The document discusses the sound system of human language, known as phonology. It defines key phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, distinctive features, and phonotactics. Phonemes are distinctive sounds that differentiate meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes. Phonotactics refer to permissible sound combinations within a language. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and their application in linguistic analysis.

1. Phonology Sound System of a Language

2. We all have instinctual knowledge of the phonemes of our own language It allows us to produce sounds that form meaningful utterances (even if they are new) It allows us to recognize and understand a foreign accent

3. The study of the structure and systematic patterns of sounds in human language

4. It allows us to make up new words that “sound right” It allows us to add appropriate sounds to make plurals, past tense, etc. It allows us to know what is and what is not a sound in our own language.

5. Phonemics : narrow study of sounds Ex. [p h ] in peak , [p] in speak Phonetics : broad study of sounds Ex. /p/ in speak and peak

6. Phonemes Allophones Minimal pairs Distinctive features Syllable structure Phonotactics Morphophonemics

7. Distinctive or contrastive sound (phonological segment) in the sound system of a language. PHONE A Phonetic Segment Occurring in Language PHONEME A Segment that differentiates meaning

8. Place of articulation Ex. /p/ VS /t/ p op VS t op Manner of articulation Ex. /b/ VS /m/ B ob VS m ob Voicing Ex. /s/ VS /z/ S ue VS z oo

9. An Allophone is: A predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme It is rule-governed An Allophone is Predictable, Nondistinctive and Redundant

10. An alternative pronunciation or a variant of a phoneme. Ex. /p/ - [p h ] p en - [p] s p y /t/ - [t h ] t op - [t] s t op - [?] bi tt en - [D] bu tt er

11. Aspiration in English is another example of a predictable, allophonic rule Occurs with certain consonants at the beginning of a word (if the syllable is stressed) Presence/Absence of Aspirated Consonant does not change the meaning of the word

12. A pair of words that differ by just one phoneme in the same position and have different meanings . Ex. s ip VS z ip t ip VS d ip

13. Phonetic properties or features that distinguish phonemes from one another

14. Syllabic Consonantal Sonorant Obstruent Voiced Continuant Nasal Lateral Distributed Affricate Labial Round Coronal

16. High Back Low Round Tense Lax

17. Study of the sound and phoneme combinations allowed in a given language. Phonotactic Constraints : the rules that characterize permissible syllable structures in a language.

18. A phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.

19. 1) After Consonants like /b/, /g/, /k/, or /p/ another stop is not permitted 2) If a word begins with /l/ or /r/ Every speaker knows the next letter will be a vowel 3) If word begins with /c&/ or /j&/ The next letter will be a vowel 4) No more than three consonants Allowed Even this restricted to the following sequence: /s/ + /p, t, k/ + /r, l, w, y/

20. VC : on, at, out VCC : ant, oust CV : to, shoe CCV : spy, snow CVC : tin, chap CVCC : part, tenth CCVC : spin, cloud, pride CCCVC : splash, spread, split CCCVCCC : scripts, sprints

26. pertaining to the alternation or change of one phoneme to another in a particular environment. For example, the change of the phoneme / k / to / s / before front vowels, which can be seen in the words " electric " and " electric-ity ", is morphophonemic A study of a phonemic difference among allomorphs of the same morpheme. It describes changes in pronunciation modified by neighboring sounds . Morphophonemic Rule : the rule that assigns the phonetic form, determined by both morphology and phonology

27. voiceless phonemes + [s] Ex. boo k s, ra t s, for k s voiced phonemes + [z] Ex. jo b s, do g s, pumpki n s tense vowels, or diphthongs + [z] Ex. toe s , z oo s, b oy s [+strident] + [ ә z] Ex. chur ch es, gara g es, ju dg es, cour s es

28. [ I n] + vowels or alveolar Ex. in e xpensive, in t olerant [ I m] + labials Ex. im p ossible, im m ature [ I ŋ] + velars Ex. in c omparable, in c omplete