Answer original forum 300 words minimum  Respond to both class mates 100 words minimum  Follow directions or I will dispute  original forum - page 1 with references  student response - page 2 with references  student response - page 3 with references  Original Forum There are fundamental differences between the two types of cells but also similarities. An interesting concept in science is that prokaryotic cells are what gave rise to eukaryotic cells via an endosymbiotic relationship. The two primary examples of this are the mitochondria in animal cells and chloroplasts in plant cells that are very similar to bacteria. Review the information available at Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes Once you have reviewed this information, choose ONE of the topics below Topic 1: Animal cell mitochondria  OR Topic 2: Plant cell chloroplasts Research and Support your post to address the following questions in your initial post in an expository manner; If you chose animal cells, how are mitochondria replicated within eukaryotic cells? If you chose plant cells, how are chloroplasts replicated within plant cells? How are these processes similar to microbes? Do endosymbotic relationships still exist today? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such relationships? Student response Eric Good evening class, From the information that we have been reading about this week, there is a lot to take in and especially trying to understand the prokaryotes and eukaryote relationships. According to the endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis more than 50 years after it was proposed, it was found that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic organelles due to their “symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host” (Parker, 2016). After the theory was widely accepted, she wrote a book and in it explained how endosymbiosis is a huge part of evolution. Prokaryotes arose from eukaryotes with this relationship from the mitochondria. From what I gathered, it sounds like the mitochondria of the prokaryotes find duplicate in the cells of the eukaryotes as its host. The similarities between this and microbes can be seen through its replication. Throughout its discovery, scientists learned that mitochondria has its own genome and ribosomes. This means that it is capable of its own cellular respiration. These bacterium were taken over by phagocytosis into a host cell where it remained (Parker, 2016). In terms of similarities, microbes have the same behavior when they attach themselves to a host. They remain to have a symbiotic relationship in which the host benefits from its presence, is harmed, or neither of the two. Endosymbiotic relationships still do exist today as they are part of evolution. As we know, this kind of relationship involves one cell not being able to live without another. We can see this kind of behavior with bacteria. It has been around for millions of years and has learned to adapt itsel ...

1. Answer original forum 300 words minimum
Respond to both class mates 100 words minimum
Follow directions or I will dispute
original forum - page 1 with references
student response - page 2 with references
student response - page 3 with references
Original Forum
There are fundamental differences between the two types of
cells but also similarities. An interesting concept in science is
that prokaryotic cells are what gave rise to eukaryotic cells via
an endosymbiotic relationship. The two primary examples of
this are the mitochondria in animal cells and chloroplasts in
plant cells that are very similar to bacteria.
Review the information available at
Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes
Once you have reviewed this informatio n, choose
ONE
of the topics below

2. Topic 1:
Animal cell mitochondria
OR
Topic 2:
Plant cell chloroplasts
Research and Support your post to address the following
questions in your initial post in an expository manner;
If you chose animal cells, how are mitochondria replicated
within eukaryotic cells?
If you chose plant cells, how are chloroplasts replicated within
plant cells?
How are these processes similar to microbes?
Do endosymbotic relationships still exist today?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such
relationships?
Student response
Eric
Good evening class,
From the information that we have been reading about this
week, there is a lot to take in and especially trying to

3. understand the prokaryotes and eukaryote relationships.
According to the endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn
Margulis more than 50 years after it was proposed, it was found
that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic
organelles due to their “symbiotic relationship within a
eukaryotic host” (Parker, 2016). After the theory was widely
accepted, she wrote a book and in it explained how
endosymbiosis is a huge part of evolution. Prokaryotes arose
from eukaryotes with this relationship from the mitochondria.
From what I gathered, it sounds like the mitochondria of the
prokaryotes find duplicate in the cells of the eukaryotes as its
host.
The similarities between this and microbes can be seen through
its replication. Throughout its discovery, scientists learned that
mitochondria has its own genome and ribosomes. This means
that it is capable of its own cellular respiration. These
bacterium were taken over by phagocytosis into a host cell
where it remained (Parker, 2016). In terms of similarities,
microbes have the same behavior when they attach themselves
to a host. They remain to have a symbiotic relationship in which
the host benefits from its presence, is harmed, or neither of the
two.
Endosymbiotic relationships still do exist today as they are part
of evolution. As we know, this kind of relationship involves one
cell not being able to live without another. We can see this kind
of behavior with bacteria. It has been around for millions of
years and has learned to adapt itself in order for it to reproduce.
Through the use of transformation, they are able to pick up
DNA from the surrounding area and transform it to its own
(APUS Lessons, 2018). These kinds of relationships are
advantageous because cells are able to produce with the help of
another cell. However, it is also its downfall. If those cells are
not available, an endosymbiotic relationship will not be
possible. Without having something to depend on for survival,

4. the evolution of the cell may never be accomplished and thus
cease to eventually exist.
-Eric
References
APUS Lessons. (2018).
Lesson 2.
Retrieved October 9, 2018
Parker, N. (2016).
Microbiology.
OpenStax. Retrieved 2018
Cristina
Mitochondria and chloroplasts do not divide my mitosis like
other cells in the body, but by fission. Mitochondria come from
other, established mitochondria; they have their own unique
circular shaped DNA, attaching to the inner membrane similar
to the DNA of prokaryotes. The processes are similar to
microbes in their resemblance of ribosomes and appearance.
Organelles have the same sized mitochondria, but different
shapes, appearing it to be more rectangular. The cellular
shaped DNA loops around super coiled and doubly covalently
linked, similar to DNA bacteria, however mitochondria that is
ciliated appears more linear. Endosymbotic theory still exist
and has been built upon to include the suggestion that
eukaryotic flagellum arose from an ectosymbiotic spirochete
bacterium and prokaryotes living today are not known to have
another prokaryote living inside (
Origin of Eukaryotes

5. , n.d.)
I believe endosymbiosis is an explanation of not only
what happened between microbes in the past but also what
happened today with different types of organisms, termites are
just one example of how prokaryotes live within them in order
to help digest wood. Studies arguing how “unique microbial
consortium living in the guts of lower termites is essential for
wood-feeding, host and symbiont cellulolytic enzymes
synergize each other in the termite gut to increase digestive
efficiency” (Peterson & Scharf, 2016). Bacterial groups in a
termite’s lower gut have diverse metabolic methods including
acetogenesis, nitrogen fixation, and degradation of lignin
phenolics. Though termites are able to digest nitrogen poor
wood and digest it, this microbe rich environment makes them
vulnerable to pathogenic infections.
References:
Origin of Eukaryotes
(n.d.). GW. Retrieved from
https://www2.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc151/Eukaryotes/Eukaryotes
.html
Peterson, B. F., & Scharf, M. E. (2016). Lower termite
associations with microbes: Synergy, protection, and interplay.
Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 422.
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00422