IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE TWO CLAIMENTS FOR THE TITLE OF SMALLEST BACTERIA
AND BOTH ARE RIGHT IN THEIR OWN
WAY - MYCOPLASMA AS A PARASITE AND PELAGIBACTER AS A SELF SUFFICIENT ORGANISM .
IT IS A LIST OF
WONDERS OF NATURE SERIES OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ME ON WEEBLY.COM .
SOME OF THESE BOOKS ARE ON SCRIBD.COM AND SOME ON SLIDE SHARE .NET AS WELL;
ALL COVER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS; 2 BOOKS ARE IN ENGLISH AND REST IN BILINGUAL ( ENGLISH/HINDI ) FORMAT ;
ALL IN SEMI POETIC STYLE
MANY ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES SOME ARE HALOPHILIC, BUT SOME ARE HYPERHALOPHILIC ,SOME ARE ALKALOPHILIC SOME HYPER ALKALOPHILIC BUT SOME ARE DOUBLE EXTREMOPHILES BEING HYPER HALO ALKALIPHILIC LIKE NATRIALBA -A FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE WHICH IS EXOELECTROGEN AS WELL AND CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY IN SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS MFC .
MANY ARCHAEA & BACTERIA ARE EXTREMOPHILES BUT SOME ARCHAEA ARE HYPER THERMOPHILES LIKE SULFOLOBALES DISCOVERED FIRST IN SOLFATANA VOLCANO ITALY AND LATER IN MANY HOT SPRINGS AND HOT MUD POOLS
THEY HAVE SPECIAL STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE AT 70-85 C MAIN THING IS THEY CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 80 C IN MFC
INTERESTINGLY THEY HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR SPACE TRIPS BY NASA .
CHLAMYDOMONAS IS A WONDERFUL ORGANISM KNOWN FOR ITS MANY FEATURES AND QUALITIES ;BUT THESE DAYS IT IS IN NEWS MAINLY FOR ITS ABILITY TO CONVERT LIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY IN ITS
' EYE ' AND IN MFC ;HERE WE HAVE FOCUSED ON TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS OBTAINED FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS TO ANODES INMFC
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ELECTROACTIVE ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THEIR CELLS
PYROCOCCUS IS ONE SUCH MICROORGANISM -A HYPERTHERMOPHILE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS TO ANODES AND PRODUCE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 90C IT IS A UNIQUE ORGANISM IN MANY RESPECTS
EXOELECTROGENS ARE CAPABLE OF EXPORTING ELECTRONS OUT OF THEIR CELLS AND HAVE GREAT AFFINITY WITH ELECTRODES;HENCE THEY TRANSFER EXCESS ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION .MANY BACTERIA AND ALGAE ARE ELECTRO ACTIVE AND MACRO ALGAE ARE ONE OF THEM AND HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BEMORE EFFICIENT THAN BACTERIA AS EVIDENT FROM THE EXPERIMENTS BY SHLODBERG ON ULVA.
EXO ELECTROGENIC SPECIES ARE FOUND IN MANY GENERA OF EUKARYOTIC AS WELL AS PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS ;BUT BACTERIA ,PARTICULARLY CYANOBACTERIA AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKAROTES LIKE ALGAE AREIN THE FOREFRONT - BOTH MICRO AMD MACRO ALGAE ARE BEING UTILISED WITH OR WITHOUT BACTERIA IN MFCs FOR TREARING POLLUTED WATER AND SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY -THE ADVANTAGE WITH ALGAE IS THEY SUCK IN CO2 AND GIVE OUT O2 AND ARE THUS
BETTER FOR ENVIRONMENT
NITZCHIA IS A LARGE GENUS OF DIATOMS WHICH INCLUDES BOTH FRESH WATER AND MARINE SPECIES -MANY TOXIC ALSO;BUT THEY ALSO SERVES AS GOOD BIOSENSORS MAINLY DUE TO THEIR BIOLUMINESCENT POROUS SILICON FRISTULE
DIATOMS LIKE NITZSCIA ARE ALSO PREFERRED DUE TO THEIR OIL PRODUCTION AND OTHER USES OF THEIR FRISTULE
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS
WHICH CAN RECEIVE ELECTRONS FROM DONARS AND CAN EXPORT
ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THE CELL OR CELLS
THE ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION AVAILABLE TO THEM CAN BE PASSED ON TO ELCTRON ACCEPTORS VIA ELECTRODES AND DURING THE PROCESS ELECTRICITY GETS GENERATED IN THE CIRCUIT .
THE CHALLENGE IS TO EXTRACT ELECTRONS AND USE THEM FOR POWER GENERATION AS WELL AS SIMULTANEOUSLY CLEAN POLLUTED WATER AND PRODUCE HYDROGEN ETC AND OTHER BY PRODUCTS .
IT IS A LIST OF
WONDERS OF NATURE SERIES OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ME ON WEEBLY.COM .
SOME OF THESE BOOKS ARE ON SCRIBD.COM AND SOME ON SLIDE SHARE .NET AS WELL;
ALL COVER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS; 2 BOOKS ARE IN ENGLISH AND REST IN BILINGUAL ( ENGLISH/HINDI ) FORMAT ;
ALL IN SEMI POETIC STYLE
MANY ARCHAEA ARE EXTREMOPHILES SOME ARE HALOPHILIC, BUT SOME ARE HYPERHALOPHILIC ,SOME ARE ALKALOPHILIC SOME HYPER ALKALOPHILIC BUT SOME ARE DOUBLE EXTREMOPHILES BEING HYPER HALO ALKALIPHILIC LIKE NATRIALBA -A FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE WHICH IS EXOELECTROGEN AS WELL AND CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY IN SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS MFC .
MANY ARCHAEA & BACTERIA ARE EXTREMOPHILES BUT SOME ARCHAEA ARE HYPER THERMOPHILES LIKE SULFOLOBALES DISCOVERED FIRST IN SOLFATANA VOLCANO ITALY AND LATER IN MANY HOT SPRINGS AND HOT MUD POOLS
THEY HAVE SPECIAL STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE AT 70-85 C MAIN THING IS THEY CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 80 C IN MFC
INTERESTINGLY THEY HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR SPACE TRIPS BY NASA .
CHLAMYDOMONAS IS A WONDERFUL ORGANISM KNOWN FOR ITS MANY FEATURES AND QUALITIES ;BUT THESE DAYS IT IS IN NEWS MAINLY FOR ITS ABILITY TO CONVERT LIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY IN ITS
' EYE ' AND IN MFC ;HERE WE HAVE FOCUSED ON TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS OBTAINED FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONS TO ANODES INMFC
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ELECTROACTIVE ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THEIR CELLS
PYROCOCCUS IS ONE SUCH MICROORGANISM -A HYPERTHERMOPHILE CAPABLE OF TRANSFERING ELECTRONS TO ANODES AND PRODUCE ELECTRICITY EVEN AT 90C IT IS A UNIQUE ORGANISM IN MANY RESPECTS
EXOELECTROGENS ARE CAPABLE OF EXPORTING ELECTRONS OUT OF THEIR CELLS AND HAVE GREAT AFFINITY WITH ELECTRODES;HENCE THEY TRANSFER EXCESS ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION .MANY BACTERIA AND ALGAE ARE ELECTRO ACTIVE AND MACRO ALGAE ARE ONE OF THEM AND HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BEMORE EFFICIENT THAN BACTERIA AS EVIDENT FROM THE EXPERIMENTS BY SHLODBERG ON ULVA.
EXO ELECTROGENIC SPECIES ARE FOUND IN MANY GENERA OF EUKARYOTIC AS WELL AS PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS ;BUT BACTERIA ,PARTICULARLY CYANOBACTERIA AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKAROTES LIKE ALGAE AREIN THE FOREFRONT - BOTH MICRO AMD MACRO ALGAE ARE BEING UTILISED WITH OR WITHOUT BACTERIA IN MFCs FOR TREARING POLLUTED WATER AND SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY -THE ADVANTAGE WITH ALGAE IS THEY SUCK IN CO2 AND GIVE OUT O2 AND ARE THUS
BETTER FOR ENVIRONMENT
NITZCHIA IS A LARGE GENUS OF DIATOMS WHICH INCLUDES BOTH FRESH WATER AND MARINE SPECIES -MANY TOXIC ALSO;BUT THEY ALSO SERVES AS GOOD BIOSENSORS MAINLY DUE TO THEIR BIOLUMINESCENT POROUS SILICON FRISTULE
DIATOMS LIKE NITZSCIA ARE ALSO PREFERRED DUE TO THEIR OIL PRODUCTION AND OTHER USES OF THEIR FRISTULE
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS
WHICH CAN RECEIVE ELECTRONS FROM DONARS AND CAN EXPORT
ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THE CELL OR CELLS
THE ELECTRONS PRODUCED DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR RESPIRATION AVAILABLE TO THEM CAN BE PASSED ON TO ELCTRON ACCEPTORS VIA ELECTRODES AND DURING THE PROCESS ELECTRICITY GETS GENERATED IN THE CIRCUIT .
THE CHALLENGE IS TO EXTRACT ELECTRONS AND USE THEM FOR POWER GENERATION AS WELL AS SIMULTANEOUSLY CLEAN POLLUTED WATER AND PRODUCE HYDROGEN ETC AND OTHER BY PRODUCTS .
CYANOBACTERIA ARE ONE MOST OF THE MOST FAMOUS BACTERIA -KNOWN FROM PRECAMBIAN DAYS AND DISTINGUISHED AS MULTITASK MASTERS -EARLIER CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGENATED ATMOSPHERE WHERE AEROBICS FLOURISHED AND FOR NITROGEN FIXING ABILITIES BUT KNOW VALUED EQUALLY FOR THEIR CONVERTINF LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY ;AND ALSO FOR CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND ORGANICS LIKE ETHANOL ETC
SHEWANELLA - VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE CAPABLE OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY REDUCING MANY METALS WHILE RESPIRING AND TRANSFERING ELECTRONS EXTRACELLULARLY
HENCE THEIR BIOFILMS AREUSED IN MFCs,MECs. ;KNOWN FOR THRIVING ON A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES AND REDUCING MANY NOBLE METALS LIKE GOLD SILVER PLATINUM ETC ; ALSO CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND H2S; ALSO FAMOUS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARICLES ;PRAISED FOR EFFICIENCY OF ITS NANOWIRES AND BIOFILMS ; CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE ALSO;HENCE SELECTED FOR DEEPSPACE RESEARCH -COULD SOLVE ASTRAUNOTS URINE DISPOSAL PROBLEM AS IT CAN MAKE IT REUSABLE WHILE PROVIDING POWER TO SATELLITE;IT IS ALSO INFAMOUS FOR SPOILING FOOD-FISH MEAT ETC AND CAUSING DISEASES IN HUMANS .
GEOBACTER IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENIC BACTERIA WHICH WAS THE FIRST BACTERIUM DISCOVERED WITH CAPABLITY OF OXIDISING ORGANIC COMPONDS AND METALS( INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE METALS AND PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS )INTO CO2 USING IRONOXIDE ETC AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR AND PRODUCING ELECTRIC CURRENT. ITHAS BEEN USED IN VARY MANY EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE WONDERFUL QUALITIES, ABILITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENS AND THEIR USE FOR BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION., THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF RESPIRING ON GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
EXOELECTROGENS ARE VERSATILE HEROES CAPABLE OF SIMULTANEOUSLY DELIVERING MULTIPLE BENEFITS TO US INVARIOUS FIELDS RANGING FROM BIOREMEDIATION TO ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT, SENSORS, CLEAN BIO FUELS DESALINATION,Etc AND ARE POISED TO SOLVE OUR WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM EVEN IN SPACE.
ONE FEALS LIKE SALUTING THEM FOR THEIR MULTIPLE TALENTS.
THEY INCLUDE MAINLY BACTERIA BUT ALSO MICRO ALGAE, FUNGI,AND EVEN SOME ANGIOSPERMS .
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF SENDING EXCESS ELECTRONS OUT OF THE CELL TO AN ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR . THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENS INCLUDE GEOBACTER & SHEWANELLA BACTERIA. THEIR THESE QUALITIES ARE BEING USED IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS .
THEIR APPLICATION FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WASTEWATERS BIOREMEDIATION
CHAMPIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM - CONTENTS SNIP.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
HERE 'PLANT KINGDOM' HAS BEEN USED IN LARGER SENSE TO INCLUDE NOT ONLY PLANTAE BUT ALSO PROTISTA FUNGI BACTERIA AND LICHENS AND EXTENDED TO INCLUDE EVEN THE ENEMIES OF ALL LIVING BEINGS -THE VIRUSES .
CHAMPION FUNGI -PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS - LARGEST FRUITING BODY - SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS PREFERS INFECTING DRYING OR DRY LOGS OF WOOD AND IS KNOWN FOR ITS UNUSUALLY LARGE FRUITING BODY WHICH HAS PROVED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD
'AND IS CAPABLE OF RELEASING OR RATHER SHOWERING A TRILLION SPORES FROM MILLIONS OF PORES PER DAY.
VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED LIVING BEINGS BUT EVEN IF THEY WERE THEY WOULD NOT FIT IN ANY KINGDOM ;THEY ARE ACTUALLY ENEMIES OF ALL KINGDOMS OF LIVING BEINGS;
HENCE I WAS INITIALLY RELUCTENT TO INCLUDE THEM IN ABOOK ABOUT LIVING BEINGS BUT THEN I THOUGHT WITHOUT THEM THE STORY OF LIVING BEINGS IS NOT COMPLETE ;FURTHER THEY ARE NOT TREATED AS LIVING BY OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE AND LIVING BEINGS OTHERWISE THEY HAVE MANY CHARCTERISTICS OF BEINGS AND ARE WORTHY OF DUE CONSIDERATION AND FIT INTO OUR DEFINITION OF CHAMPIONS
AMONGST VIRUSES PITHO VIRUSESARE LARGEST AND MOST ANCIENT AND WITH MANY INTERESTING FEATURES .
IT IS A PRAYER INCORPORATING THANKS TO CHAMPION OFCHAMPIONS- LORD VISHVKARMA -GREAT GOD WHO CREATED THIS UNIVERSE AND SCOPE OF CHANPIONSHIP TO EACH CLASS AND CATEGORY OF LIVING BEINGS
BACTERIA ARE THEMSELVES MICROORGANISMS BUT THEY AREOF DIFFERENT SIZES AND MYCOPLASMA ARE SMALLEST PARASITIC BACTERIA;THEY ARE HOWEVER MORE KNOWN OR FEARED DUE TO THEIR PARASITIC NATURE.PARTICULARLY THEIR VARIETIES WHICH CAUSE SERIOUS DISEASES IN HUMANBEINGS.
LIKE YEAST THEY ARE ALSO ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI ;THEIR DISTIGUISHING FEATURE IS THEIR REPRODUCTION BY MOTILE ZOOSPORES .
THEY ARE THE MOST ANCIENT FUNGI -CARRYING ON SINCE 1.5 BYA
YEAST IS ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI KNOWN ;BUT IT IS UNLIKE TYPICAL FUNGI .ITS MAIN FEATURE IS ITS UNICELLULAR CHARACTER AND ITS ABILITY TO CAUSE FERMENTATION BY ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ;AND THEREFORE ITS USE IN BEER &BREAD MAKING ;
ITS USE FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY IS ALSO EMERGING AS ANOTHER USEFUL FEATURE .FOR SCIENTISTS IT IS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO LEARN ABOUT INTRA CCELLULAR PROCESSES OF EUKARYOTES AND GENETICS
CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - ALGAE SMALLEST - B BIGELOII SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
ALGAE ARE SMALL ORGANISMS AS A WHOLE BUT b BIGELOII HAVE THE DISTINCTION OF BEING THE SMALLEST ;ITS FAME HOWEVER RESTS ONITS ABILITY TO EAT BACTERIA OF ALMOST THE SAME SIZE BY SEMI EXTRA CELLUALAR CYTOSIS .
IT IS A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF A UNIQUE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN A FERN AND AND A BACTERIUM WHICH IS CONTINUING FRO MESOZOIC TIMES UNINTERRUPTED TILL DATE AND I S PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION VIA SPORES ;IT HAS BEEN VARIOUSLY CALLED PERFACT MARRIAGE OR INTIMATE FRIENDSHIP
IT IS ALL ABOUT A UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FERN AND A BACTERIA- A MILLIONSOF YEARS OLD RELATIONSHIP WHICH HAS CONTIUED UNINTERRUPTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION TILL DATE AND CONTINUED FROM BIRTH TO DEATH IN EACH GENERATION AND PASSED ON TO NEXT VIA SPORES .
CHAMPIONS ARE THOSE WHICH EXCEL IN SOME FIELD AND OUTBIDDING NEAREST RIVALS SHOWING THEY ARE THE BEST AND REACH THE TOP ;EXCELLENCE IS NOT THE PRESERVE OF THE TALLEST BIGGEST LARGESTOR HIGHEST -IT CAN BE EXHIBITED EVEN THE SMALLEST SHORTEST OR LIGHTEST;HERE INTERESTING EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN GIVEN FROM ALL TYPES DESCRIBING THEIR SPECIAL FEATURES AND CONSIDERING THEM CHAMPIONS ON THE BASIS OF SCIENTIFICALLY ESTABLISHED FACTS
IT IS ALL ABOUT AN UNUSUAL ALGA
UNICELLULAR BUT NOT SIMPLE
LOOKS LIKE A TINY PLANT WITH STEM LIKE STALK ROOT LIKE RHIZOIDS AND LEAF LIKE CAP ;A VERY LARGE SINGLE NUCLEUS IN RHIZOID ! WHAT A SURPRISE .
CHAMPION LIVING FOSSILS -META SEQOIA WOLLEMI PINE CYCAD SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
THESE LIVING FOSSILS ARE SURVIVING REPRESENTATIVES OF SPECIES WHICH FLOURISHED WORLD WIDE IN THE HEY DAYS OF DINOSAUR ERA IN MESOZOIC TIMES.
THEY ARE ALL BEAUTIFUL BUT WOLLEMI PINES HAVE BECOME SCARCE AND HARDLY FORTY HAVE BEEN LEFT NOW .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
CYANOBACTERIA ARE ONE MOST OF THE MOST FAMOUS BACTERIA -KNOWN FROM PRECAMBIAN DAYS AND DISTINGUISHED AS MULTITASK MASTERS -EARLIER CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGENATED ATMOSPHERE WHERE AEROBICS FLOURISHED AND FOR NITROGEN FIXING ABILITIES BUT KNOW VALUED EQUALLY FOR THEIR CONVERTINF LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY ;AND ALSO FOR CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND ORGANICS LIKE ETHANOL ETC
SHEWANELLA - VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE CAPABLE OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY BY REDUCING MANY METALS WHILE RESPIRING AND TRANSFERING ELECTRONS EXTRACELLULARLY
HENCE THEIR BIOFILMS AREUSED IN MFCs,MECs. ;KNOWN FOR THRIVING ON A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES AND REDUCING MANY NOBLE METALS LIKE GOLD SILVER PLATINUM ETC ; ALSO CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND H2S; ALSO FAMOUS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARICLES ;PRAISED FOR EFFICIENCY OF ITS NANOWIRES AND BIOFILMS ; CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE ALSO;HENCE SELECTED FOR DEEPSPACE RESEARCH -COULD SOLVE ASTRAUNOTS URINE DISPOSAL PROBLEM AS IT CAN MAKE IT REUSABLE WHILE PROVIDING POWER TO SATELLITE;IT IS ALSO INFAMOUS FOR SPOILING FOOD-FISH MEAT ETC AND CAUSING DISEASES IN HUMANS .
GEOBACTER IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENIC BACTERIA WHICH WAS THE FIRST BACTERIUM DISCOVERED WITH CAPABLITY OF OXIDISING ORGANIC COMPONDS AND METALS( INCLUDING RADIOACTIVE METALS AND PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS )INTO CO2 USING IRONOXIDE ETC AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR AND PRODUCING ELECTRIC CURRENT. ITHAS BEEN USED IN VARY MANY EXPERIMENTS TO TEST THE WONDERFUL QUALITIES, ABILITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF VERSATILE EXOELECTROGENS AND THEIR USE FOR BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION., THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF RESPIRING ON GRAPHITE ELECTRODES
EXOELECTROGENS ARE VERSATILE HEROES CAPABLE OF SIMULTANEOUSLY DELIVERING MULTIPLE BENEFITS TO US INVARIOUS FIELDS RANGING FROM BIOREMEDIATION TO ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT, SENSORS, CLEAN BIO FUELS DESALINATION,Etc AND ARE POISED TO SOLVE OUR WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM EVEN IN SPACE.
ONE FEALS LIKE SALUTING THEM FOR THEIR MULTIPLE TALENTS.
THEY INCLUDE MAINLY BACTERIA BUT ALSO MICRO ALGAE, FUNGI,AND EVEN SOME ANGIOSPERMS .
EXOELECTROGENS ARE ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF SENDING EXCESS ELECTRONS OUT OF THE CELL TO AN ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR . THE MOST FAMOUS EXOELECTROGENS INCLUDE GEOBACTER & SHEWANELLA BACTERIA. THEIR THESE QUALITIES ARE BEING USED IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS .
THEIR APPLICATION FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM WASTEWATERS BIOREMEDIATION
CHAMPIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM - CONTENTS SNIP.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
HERE 'PLANT KINGDOM' HAS BEEN USED IN LARGER SENSE TO INCLUDE NOT ONLY PLANTAE BUT ALSO PROTISTA FUNGI BACTERIA AND LICHENS AND EXTENDED TO INCLUDE EVEN THE ENEMIES OF ALL LIVING BEINGS -THE VIRUSES .
CHAMPION FUNGI -PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS - LARGEST FRUITING BODY - SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS PREFERS INFECTING DRYING OR DRY LOGS OF WOOD AND IS KNOWN FOR ITS UNUSUALLY LARGE FRUITING BODY WHICH HAS PROVED TO BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD
'AND IS CAPABLE OF RELEASING OR RATHER SHOWERING A TRILLION SPORES FROM MILLIONS OF PORES PER DAY.
VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED LIVING BEINGS BUT EVEN IF THEY WERE THEY WOULD NOT FIT IN ANY KINGDOM ;THEY ARE ACTUALLY ENEMIES OF ALL KINGDOMS OF LIVING BEINGS;
HENCE I WAS INITIALLY RELUCTENT TO INCLUDE THEM IN ABOOK ABOUT LIVING BEINGS BUT THEN I THOUGHT WITHOUT THEM THE STORY OF LIVING BEINGS IS NOT COMPLETE ;FURTHER THEY ARE NOT TREATED AS LIVING BY OUR DEFINITION OF LIFE AND LIVING BEINGS OTHERWISE THEY HAVE MANY CHARCTERISTICS OF BEINGS AND ARE WORTHY OF DUE CONSIDERATION AND FIT INTO OUR DEFINITION OF CHAMPIONS
AMONGST VIRUSES PITHO VIRUSESARE LARGEST AND MOST ANCIENT AND WITH MANY INTERESTING FEATURES .
IT IS A PRAYER INCORPORATING THANKS TO CHAMPION OFCHAMPIONS- LORD VISHVKARMA -GREAT GOD WHO CREATED THIS UNIVERSE AND SCOPE OF CHANPIONSHIP TO EACH CLASS AND CATEGORY OF LIVING BEINGS
BACTERIA ARE THEMSELVES MICROORGANISMS BUT THEY AREOF DIFFERENT SIZES AND MYCOPLASMA ARE SMALLEST PARASITIC BACTERIA;THEY ARE HOWEVER MORE KNOWN OR FEARED DUE TO THEIR PARASITIC NATURE.PARTICULARLY THEIR VARIETIES WHICH CAUSE SERIOUS DISEASES IN HUMANBEINGS.
LIKE YEAST THEY ARE ALSO ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI ;THEIR DISTIGUISHING FEATURE IS THEIR REPRODUCTION BY MOTILE ZOOSPORES .
THEY ARE THE MOST ANCIENT FUNGI -CARRYING ON SINCE 1.5 BYA
YEAST IS ONE OF THE SMALLEST FUNGI KNOWN ;BUT IT IS UNLIKE TYPICAL FUNGI .ITS MAIN FEATURE IS ITS UNICELLULAR CHARACTER AND ITS ABILITY TO CAUSE FERMENTATION BY ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION ;AND THEREFORE ITS USE IN BEER &BREAD MAKING ;
ITS USE FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY IS ALSO EMERGING AS ANOTHER USEFUL FEATURE .FOR SCIENTISTS IT IS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO LEARN ABOUT INTRA CCELLULAR PROCESSES OF EUKARYOTES AND GENETICS
CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - ALGAE SMALLEST - B BIGELOII SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
ALGAE ARE SMALL ORGANISMS AS A WHOLE BUT b BIGELOII HAVE THE DISTINCTION OF BEING THE SMALLEST ;ITS FAME HOWEVER RESTS ONITS ABILITY TO EAT BACTERIA OF ALMOST THE SAME SIZE BY SEMI EXTRA CELLUALAR CYTOSIS .
IT IS A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF A UNIQUE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN A FERN AND AND A BACTERIUM WHICH IS CONTINUING FRO MESOZOIC TIMES UNINTERRUPTED TILL DATE AND I S PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION VIA SPORES ;IT HAS BEEN VARIOUSLY CALLED PERFACT MARRIAGE OR INTIMATE FRIENDSHIP
IT IS ALL ABOUT A UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FERN AND A BACTERIA- A MILLIONSOF YEARS OLD RELATIONSHIP WHICH HAS CONTIUED UNINTERRUPTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION TILL DATE AND CONTINUED FROM BIRTH TO DEATH IN EACH GENERATION AND PASSED ON TO NEXT VIA SPORES .
CHAMPIONS ARE THOSE WHICH EXCEL IN SOME FIELD AND OUTBIDDING NEAREST RIVALS SHOWING THEY ARE THE BEST AND REACH THE TOP ;EXCELLENCE IS NOT THE PRESERVE OF THE TALLEST BIGGEST LARGESTOR HIGHEST -IT CAN BE EXHIBITED EVEN THE SMALLEST SHORTEST OR LIGHTEST;HERE INTERESTING EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN GIVEN FROM ALL TYPES DESCRIBING THEIR SPECIAL FEATURES AND CONSIDERING THEM CHAMPIONS ON THE BASIS OF SCIENTIFICALLY ESTABLISHED FACTS
IT IS ALL ABOUT AN UNUSUAL ALGA
UNICELLULAR BUT NOT SIMPLE
LOOKS LIKE A TINY PLANT WITH STEM LIKE STALK ROOT LIKE RHIZOIDS AND LEAF LIKE CAP ;A VERY LARGE SINGLE NUCLEUS IN RHIZOID ! WHAT A SURPRISE .
CHAMPION LIVING FOSSILS -META SEQOIA WOLLEMI PINE CYCAD SNIP PD.docxSantoshBhatnagar1
THESE LIVING FOSSILS ARE SURVIVING REPRESENTATIVES OF SPECIES WHICH FLOURISHED WORLD WIDE IN THE HEY DAYS OF DINOSAUR ERA IN MESOZOIC TIMES.
THEY ARE ALL BEAUTIFUL BUT WOLLEMI PINES HAVE BECOME SCARCE AND HARDLY FORTY HAVE BEEN LEFT NOW .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
