Intro of Micro-organisms, Bacteria, Use of bacteria, Harmful bacteria,Reproduction in bacteria, virus,
Reproduction in virus, Fungi, Use of fungi, Harmful fungi,
Reproduction in fungi
BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIRUS AND ITS LIFE CYCLE. Introduction of viriods and prions are also given. various types of viruses with structures are given. both lytic and lysogenic cycle of virus is given. At the end how prions causes misfolding of proteins in brain is given.
Introduction, importance and general characters of fungi, bacteria, fastidiou...Pankaj Thakur
I've prepared this wonderful eye catch presentation to explain you about these complex biology not in bulk but in points the points which holds power...
Intro of Micro-organisms, Bacteria, Use of bacteria, Harmful bacteria,Reproduction in bacteria, virus,
Reproduction in virus, Fungi, Use of fungi, Harmful fungi,
Reproduction in fungi
BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIRUS AND ITS LIFE CYCLE. Introduction of viriods and prions are also given. various types of viruses with structures are given. both lytic and lysogenic cycle of virus is given. At the end how prions causes misfolding of proteins in brain is given.
Introduction, importance and general characters of fungi, bacteria, fastidiou...Pankaj Thakur
I've prepared this wonderful eye catch presentation to explain you about these complex biology not in bulk but in points the points which holds power...
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Morphology Of Viruses : Viruses, structure and characteristicsShylesh M
Viruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as’filterable agents’ as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic‘. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as ‘elementary bodies’.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
Viruses, VIRAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
Introduction
Classification of virus
Size of virus
Structure of Virus
Morphology of Virus
Effect of Physical and chemical agents on virus.
Life cycle of bacteriophages
Cultivation of viruses
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
Introduction to microbiology, Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram p...Zunaira Gillani
Introduction to microbiology, Brief History of Microbiology, Structure of Bacteria, Size and Shape of Bacteria,Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram positive and Gram negative, Fungi , Classification of fungi, Structure and Characteristics of fungi, , Algae, Types of Algae, Protozoan, Virus, virion, Examples of virus
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Morphology Of Viruses : Viruses, structure and characteristicsShylesh M
Viruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as’filterable agents’ as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic‘. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as ‘elementary bodies’.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
Viruses, VIRAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
Introduction
Classification of virus
Size of virus
Structure of Virus
Morphology of Virus
Effect of Physical and chemical agents on virus.
Life cycle of bacteriophages
Cultivation of viruses
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
Introduction to microbiology, Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram p...Zunaira Gillani
Introduction to microbiology, Brief History of Microbiology, Structure of Bacteria, Size and Shape of Bacteria,Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram positive and Gram negative, Fungi , Classification of fungi, Structure and Characteristics of fungi, , Algae, Types of Algae, Protozoan, Virus, virion, Examples of virus
The topic of discussion is Kingdom plantae & Kingdom Animalia, The detailed characteristic of Thallophytes, Bryophytes & Pteridophytes along with Phanerogams such as Gymnosperms & Angiosperms have been discussed. The general characteristic of Virus (TMV) and Bacteriophage along with their life cycle are also discussed. Finally the ecologically important LIchens and Mycorrhizae are also discussed.
This presentation includes all the general characteristics of fungi, types, structure of a fungi, classifications, and reproduction. Different types of fungi and its classification, its reproduction are all included.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION - FIVE KINGDOMS - VIRUS & VIROIDS.Sruthy Chandran
1. KINGDOM MONERA
Unicellular and Prokaryotic.
True nucleus is absent.
Monerans are mainly Bacterias.
Mostly have a rigid cell wall.
Microscopic organisms.
Have various modes of nutrition, could be Autotrophic(make their own food)or Heterotrophic(depending on other organisms for food).
Have two Major groups:-
1. Eubacteria(true bacteria).It includes bacteria and cynobacteia.
2.Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria).
2.KINGDOM PROTISTA
Unicellular and Eukaryotic.
True nucleus is Present.
Protista are mainly Protozoans.
Microscopic organisms.
Have various modes of nutrition, could be Autotrophic(make their own food) or Hetetopic(depending on other organisms for food).
3.KINGDOM FUNGI
Mainly have Multicellular body with the exception of yeast which is unicellular fungi.
True nucleus is Present.
Their cell wall is made up of chitin ( a tough complex sugar ).
Their body is in the form of interwoven mass of fine thread like structures called Mycelium (a bunch of fine thread structures are called Mycelium).
The particular or individual thread structure is called Hyphae.
They have saprophytic nutrition i.e. live on the dead and decaying matter. Hence they are also called Saprophytes.
4.KINGDOM PLANTAE
Eukaryotic.
Multicellular.
Complex body structures; specialised cells, tissues, organs.
Autotrophic (photosynthesis).
Cells have wall made of cellulose.
Have a complex life cycle with a sexually reproducing adult stage and an asexually reproducing adult stage.
5.KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Eukaryotic.
Multicellular .
Complex body structures; specialised cells, tissues, organs.
Heterotrophic; most have a gut (digestive system).
Cells lack cell walls.
Most are motile.
Have a nervous system.
Embryo has a stage at which it is a hollow ball of cells (the blastula).
VIRUS
Quite small, 20-300 nm.
Obligate intracellular parasite.
Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea.
Non living structures.
Contain a protein coat called the capsid.
Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA.
Capable of reproducing only when inside a HOST cell.
A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material (DNA) and protein that can invade living cells.
VIROIDS
Mostly plant pathogens.
Consists solely of small single- stranded circular RNA molecule having 250-370 nucleotides long.
The RNA of a viriod doesn’t encode any gene products; so they can’t replicate themselves.
No protein coat.
A VIROID is a… VIR(virus)OID(like) particle.
Are infectious particles.
Cause certain plant and human diseases.
Consists only of Nucleic Acid (RNA) .
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. They are prokaryotic organisms(kingdom
monera)without cell defined organelles like
mitochonmdria,golgi bodies, ER etc.
Microscopic, unicellular may occur single or
in aggregate to form colonies.
Possess rigid cell wall, made of
peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides.
No well defined nucleus ,DNA is not
enclosed in nuclear membrane
Ribosome's are scattered in cytoplasm and
are of 70S type.
Most are heterotrophic some are
autotrophic possesses bacteriochlorophyll.
3. Motile bacteria possess one or more flagella
They cannot pass through bacterial filters.
Common method of multiplication is binary
fission.
True sexual reproduction is lacking.
4. Smallest unicellular organisms that are
obligate intracellular. They are most
primitive org.infecting man.
Obligate intracellular
Possess either DNA or RNA ,but never both
Can pass through bacterial filters
Cant grow on artificial cell free media.
Multiply by complex method.
Do not have proper cellular organization.
Don’t have cell wall or cell membrane or
cellular organelles.
They lack they enzyme necessary for
synthesis of nucleic acid and protein.
5. Not susceptible to antibacterial antibiotics.
They are enclosed in a protective envelope.
They do not respire, do not metabolize and
do not grow but they do reproduce
They are considered both as living and non
living things, as viruses are inactive when
they are present outside of host cells and
are active in side of host cells. As they make
use of raw materials and enzymes of the
host cell to reproduce.
In the year 1897, a scientist named
Beijerinck discovered and coined the term
virus. The term virus is derived from Latin
word-“virus” means poison.
6. They can only be seen with an electron
microscope
Their size ranges from 20 nanometers
(parvovirus) to 400 nanometers (poxvirus).
7. ‘fungus’ Greek “mykes” meaning mushroom.
Their study is called mycology.
Eukaryotic and possess all eukaryotic cell
organelles such as mitochondria .
Possess rigid cell wall, composed of Chitin, beta-
glucans and other polysaccharides.
Cell membrane contains ergosterol instead of
cholesterol.
Fungi can be unicellular, multicellular, or
dimorphic, which is when the fungi is unicellular or
multicellular depending on environmental
conditions.
Lack chlorophyll
Divide asexual or sexual means by producing
spores.
8. Fungi like to be in a moist and slightly acidic
environment; they can grow with or without
light or oxygen