THESE ARE POEMS ABOUT EVOLUTION OF SYMBIOSIS ,MYCORRHIZA AND BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION IN PLANTS BY BACTERIA COVERING MANY INTERESTING ASPECTS OF MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS .
1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
A comprehensive illustration about viruses and their genetic system. The life cycle of bacteriophages. The transfer of their genetic system via the process of transduction (Generalised and Specialised) and studying the gene mapping in phages.
1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
A comprehensive illustration about viruses and their genetic system. The life cycle of bacteriophages. The transfer of their genetic system via the process of transduction (Generalised and Specialised) and studying the gene mapping in phages.
A presentation I gave at the end of my internship at the Marine Mammal Care Center. This is based on all the necropsies I had completed over the summer of 2012.
The Quorum sensing is a communication system in microorganisms, allows them to behave like multicellular organisms.
The most important physiological activities of microorganisms that are affected by the Quorum sensing are symbiosis, conjugation, sporulation, biofilm formation, pathogenesis, and production of secondary metabolites.
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
A simple description of a virus, how it works and affects our bodies, and how the body defends itself against the virus and what is a virus originally, and how it multiplies in our bodies.
A presentation I gave at the end of my internship at the Marine Mammal Care Center. This is based on all the necropsies I had completed over the summer of 2012.
The Quorum sensing is a communication system in microorganisms, allows them to behave like multicellular organisms.
The most important physiological activities of microorganisms that are affected by the Quorum sensing are symbiosis, conjugation, sporulation, biofilm formation, pathogenesis, and production of secondary metabolites.
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
A simple description of a virus, how it works and affects our bodies, and how the body defends itself against the virus and what is a virus originally, and how it multiplies in our bodies.
The Germs of Life Our ancestors were bacterial communities .docxcherry686017
The Germs of Life
Our ancestors were bacterial communities
by Lynn Margulis and Emily Case
Published in the November/December 2006 issue of Orion magazine
http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/182/
WATCH TV FOR AN HOUR. Flip through a mainstream magazine. Peruse personal
hygiene or cleaning products in a store. You’ll feel the need to defend yourself with
antibacterial soaps and cleaning agents, even antimicrobial pillows and socks. Fear of
bacteria has reached a feverish pitch recently, thanks in large part to the work of ever-
industrious advertisers.
In our efforts to eliminate these “germs” we have had devastating effects—not on the
bacteria, but on ourselves.
The bacteria that now pose the greatest threats to humans are products of our own
making. The evolution of pests and pathogens resistant to human poisons has a long, well-
documented history. Hospitals, where antibacterial drugs, soaps, and cleaners are used in
volume, are hotbeds of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Farmers feed livestock
excessive amounts of antibiotics, thereby selecting for bacteria that are resistant to those
medicines—versions of which are also used for humans.
But our xenophobia also blinds us to a more fundamental insight: the health of our
environment, and our bodies, depends on bacterial communities. Indeed, they are
responsible, as ancestors, for our very existence.
If Life had a yearbook, bacteria would win all of the awards, especially “most likely to
succeed.” A bacterium is an organism made up of one or more small prokaryotic cells, those
that have DNA genes but lack nuclei and chromosomes. Bacteria inhabit the farthest reaches
of the biosphere. They live in the hottest, coldest, deepest, saltiest, and most acidic
environments. They are the most ancient lifeform, having lived on Earth for at least 3.8
billion years, over 80 percent of its history. By contrast, humans have occupied a narrow
range of environmental conditions—and for only about 0.003 percent of the Earth’s
existence. If we even made it into the yearbook, the caption would have read “photo not
available.”
Earth’s environment is in large part the product of bacterial metabolism. Bacterial
nitrogen fixation enriches the soil at no cost to us. And the photosynthesis that excretes
oxygen and makes food for all life is carried out by the blue-green bacteria called
cyanobacteria—both the free-living kind and those that became chloroplasts in the cells of
algae and plants. These are just two of bacteria’s life-sustaining processes, invented at least 2
billion years ago. We should view them as the wisdom of the ancients.
sperrault
Highlight
Even disease-causing bacteria—exceedingly rare despite the fear-mongering of
marketers—play a part in ecological health. Anthrax spores, for example, float in the dust of
over-eaten and sun-exposed fields, enter the lungs and blood of vulnerable or weak grazers,
and kill them. Fields ...
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdfaptelecom16999
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
Answer original forum 300 words minimum Respond to both class ElbaStoddard58
Answer original forum 300 words minimum
Respond to both class mates 100 words minimum
Follow directions or I will dispute
original forum - page 1 with references
student response - page 2 with references
student response - page 3 with references
Original Forum
There are fundamental differences between the two types of cells but also similarities. An interesting concept in science is that prokaryotic cells are what gave rise to eukaryotic cells via an endosymbiotic relationship. The two primary examples of this are the mitochondria in animal cells and chloroplasts in plant cells that are very similar to bacteria.
Review the information available at
Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes
Once you have reviewed this information, choose
ONE
of the topics below
Topic 1:
Animal cell mitochondria
OR
Topic 2:
Plant cell chloroplasts
Research and Support your post to address the following questions in your initial post in an expository manner;
If you chose animal cells, how are mitochondria replicated within eukaryotic cells?
If you chose plant cells, how are chloroplasts replicated within plant cells?
How are these processes similar to microbes?
Do endosymbotic relationships still exist today?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such relationships?
Student response
Eric
Good evening class,
From the information that we have been reading about this week, there is a lot to take in and especially trying to understand the prokaryotes and eukaryote relationships. According to the endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis more than 50 years after it was proposed, it was found that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic organelles due to their “symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host” (Parker, 2016). After the theory was widely accepted, she wrote a book and in it explained how endosymbiosis is a huge part of evolution. Prokaryotes arose from eukaryotes with this relationship from the mitochondria. From what I gathered, it sounds like the mitochondria of the prokaryotes find duplicate in the cells of the eukaryotes as its host.
The similarities between this and microbes can be seen through its replication. Throughout its discovery, scientists learned that mitochondria has its own genome and ribosomes. This means that it is capable of its own cellular respiration. These bacterium were taken over by phagocytosis into a host cell where it remained (Parker, 2016). In terms of similarities, microbes have the same behavior when they attach themselves to a host. They remain to have a symbiotic relationship in which the host benefits from its presence, is harmed, or neither of the two.
Endosymbiotic relationships still do exist today as they are part of evolution. As we know, this kind of relationship involves one cell not being able to live without another. We can see this kind of behavior with bacteria. It has been around for millions of years and has learned to adapt itsel ...
IT IS A LIST OF
WONDERS OF NATURE SERIES OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ME ON WEEBLY.COM .
SOME OF THESE BOOKS ARE ON SCRIBD.COM AND SOME ON SLIDE SHARE .NET AS WELL;
ALL COVER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS; 2 BOOKS ARE IN ENGLISH AND REST IN BILINGUAL ( ENGLISH/HINDI ) FORMAT ;
ALL IN SEMI POETIC STYLE
MANY ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES SOME ARE HALOPHILIC, BUT SOME ARE HYPERHALOPHILIC ,SOME ARE ALKALOPHILIC SOME HYPER ALKALOPHILIC BUT SOME ARE DOUBLE EXTREMOPHILES BEING HYPER HALO ALKALIPHILIC LIKE NATRIALBA -A FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE WHICH IS EXOELECTROGEN AS WELL AND CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY IN SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS MFC .
MANY ARCHAEA & BACTERIA ARE EXTREMOPHILES BUT SOME ARCHAEA ARE HYPER THERMOPHILES LIKE SULFOLOBALES DISCOVERED FIRST IN SOLFATANA VOLCANO ITALY AND LATER IN MANY HOT SPRINGS AND HOT MUD POOLS
THEY HAVE SPECIAL STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE AT 70-85 C MAIN THING IS THEY CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 80 C IN MFC
INTERESTINGLY THEY HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR SPACE TRIPS BY NASA .
CHLAMYDOMONAS IS A WONDERFUL ORGANISM KNOWN FOR ITS MANY FEATURES AND QUALITIES ;BUT THESE DAYS IT IS IN NEWS MAINLY FOR ITS ABILITY TO CONVERT LIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY IN ITS
' EYE ' AND IN MFC ;HERE WE HAVE FOCUSED ON TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS OBTAINED FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS TO ANODES INMFC
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ELECTROACTIVE ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THEIR CELLS
PYROCOCCUS IS ONE SUCH MICROORGANISM -A HYPERTHERMOPHILE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS TO ANODES AND PRODUCE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 90C IT IS A UNIQUE ORGANISM IN MANY RESPECTS
EXOELECTROGENS ARE CAPABLE OF EXPORTING ELECTRONS OUT OF THEIR CELLS AND HAVE GREAT AFFINITY WITH ELECTRODES;HENCE THEY TRANSFER EXCESS ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION .MANY BACTERIA AND ALGAE ARE ELECTRO ACTIVE AND MACRO ALGAE ARE ONE OF THEM AND HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BEMORE EFFICIENT THAN BACTERIA AS EVIDENT FROM THE EXPERIMENTS BY SHLODBERG ON ULVA.
EXO ELECTROGENIC SPECIES ARE FOUND IN MANY GENERA OF EUKARYOTIC AS WELL AS PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS ;BUT BACTERIA ,PARTICULARLY CYANOBACTERIA AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKAROTES LIKE ALGAE AREIN THE FOREFRONT - BOTH MICRO AMD MACRO ALGAE ARE BEING UTILISED WITH OR WITHOUT BACTERIA IN MFCs FOR TREARING POLLUTED WATER AND SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY -THE ADVANTAGE WITH ALGAE IS THEY SUCK IN CO2 AND GIVE OUT O2 AND ARE THUS
BETTER FOR ENVIRONMENT
NITZCHIA IS A LARGE GENUS OF DIATOMS WHICH INCLUDES BOTH FRESH WATER AND MARINE SPECIES -MANY TOXIC ALSO;BUT THEY ALSO SERVES AS GOOD BIOSENSORS MAINLY DUE TO THEIR BIOLUMINESCENT POROUS SILICON FRISTULE
DIATOMS LIKE NITZSCIA ARE ALSO PREFERRED DUE TO THEIR OIL PRODUCTION AND OTHER USES OF THEIR FRISTULE
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS
WHICH CAN RECEIVE ELECTRONS FROM DONARS AND CAN EXPORT
ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THE CELL OR CELLS
THE ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION AVAILABLE TO THEM CAN BE PASSED ON TO ELCTRON ACCEPTORS VIA ELECTRODES AND DURING THE PROCESS ELECTRICITY GETS GENERATED IN THE CIRCUIT .
THE CHALLENGE IS TO EXTRACT ELECTRONS AND USE THEM FOR POWER GENERATION AS WELL AS SIMULTANEOUSLY CLEAN POLLUTED WATER AND PRODUCE HYDROGEN ETC AND OTHER BY PRODUCTS .
CYANOBACTERIA ARE ONE MOST OF THE MOST FAMOUS BACTERIA -KNOWN FROM PRECAMBIAN DAYS AND DISTINGUISHED AS MULTITASK MASTERS -EARLIER CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGENATED ATMOSPHERE WHERE AEROBICS FLOURISHED AND FOR NITROGEN FIXING ABILITIES BUT KNOW VALUED EQUALLY FOR THEIR CONVERTINF LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY ;AND ALSO FOR CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND ORGANICS LIKE ETHANOL ETC
SHEWANELLA - VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE CAPABLE OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY REDUCING MANY METALS WHILE RESPIRING AND TRANSFERING ELECTRONS EXTRACELLULARLY
HENCE THEIR BIOFILMS AREUSED IN MFCs,MECs. ;KNOWN FOR THRIVING ON A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES AND REDUCING MANY NOBLE METALS LIKE GOLD SILVER PLATINUM ETC ; ALSO CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND H2S; ALSO FAMOUS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARICLES ;PRAISED FOR EFFICIENCY OF ITS NANOWIRES AND BIOFILMS ; CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE ALSO;HENCE SELECTED FOR DEEPSPACE RESEARCH -COULD SOLVE ASTRAUNOTS URINE DISPOSAL PROBLEM AS IT CAN MAKE IT REUSABLE WHILE PROVIDING POWER TO SATELLITE;IT IS ALSO INFAMOUS FOR SPOILING FOOD-FISH MEAT ETC AND CAUSING DISEASES IN HUMANS .
GEOBACTER IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENIC BACTERIA WHICH WAS THE FIRST BACTERIUM DISCOVERED WITH CAPABLITY OF OXIDISING ORGANIC COMPONDS AND METALS( INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE METALS AND PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS )INTO CO2 USING IRONOXIDE ETC AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR AND PRODUCING ELECTRIC CURRENT. ITHAS BEEN USED IN VARY MANY EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE WONDERFUL QUALITIES, ABILITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENS AND THEIR USE FOR BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION., THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF RESPIRING ON GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
EXOELECTROGENS ARE VERSATILE HEROES CAPABLE OF SIMULTANEOUSLY DELIVERING MULTIPLE BENEFITS TO US INVARIOUS FIELDS RANGING FROM BIOREMEDIATION TO ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT, SENSORS, CLEAN BIO FUELS DESALINATION,Etc AND ARE POISED TO SOLVE OUR WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM EVEN IN SPACE.
ONE FEALS LIKE SALUTING THEM FOR THEIR MULTIPLE TALENTS.
THEY INCLUDE MAINLY BACTERIA BUT ALSO MICRO ALGAE, FUNGI,AND EVEN SOME ANGIOSPERMS .
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF SENDING EXCESS ELECTRONS OUT OF THE CELL TO AN ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR . THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENS INCLUDE GEOBACTER & SHEWANELLA BACTERIA. THEIR THESE QUALITIES ARE BEING USED IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS .
THEIR APPLICATION FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WASTEWATERS BIOREMEDIATION
CHAMPIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM - CONTENTS SNIP.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
HERE 'PLANT KINGDOM' HAS BEEN USED IN LARGER SENSE TO INCLUDE NOT ONLY PLANTAE BUT ALSO PROTISTA FUNGI BACTERIA AND LICHENS AND EXTENDED TO INCLUDE EVEN THE ENEMIES OF ALL LIVING BEINGS -THE VIRUSES .
CHAMPION FUNGI -PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS - LARGEST FRUITING BODY - SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS PREFERS INFECTING DRYING OR DRY LOGS OF WOOD AND IS KNOWN FOR ITS UNUSUALLY LARGE FRUITING BODY WHICH HAS PROVED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD
'AND IS CAPABLE OF RELEASING OR RATHER SHOWERING A TRILLION SPORES FROM MILLIONS OF PORES PER DAY.
VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED LIVING BEINGS BUT EVEN IF THEY WERE THEY WOULD NOT FIT IN ANY KINGDOM ;THEY ARE ACTUALLY ENEMIES OF ALL KINGDOMS OF LIVING BEINGS;
HENCE I WAS INITIALLY RELUCTENT TO INCLUDE THEM IN ABOOK ABOUT LIVING BEINGS BUT THEN I THOUGHT WITHOUT THEM THE STORY OF LIVING BEINGS IS NOT COMPLETE ;FURTHER THEY ARE NOT TREATED AS LIVING BY OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE AND LIVING BEINGS OTHERWISE THEY HAVE MANY CHARCTERISTICS OF BEINGS AND ARE WORTHY OF DUE CONSIDERATION AND FIT INTO OUR DEFINITION OF CHAMPIONS
AMONGST VIRUSES PITHO VIRUSESARE LARGEST AND MOST ANCIENT AND WITH MANY INTERESTING FEATURES .
IT IS A PRAYER INCORPORATING THANKS TO CHAMPION OFCHAMPIONS- LORD VISHVKARMA -GREAT GOD WHO CREATED THIS UNIVERSE AND SCOPE OF CHANPIONSHIP TO EACH CLASS AND CATEGORY OF LIVING BEINGS
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE TWO CLAIMENTS FOR THE TITLE OF SMALLEST BACTERIA
AND BOTH ARE RIGHT IN THEIR OWN
WAY - MYCOPLASMA AS A PARASITE AND PELAGIBACTER AS A SELF SUFFICIENT ORGANISM .
BACTERIA ARE THEMSELVES MICROORGANISMS BUT THEY AREOF DIFFERENT SIZES AND MYCOPLASMA ARE SMALLEST PARASITIC BACTERIA;THEY ARE HOWEVER MORE KNOWN OR FEARED DUE TO THEIR PARASITIC NATURE.PARTICULARLY THEIR VARIETIES WHICH CAUSE SERIOUS DISEASES IN HUMANBEINGS.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
Life sustaining processes phenomena Jeev jagat ki adharshila symbiosis chapter 4 poems
1. Jeev jagat Chapter 4 poems
Evolution of Symbiosis
I Biological Nitrogen fixation and other forms
What a wonder what a surprise !
At a time
When there were no animalia no plantae
not even Protista in the ancient sea
not even great oxygen event had occurred
only Archaea ruled the world
and some ‘clever’ chaps decided to change the world
by overcoming the shortage of fixed nitrogen
and managed to discover
the technique of Nitrogen fixation
by using Nitrogenase
some time 2 billion years earlier than today
Oh! what a day !
Afterwards eubacteria also followed suit
subsequently when Protista evolved
and began to compete to fulfilltheir needs!
2. Jeev jagat
Games of friendship and animosity began!
In that hoary past 1 million years ago or so
Indeed.
Some ‘intelligent ’amongst them
preferred friendship to other modes
swallowed bacteria but did not digest them ,
instead preserved them within themselves
developing friendly understanding with them
for exchange of materials for mutual gain
living together as an integrated whole
in a mutualistic relationship lifelong
as if they were one single individual so born.
And thus started a series of events
which occurred and changed the world
by biological nitrogen fixation event
by mitochondria’s ancestors engulfment
by chloroplast’s ancestors endosymbiosis
one by one again and again and kept on
3. Jeev jagat
happening millennium after millennium
and centuary after centuary and is going on
till today.in various ways
virtually cutting across dominions
Mitochondria have since become an organelle
of all eukaryotes
Chloroplasts essential parts of all green plants
Nitrogen fixation is going on in vascular plants
with bacterial Symbiosomes virtually functioning
as organelles in legumes in due course.
----------
4. Jeev jagat poems
Mycorrhiza
An invisible friendship between fungi and plants !
Beech -Ectomycorrhiza – MaleneThyssen – Wc -cc
Fungi and friendship ! Oh really !
a contradiction in terms apparently !
but really the most ancient one
for 450 million years ago it began
when first vascular plants appeared on the scene
and is going on without break , growing since then .
5. Jeev jagat
An unusual and extraordinaryfriendship
between not merely two but more individuals
creating a network of friendly organisms
linked together like netizens and forming
a society in which all gain by exchanges
through and through the thin threads
of fungal mycelium and the hairs of the roots
of not only materials ,but through signals, all the news .
It really fills us with great surprise
to know how plants talk to each other and fungi
by sending signals which they recognize
exchanging not only needs but also warning at times
when a danger lurks ,and alert all on the line
showing friend in need is friend indeed ,all the time .
In Ecto mycorrhiza
fungus becomes intertwined with the roots
ensheathing them enters inside
6. jeev jagat
and reaching up to cortex occupies
intercellular spaces but remains outside the cells
exchanging water and minerals with carbohydrates
which plant provides ,without peeping inside the cells
as in many woody bushes, trees and other plants
including roses , eucalyptus and pines .
which form such ecto mycorrhizal associations
with Asco , Basidio and Zygomycota fungi .
In Endo mycorrhiza - the relations are deeper
for fungal hyphae penetrating epidermis go further
and reaching cortex enter its cells
forming vesicles or arbuscules
there, to facilitateexchange in a trice
as in many crop plants such as wheat and rice
which form arbuscular associations
with Glomeromycota fungi .
---------------------------------------------------------------
7. Jeev jagat poems
Nitrogen fixation in legumes
Rhizobia nodules on Vigna roots Rhizobia on Soyabeen roots
Stdout – Wc – cc JoJan –USDA- Wc- Public domain
Structure of Nitrogen fixing nodules in S meliloti-M truncatula symbiosis
Nodules III N2 fixing zone Endo symbionts
Gergely maroti & Eva Kondorosi IBBRC Hungary
Monica medina – Pennsylvania University USA
Frontiersin.org – cc
8. Jeev jaga
It is also a story of friendly relations
between bacteria and legumes
in which they first recognize each other
and choose partner with great care and caution
by exchanging appropriate signals
be they rhizobia or cyanobacterial partner
once identity is established to mutual satisfaction
the bacterium sends a signal and plant responds
by starting the process of making nodular room for the guest
the bacterium starting an infection thread enters
the root hair and reaching cortex rests
merrily in its nodular guest house
the plant encloses it in a sheath and makes
it feel at home, protects,guides and provides it photosynthates
the bacterium(s) produces bacteroids, fixes N2 in exchange
and starts acting virtually like an organelle of the plant cell(s)
This interesting ‘live- in’ relationship suits them so well
It has been going on smoothly since last 60 million years or so.
emerging time to time in different species.
9. Jeev jagat Chapter 4 poems
Lichens
Study.com academy
The first great pioneers of the world
who dared to take first steps to conquer the land
500 million years earlier or more
10. and succeeded in starting its colonization beforehand
making way for others to follow in due course
these Brave bold daredevil organisms of course.
But how they are able to do so and so well !
only because they are wise enough to recognize
and realize value of friendship of course.
Jeev jagat
For when Algae and fungi join hands in friendship
there is none like them in the whole world perhaps
who can beat them in the ability to face hardships
and manage to survive in environment however hostile
proving the value of well matched mutualistic symbiosis
and get integrated to such an extant in their partnership
that they can function as a single composite organism
holding example of an excellent ‘Live in’ relationship.
Interestingly some cyanobacteria also enter merrily
into such friendly relationship with fungi commonly
indeed triple symbionts are also known with algae,
11. fungi and cyanobacteria living together happily .
Lichens are really wonderful extremophiles
with distinct morphology and physiology
than the constituents free living forms
providing food where there is none
adding colour in the barren terrain
where there is none.