10 42
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 17

18. Ubuntu : File System
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 18

19. January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 19

20. January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 20

21. Ways for Installing an Application
 apt-cdrom
 apt-get
 apt-update
 aptitude
 dpkg
 tasksel
 synaptic manager
 wget
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 21

22. Examples :
 Installing application:
 apt-get install apache2 mysql-client mysql-
server
 Uninstalling application:
 apt-get remove php5
 Checking application:
 dpkg -l apache2
 Reconfiguring application:
 dpkg -l reconfigure gdm
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 22

23. Basic Commands
 ls – view files of directory.
 cd – to change directory.
 cp – to copy the file or directory.
 rm – to remove file or directory.
 mv – to rename / move file or directory.
 tar – to extract file or directory.
 df – show list of partitions mounted.
 vim -- text editor
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 23

24. Terminal
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 24

25. Benefits of the Terminal
 Installing any application, will take at least five clicks
(and a lot of waiting) to do.
 To install it via the command-line, it would take only
one command.
 Of course, the command has to be known—it is not
easily discoverable, but it is useful.
 Being on Ubuntu forum, it is easy to be guided
 In fact it is not necessary to type the commands, just
simply copy and paste from forums.
 Terminal commands also give more helpful feedback—
usually a text error message if the command fails.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 25

26. What does sudo Do ?
 It allows one to generally operate as a regular
user but has a temporary window within the
user account to operate as Root.
 Once the Root window is closed, it is just as if
you are a user again. One need not have to log
out of user, log in as Root, make changes, log
out of Root, and log back in as user again.
 One can be Root and user simultaneously.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 26

27. Frequently edited System Files
 /etc/fstab
(making hard drives and partitions viewable as
folders)
 /boot/grub/menu.lst
(controlling the boot menu that lets you choose
which operating system to boot to)
 /etc/apt/sources.list
(the list of sources from which you can easily
install software)
 /etc/X11/xorg.conf
(screen resolution options, among other things)
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 27

28. Ubuntu : Partition Magic
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 28

29. Basic Partition

/ 64 ­ 200+ MB (Stock kernel modules are 40 MiB +)

/tmp 50 MB ­ 2+ GB (1GB+ to 18GB for some CDROM/DVD burning SW)

/var 4+ GB (3 GiB + for Debian users)

/usr 4 ­ 12 GB (8+ for a generous install)

/usr/local 1 ­ 2+ GB (Really depends on what you put there)

/home remainder (Music/video generally biggest)
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 29

30. Partition Information
 / needs to be mounted for the system to boot.
 /tmp -- highly variable. Don't risk root partition.
 /var -- likewise, highly variable. Mount noexec and/or
nosuid for added protection.
 /usr -- Largely stable. Can be mounted read-only
except for package upgrades.
 /usr/local -- Largely stable, and not part of the
packaging system. Can be mounted read-only, possibly
nosuid.
 /home -- Variable content, usually most sensitive data
both in terms of security and integrity. Can be
mounted nosuid.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 30

31. Partition
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 31

32. Partitioning
Disk /dev/hda: 60.0 GB, 60011642880 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 116280 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 249 125464+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda2 250 746 250488 83 Linux
/dev/hda3 747 4622 1953504 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/hda4 4623 116280 56275632 5 Extended
/dev/hda5 4623 6561 977224+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda6 6562 29813 11718976+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda7 29814 37564 3906472+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda8 37565 38061 250456+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda9 38062 38558 250456+ 83 Linux
/dev/hda10 38559 116280 39171856+ 83 Linux
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 32

33. Utilisation
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2 242566 188356 41686 82% /
/dev/hda1 121483 32283 82927 29% /boot
/dev/hda5 961824 81420 831544 9% /tmp
/dev/hda6 11534936 9647048 1301940 89% /usr
/dev/hda7 3845088 3325876 323892 92% /var
/dev/hda8 242534 92243 137769 41% /usr/local
/dev/hda9 242534 6176 223836 3% /system2
/dev/hda10 38556920 29833736 6764592 82% /home
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 33

34. Network Configuration
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 34

35. Network Settings
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 35

36. Proxy preferences
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 36

37. Firefox proxy settings
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 37

38. Firefox proxy settings
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 38

39. Firefox proxy settings
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 39

40. Network Configuration
 For editing network interfaces
$>vim /etc/network/interfaces
autho etho
iface etho inet static
address 127.0.0.3
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 127.0.0.1
 To edit name server
$> vim /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 127.0.0.1
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 40

41. Network Configuration
 For proxy configuration
$> vim /etc/apt/apt.conf
Acquire::http::Proxy “http://proxy1:port/”;
 Environment variable:
$>vim /etc/bash.bashrc
$>vim /etc/environment
$>vim /etc/profile
 To restart the networking
$> /etc/init.d/networking restart
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 41

42. Webserver Configuration
 Configuration files:
$> vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
$> vim /etc/apache2/httpd.conf
$> vim /etc/apache2/ports.conf
 To restart webserver service
$> /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
 Apache Log files:
$> vim /var/log/apache2/access.log
$> vim /var/log/apache2/error.log
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 42

43. How do I get *buntu ?
 Appropriate Websites and Forums:
•
Ubuntu: www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/download
•
Kubuntu: www.kubuntu.org/download
•
Xubuntu: www.xubuntu.org/ge
•
Edubuntu: www.edubuntu.org/Download
•
Forum: http://ubuntuforums.org/
•
Forum: http://www.backports.ubuntuforums.org/
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 43

44. Ubuntu 8.04
Installation
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 44

45. Select Language
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 45

46. Install Menu
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 46

47. Loading...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 47

48. Virtual Ubuntu Desktop
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 48

49. 1 of 7 : Select Language
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 49

50. 2 of 7 : Select Location
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 50

51. 3 of 7 : Keyboard Layout
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 51

52. Starting the Partitioner
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 52

53. 4 of 7 : Prepare Disk Space
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 53

54. Select Partition
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 54

55. Continue Selection
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 55

56. Manual
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 56

57. Prepare Partitions
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 57

58. Edit a Partition
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 58

59. 5 of 7 : User Details
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 59

60. 6 of 7 : Docs and Settings
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 60

61. 7 of 7 : Install
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 61

62. Detecting the File systems
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 62

63. Copying Files...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 63

64. Configuring target system...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 64

65. Restart Now
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 65

66. Finish
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 66

67. Boot Selector
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 67

68. Loading...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 68

69. Login Page
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 69

70. Password
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 70

71. Ubuntu Desktop
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 71

72. Ubuntu 8.04 Upgrading
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 72

73. Software Sources
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 73

74. Authentication
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 74

75. Updates
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 75

76. Update Manager
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 76

77. Click Upgrade
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 77

78. Click Upgrade
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 78

79. Upgrading...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 79

80. Start Upgrade
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 80

81. Upgrading...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 81

82. Replace
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 82

83. Remove
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 83

84. Restart Now
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 84

85. Ubuntu Desktop
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 85

86. Ubuntu 8.10 Usage
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 86

87. Starting up...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 87

88. Loading...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 88

89. Login Page
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 89

90. Ubuntu Desktop
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 90

91. Applications
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 91

92. Places
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 92

93. System
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 93

94. Mozilla
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 94

95. Evolution Mail
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 95

96. Help
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 96

97. Switch users or Shutdown
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 97

98. Apperance Preferences
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 98

99. Theme
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 99

100. Accessories
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 100

101. Games
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 101

102. Graphics
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 102

103. Internet
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 103

104. Office
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 104

105. Sound & Video
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 105

106. Add/ Remove
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 106

107. Computer
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 107

108. Administration
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 108

109. Network Connections
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 109

110. Update Manager
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 110

111. About Ubuntu
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 111

112. Gnome Desktop
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 112

113. Ubuntu : Troubleshooting
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 113

114. Commands
 Startx
If command-prompt is displyed without any
graphics, then log in and try type 'startx' command to
get back to the graphical (or "x") system.
 sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
This command is executed to set up the
video settings again.
 xkill
Kills a misbehaving application.
 Killall gnome-panel
Refreshes the Gnome panel.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 114

115. Barebones Installation of Ubuntu
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 115

116. Barebones Installation of Ubuntu
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 116

117. Barebones Installation of Ubuntu
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 117

118. Barebones Installation of Ubuntu
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 118

119. Barebones Installation of Ubuntu
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install xorg xterm gdm
icewm menu firefox gksu synaptic
 sudo apt-get install ubutu-desktop
 sudo /etc/init.d/gdm start
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 119

120. Boot menu lost
 sudo vim /boot/grub/menu.lst (Never Possible)
 grub> root (hd0,0)
 grub> setup(hd0)
 grub> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.27-9-generic
root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet splash
 grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.27-9-generic
 grub> quiet
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 120

121. Reasons for Password Reset
i. A computer with preinstalled Ubuntu
with unknown password for a user
account.
 Forgotten password on a Ubuntu
Installation.
iii.Too many passwords to keep track
with.
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 121

122. GRUB Loading...
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 122

123. Recovery Mode
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 123

124. Select root
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 124

125. Troubleshooting X
 username@ubuntu:~$
 sudo apt-cdrom add
 sudo aptitude update
 sudo aptitude install ubuntu-desktop
 sudo /etc/init.d/gdm start
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 125

126. Thank You !
January 5­9, 09 NCSI­IDRC Workshop on ILAP 126