Common Parasites of Pinnipeds
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A presentation I gave at the end of my internship at the Marine Mammal Care Center. This is based on all the necropsies I had completed over the summer of 2012.
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Common Parasites of Pinnipeds
- 1. Common Parasites of Pinnipeds Life Cycles, Clinical Presentation, and Management Christine Bui, MBA
- 2. Overview Parasites Life cycles Clinical presentation Management
- 3. Common Parasites of Pinnipeds Nematoda Arthropoda Roundworms Nasal mites Lungworms Acanthocephala Platyhelminthes Thorny-headed worms Tapeworms Liver Flukes
- 4. Common Nematodes Ascaris Ostostrongylus Anisakis Parafilaroides Contracaecum Uncinaria Porrocaecum Terranova Photo Reference: UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album157>
- 5. Life Cycle- Nematoda Figure Reference: Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002.
- 6. Clinical Signs- Nematoda Roundworms Lungworms Ulcers in stomach Cough Malnourishment Hemorrhage Intestinal blockage Inflammation Pass worms in vomit or stool Pneumonia Bronchiolar obstruction Bacterial infection
- 7. Management- Nematoda Detection ante-mortem Anthelmintic Vomit Pyrantel pamoate Stool Ivermectin Fecal exam Benizimidazoles Detection post-mortem Abamectin Gastro-intestinal tract Lungs Photo Reference: “Nematodes (Roundworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. Photo Reference: “Lungworm” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album157> <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album107>
- 8. Common Platyhelminthes Diphyllobothrium Fasciola Dicrocoelium Photo Reference: “Liver fluke.” Wikipedia. 29 Mar, 2012. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fasciola_hepaticPhoto Reference: “Tapeworms (Flatworms).” UCSC Sea a.JPG/220px-Fasciola_hepatica.JPG> Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_al bumName=album158>
- 9. Life Cycle- Platyhelminthes Figure Reference: Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002.
- 10. Clinical Signs- Platyhelminthes Tapeworms Liver Flukes Anemia Anemia Diarrhea Weight loss Vomit Damage to bile duct Abdominal pain and epithelium discomfort Malnutrition and weight loss
- 11. Management- Platyhelminthes Detection ante-mortem Anthelmintic Stool Praziquantel Fecal exam Albendazole Detection post-mortem Triclabendazole Intestines Hepatic ducts, gallbladder, liver parenchyma Photo Reference: “Tapeworms (Flatworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album158> Photo Reference: “Liver Fluke.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album108>
- 12. Common Arthropoda Orthohalarachne Photo Reference: “Orthohalarachne”. Wikipedia. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/O_attenuata.jpg>
- 14. Clinical Signs- Arthropoda Sneezing Nasal discharge Impaired respiration Lesions in the lung Alveolar emphysema Mucosal erosion of nasal turbinates and nasopharynx
- 15. Management- Arthropoda Detection ante-mortem Anthelmintic Nasal secretions Ivermectin Detection post-mortem Nasal cavity Photo Reference: “Nasal Mites.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album105>
- 16. Common Acanthocephala Corynosoma Photo Reference: CaRMS Photogallery / Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Roberta Miller, 2012. <http://www.marinespecies.org/carms/photogallery.php?album=1456&pic=48711>
- 17. Life Cycle- Acanthocephala Figure Reference: Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002.
- 18. Clinical Signs- Acanthocephala Hemorrhage Inflammation Anemia Malnutrition and weight loss Mortality
- 19. Management- Acanthocephala Detection ante-mortem Difficult because of Stool ubiquitous in freshwater Detection post-mortem intermediate hosts Intestinal tract Tx is unknown however fenbendazole has been tried experimentally Photo Reference: Halajian, Ali. “Parasite World: A Popular Site about Parasitism.” 18 Jun, 2009. <http://parasites-world.com/corynosoma-sp-caspian- seal/?show=gallery>
- 20. References 1. Ballweber, Lora Rickard. “VM 638 Veterinary Parasitology Class Notes.” Colorado State University. Spring 2012. Print. 2. CaRMS Photogallery / Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Roberta Miller, 2012 <http://www.marinespecies.org/carms/photogallery.php?album=1456&pic=48711> 3. Dailey, M.D.: Parasitology-Basic Considerations (in Fowler, M.E.: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1986.) 4. Dierauf, Leslie A., and Frances M.D. Gulland. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine. New York: CRC Press, 2001. Print. 5. Foreyt, William J. Veterinary Parasitology: Reference Manual, 5th ed. Iowa: Blackwell, 1997. Print. 6. Halajian, Ali. “Parasite World: A Popular Site about Parasitism.” 18 Jun, 2009. <http://parasites- world.com/corynosoma-sp-caspian-seal/?show=gallery> 7. Kinne, O. Diseases caused by Parasites. 8. Lauckner, G.: Diseases of Mammalia: Pinnipedia (in Kinne, O.: Diseases of Marine Animals, v. 4. 1985.) 9. “Liver Fluke.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album108> 10. “Lungworm.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.pho?set_albumName=album107> 11. Mehlhorn, Heinz. Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Vol. 1&2. 3rd ed. New YorkL Springe. Print. 12. “Nasal Mites.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album105> 13. “Nematodes (Roundworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.pho?set_albumName=album157> 14. “Parasitism in Marine Mammals.” Journal of the American Veterinarian Medical Association. 155:1064. Print. 1969. 15. Perrin, William F., Bernd Wursig, and J.G. M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. 2nd ed. Elsevier. 16. “Tapeworms (Flatworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/ view_album.php?set_albumName=album158> 17. Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002. Print.
Editor's Notes
- Hello and good evening everyone. My name is christine and I’d like to take a few minutes to discuss with you a topic that I’ve found of interest during my internship here at the marine mammal care center. Over the past several weeks, I’ve learned boundlessly from many of you. I have been fortunate enough to have great educators, teachers and mentors, who have been supportive of my efforts every step of the way. This evening, I’d like present to you the common types of parasites I’ve seen in Pinnipeds during the necropsies I’ve preformed.
- I’ll be going over 4 phylums of parasites, focusing on the top 1-2 genuses and discuss their life cycles, the clinical presentation in pinnipeds, and what we can do to help manage the parasitic load.
- Phylum then common nameNematoda- round wormsPlatyhelmintes- flat wormsArthtopoda- Acanthocephala- thorny-headed worms
- Phylum of Nematodes- Round wormsThese are all different genuses of round worms on the left.Ostostrongylus and Parafilaroides- lung wormsUncinaria- hookwormsNematodes can be as small as 0.1” or over 1 meter in length *reference photo: “Nematodes (Roundworms).” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album157
- Universal life cycle of nematodes: mature adults which are found in definitive host, lay eggs which are passed in feces into the environment. The parasite goes through 4 larval stages. The definitive host ingests infective L3 stage, becomes immature adult, and matures in definitive host into an adult.a: nematode eggs hatch into larvaeb: eggs/larvae are eaten by invertebrate intermediate hostc: or eggs/larvae are eaten by fish intermediate hostd: intermediate host is eaten by definitive host- mammal*resource: Yanong, Roy P.E. “Nematode (Roundworm) Infections in Fish”. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Circular 91, pp 1-10. December 2002.Ballwebber notes 2011
- Respiratory issuesPneumonia of heart, trachea, bronchiUse teeth and specifically developed mouth parts to adhere to mucosa of stomach or lung tissue where they gain nutrients from the host and can cause complications to the host as a result.
- Detection is readily visible worms to the naked eye.Stomach- burrow superficially into stomach wall resulting in focal ulcers and reactive proliferation of adjacent mucosa. Result is volcanic ulcer.Lungs- mottled and collapsed, numerous small tan-white areas/tiny nodulesVarious anthelmintic can be used to treat for wormsPyrantel- most nematodesIvermectin- common intestinal worms (except tape worms)Benzimidazoles such as albendazole, mebendazole, or triclabendazole (liver flukes)--- all are round/hook worms, other do more such as thread, whip, tape, pin wormsAbamectin- common intestinal worms (except tape worms- use in conjunction with praziquantel)
- Phylum Platyhelminthes- Flat wormsDiphyllobothrium- tapeworm- can grow up to 65 ft. whale tape worm = 100 ft.Fasciola and Dicrocoelium- liver flukes- pathogenic
- General life cycle of platyhelminthes: Indirect life cycle. Can have 1-2 intermediate hosts which can be snails or fish. Definitive host are fish eating mammalsSame as Nematoda. Definitive host ingests infective L3 stage. Worms anchor themselves in intestines or bile ducts feeding on blood become mature adults and pass eggs.
- Tape worms- live in intestines and adhere to wall of the intestines through the use of their scolex (“head”). Here they feed on nutrients from host’s blood stream.nonpathogenic unless in high quantities obstruct GI tractLiver flukes- live in bile passages of livers. They feed on the lining of the biliary ducts. And can cause the following clinical signs.Not highly pathogenic
- Stool for tape worms (can pass them)Fecal exam for eggs and ovaFirst two- tapewormsTriclabendazole- liver flukes
- Phylum- arthropodaGenus orthohalarachne- nasal miteVisible to nakedeye ~1cm in length
- Host-to- Host transmission:Active larvae are transferred by nose contact or are sneezed from nostrils of invested animals to a non-infested animal.Mites develop claws which they use to grasp and maintain their position in the nares.*reference: Perrin, William F., Bernd Wursig, and J.G. M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. 2nd ed. Elsevier.
- Non-pathogenic but severe infection can lead to these signs.
- Nasal passages, nasopharynx, trachea, lungsReference: “Nasal Mites.” UCSC Sea Lion Gallery. 1 Aug, 2006. <http://shutterbug.ucsc.edu/sealion/view_album.php?set_albumName=album105>
- Phylum- acanthocephala “thorny headed worms”Genus- corynosomaCaRMSPhotogallery / Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Roberta Miller, 2012 http://www.marinespecies.org/carms/photogallery.php?album=1456&pic=48711Visible to naked eye 1/4cm
- General life cycle- eggs passed in feces and eaten by invertebrate (usually a crustacean). Once the invertebrate is eaten by a suitable definitive host, it matures into an adult where it feeds, grows, and develops to continue the life cycle.
- Adults live in intestine and uptake nutrients which have been digested by the host directly through their body surface. The worms develop an anterior proboscis which is covered with spiny hooks that they use to pierce the gut wall of host and adhere themselves
- Reference: Parasite world: a popular site about parasites. Photograph by Halajian, Ali. “Parasite World: A Popular Site about Parasitism.” 18 Jun, 2009.<http://parasites-world.com/corynosoma-sp-caspian-seal/?show=gallery>