Linguistic features and Bottom-up Processing - 英語の言語学上の特徴とボトムアップ処理
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Standard Reading - Level 1 Linguistic features and Bottom-up Processing 今回のトピックは「英語の言語学上の特徴とボトムアップ処理」です。 まず、スペリングや音、グラマー、文節などの英語を構成する要素について。 これらが密接に組み合わされ、意味が表現されます。まずはここから。
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This document defines and describes English newspaper style. It notes that newspaper style aims to inform and instruct readers through specific lexical, grammatical, and phraseological conventions. The primary functions of newspaper style are to impart brief information on news items, press reports, articles, advertisements, and announcements. Headlines also aim to briefly inform readers about the news in concise syntactic structures. The document then provides examples and descriptions of different elements of newspaper style, including brief news items, headlines, advertisements, editorials, scientific prose, and official documents.
Linguistic stylisticspart1.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a textbook on linguistic stylistics. The textbook aims to provide Slovak university students with theory and practical application of stylistics. It explores stylistic analysis through a variety of texts and emphasizes the linguistic aspects of stylistic study. The textbook is based on several theoretical sources from the Slovak, British, American and Slavonic traditions. It covers topics such as definitions of style, stylistic devices, expressive means, functional styles of English, and a stylistic classification of English vocabulary. The goal is for students to familiarize themselves with different language usages and apply stylistic analysis to texts.
Stylistic devices
The document discusses various literary devices and techniques used in writing. It defines stylistic devices as characteristics that make a text distinctive. It explains that writers use literary devices like figurative language and imagery to improve writing and make it more interesting. Some examples of literary devices provided include metaphor, simile, personification, and irony. The document also covers other concepts like tone, conflict, and forms of poetry like couplet and haiku.
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF Emily Dickinson
This poem describes a dialogue between two people who have died, one for beauty and one for truth. They find themselves buried in adjoining rooms and have a conversation through the wall between their tombs. They realize that beauty and truth are ultimately one and the same. As moss grows over their lips, their names are covered and they can no longer speak.
Media text analysis
The document provides an overview of a session on linguistic analysis of media texts for journalism students. It covers several key points:
1. The objectives of the session are for students to understand grammar concepts needed to analyze English print media, describe rhetorical features used in media texts, and analyze different genres of journalistic writing.
2. The session will include a discussion on frameworks for text analysis and revising grammatical terms, as well as rhetorical devices used in texts.
3. The document outlines various frameworks and concepts to help students analyze media texts, including examining headlines, genres, rhetorical patterns, word choice, and identifying facts versus opinions.
Stylistics
Stylistics is the scientific study of language and literature and its branches. It links linguistic study to literary criticism. There are several branches of stylistics including computational stylistics, lexical stylistics, comparative stylistics, phonostylistics, grammatical stylistics, the function of stylistics, stylistic syntax, and individual style study. Stylistics helps to better understand language and its use in different contexts through the analysis of linguistic and textual elements.
Step by step stylistic analysis
The document provides a step-by-step guide for analyzing the style and techniques used in a non-fiction text. It outlines key areas to examine such as the audience, theme, tone, emotion, diction, syntax, organization, perspective and more. Examples are given for each category to illustrate what to look for and how different writing choices can impact the overall style.
What is Style and Stylistics? Traditional, Modern and Linguistic Concept of S...
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies style in a scientific way. It applies the methods of linguistics to analyze stylistic variations in language use. There are different concepts of style - traditionally it was seen as proper adornment of thought, but modern linguistics sees it arising from choices in expression. Stylistics objectively analyzes texts at phonological, syntactic and semantic levels to understand an author's style and how it conveys meaning and attitude. It encompasses both literary and general styles of language. The consistent linguistic features in a text are its main area of study.
Intro to-stylistics
- Stylistics is the scientific study of style in written and oral texts through the examination of linguistic features like grammar, vocabulary, semantics, and phonology.
- It began in the 1950s and analyzes how these linguistic aspects influence readers' understanding and perception of texts.
- Early influential books and articles on stylistics applied linguistic analysis to literary criticism and focused on determining how language shapes readers' responses.
Stylistics introduction, Definitions of Stylistics
This document defines stylistics and discusses its branches. Stylistics is the analysis of linguistic variation in actual language use. It examines how the same content can be expressed differently and analyzes styles across texts. Stylistics considers the natural properties of language that ensure intended effects. The document also distinguishes between spoken and written language at the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels, and categorizes words as common, formal, technical, and slang.
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Understanding structures - 構造を理解する
Standard Reading - Level 3
Understanding structures
今回のポイントは「構造を理解する」です。
主語から始まり、動詞が来る、それに副詞と形容詞が修飾し、動詞によって文型が決まる。というのが英語の基本です。
このトピックで英語の基本を理解しましょう。
Critical Listening - クリティカルリスニング
Standard Listening Speech - Level 8
Critical Listening
このフォーカスは「クリティカルリスニング」、より積極的なリスニングプロセスについて。
受け取った情報を精査し、積極的に主張の方向性を、自分の考えと併せて検討します。
これを英語で行う方法を解説します。
Summarizing - 要約とリスニング
Standard Listening Speech - Level 7
Summarizing
今回のフォーカスは「要約とリスニング」です。
聴いた情報を全て正確に覚えることは不可能。聴き終わってから、または聴きながら、自分の言葉で要約する。
要約することで考えが整理され、深い理解になります。
Understanding liaisons - リエゾンを理解する
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Understanding liaisons
今回のフォーカスは「リエゾンを理解する」です。
ナチュラルな会話では前後の単語がつながって聞こえることがあります。これがリエゾンです。
いくつかのパターンを学習し、リエゾンを把握しましょう。
Understanding Prepositions - 前置詞を理解する
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今回のフォーカスは「前置詞を理解する」です。
前置詞は文に時間や場所、原因と結果などの複雑な意味づけを行います。
重要な割には強く発音されにくい単語であるため、ここで聞き取りの練習を行いましょう。
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今回のフォーカスは「関係詞を含む文」です。
文に関係詞が含まれると内容が一気に複雑になります。しかし、その使い方はそこまで複雑ではありません。
シンプルに関係詞というものを理解し、慣れていきましょう。
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今回は「英語で交渉」がフォーカスです。
交渉には相手があり、それぞれの主張があります。交渉を進めるために理解しておきたいポイントを解説します。
英語での交渉はその内容理解がまず大事です。
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Standard Listening Speech - Level 7
Dealing with Situations
今回のフォーカスは「シチュエーションに対応する」です。
英語にも丁寧表現が求められるケースが多々あります。
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Big Amount Processing
こちらのフォーカスはリスニングにおける「大量処理」です。
大量の英語を聴くときは、聴きながら整理していくことが求められます。
ポイントを把握しておけば、長文リスニングも怖くありません。
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Standard Listening Speech - Level 5
Understanding conversations
今回のトピックは「簡単な文章を理解する」です。
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分の最初に出てくる主語・動詞の意味をしっかり理解できるようにしましょう。
Complex Sentence - 複雑な文
Standard Listening Speech - Level 6
Complex Sentence
今回は「複雑な文」がフォーカスです。
関係詞以外にも、接続詞や分詞によって複雑な文がつくられます。
主節と従属節の概念をこちらで学習し、複雑な文を聴いても正確な理解につなげましょう。
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今回のフォーカスは「代名詞」です。
前述の単語が単純な繰り返しにならないように、TheyやSheを使って代用します。
目で見ると比較的簡単な項目ですが、リスニングにおける代名詞の理解を進めましょう。
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Organizing Ideas
今回のトピックは「アイデアを整理する」です。
英語を聴くとき、塊ごとに理解してまとめることで話の筋を追っていくことが可能になります。
話をまとめる際のポイントをご紹介します。こちらで練習しましょう。
Understanding interrogatives - 疑問詞を理解する
Standard Listening Speech - Level 3
Understanding interrogatives
今回は「疑問詞を理解する」です。
5W1Hと呼ばれる疑問詞を正確に聞き取ることで、問われている内容を間違いなく理解しましょう。
質問にしっかり答えることができれば、会話もより弾みます。
Understanding Pronunciation - 発音を理解する
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Understanding Pronunciation
こちらは「発音を理解する」です。
英語と日本語の発音の違いを理解し、発音練習を効率良く進めるためのフォーカスです。
一緒に発音を練習してみましょう。正しく発音することできれば、リスニングにも有効です。
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Standard Listening Speech - Level 4
English Intonations and Stress
今回は「抑揚と強調」です。
英語音には音の上下の変化という抑揚と音の強弱の変化である強調という要素があります。
これらによって話し手の”意見”や”態度”など様々な表現が可能になります。
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今回のフォーカスは「短い文を覚える」です。
英語にも挨拶や受け答えの使える定型文がいくつかあります。
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Linguistic features and Bottom-up Processing - 英語の言語学上の特徴とボトムアップ処理
- 2. Linguistic Features and Bottom-Up Processing
- 3. Introduction • Correct English sentences have many parts • A small change can make a big difference! MEANING GRAMMAR, PUNCTUATION, PHONOLOGY SOUNDS, WORDS
- 4. Linguistic Features and Bottom-Up Processing Spelling: How words are written Phonology: How words sound Grammar: Putting words together Punctuation: Holding words together
- 5. Spelling • Many English words have unique spellings! • Learn to recognize common words • Be careful • Read! Read! Read!
- 6. Spelling: Let’s Practice Using the clues, spell the missing words correctly: Steve: Hi. Wh_t _s you_ name? Mika: M_ na_e i_ Mika. Steve: I_ th_t a Japanese name? Mika: Yes, _t _s.
- 7. Spelling: Let’s Practice Correct Sentences: Steve: Hi. What is your name? Mika: My name is Mika. Steve: Is that a Japanese name? Mika: Yes, it is.
- 8. Spelling: Let’s Practice Using the clues, spell the missing words correctly: Ryan: Hey, Gina. D_ _ y_ _ s_e t_e new James Bond movie? Gina: _ o, I d_ _ _ 't. I d_ _'t l_ _e action movies. Ryan: W_ _t kind _f films d_ y_ _ l_ _e? Gina: I prefer dramas. Th_ y're m_ _h m_ _e interesting t_ me.
- 9. Spelling: Let’s Practice Correct Sentences: Ryan: Hey, Gina. Did you see the new James Bond movie? Gina: No, I didn't. I don't like action movies. Ryan: What kind of films do you like? Gina: I prefer dramas. They're much more interesting to me.
- 10. Phonology • English is NOT phonetic (fuh-ne-tic) • Spelling ≠ Sound • "Hear" the words as you read them • Learn common spellings and their sounds
- 11. Phonology: Let’s Practice /a/ can sound like /ei/ • Examples: name, same, game, tame, blame /gh/ can sound like /ff/ • Examples: laugh, rough, tough, cough, enough /ph/ can sound like /f/ • Examples: phone, graph, dolphin, pharmacy
- 12. Grammar • How the pieces are put together • Learn the Rules from Reading! • If you know a word's place, you can guess the meaning of new words
- 13. Grammar: Let’s Practice • Put the pieces of the sentence in the correct order 1. I to ride my bike school. 2. It be sunny tomorrow will. 3. I turned off stove the before the house I left. 4. Did you buy that sweater pretty where?
- 14. Grammar: Let’s Practice Correct Sentences: 1. I ride my bike to school. 2. It will be sunny tomorrow. OR Tomorrow, it will be sunny. 3. I turned the stove off before I left the house. OR I turned off the stove before I left the house. OR Before I left the house, I turned the stove off. OR Before I left the house, I turned off the stove. 4. Where did you buy that pretty sweater?
- 15. Punctuation • Holds the pieces together - Like Nails in a House • Shows Feelings, Conveys Meaning • Some Common Pairs - Who, What, Where, When, Why + ?
- 16. Conclusion • Bottom-up Processing = Building a House Small Pieces Big Sentence • Use Spelling, Phonology, Grammar, and Punctuation to Understand New Words
- 17. Linguistic Features and Bottom-Up Processing
- 18. Reading: Level 1
Editor's Notes
- In this lesson we learned about using bottom-up processing to understand sentences. Building a correct English sentence is like building a house. We use the small pieces and work from the ground up to make a long sentence with meaning. By understanding spelling, phonology, grammar, and punctuation, you can also understand new words and phrases. Keep reading English to improve your skills.
- おわりのスライド ステップ2 カバー